2002 5 May12002 2 Studies in Qing History No12 [],,,,,, [] [ ] C91211 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2002) 02-0076 - 11 An Analysis of the Characteristics of Central Shanxi Merchants and Social Mobility The merchant stratum was the characteristic social group of central Shanxi1 On one hand they associated with high - ranking officials, on the other hand they devoted themselves to local development, in order to be approved by local society1 Still, they could not establish an independent position outside the mainstream moral system leaving them with an awkward dual social role1 Si2 multaneously, central Shanxi merchants had a pronounced gentry first merchant last consciousness, after gaining wealth through commerce they headed toward the path of an official career1 Thus, as the merchants advanced toward modernity, the characteris2 tics of the old merchant class faded out as they pursued a more official role1 This was the special feature of professional emergence1,,,,,,,, 60,,, 1990 :,,, 90,,,, [ ] 2001-11 - 15 [ ] (1973 - ),, ; 100875 76
70 80,,,,,, 90,,,,,,,, :, : ; ;, 18 20,, :,,,,, (1918 ) : 105 2165929 2107289 58640 97129 2171 48096 44568 3528 92166 7134 22340 21456 884 96104 3196 32832 31556 1276 96111 3189 29449 27947 1502 94190 5110 30411 29157 1254 95188 4112 10384 9643 741 92186 7114 15806 15000 806 94190 5110 45512 44133 1380 96197 3103 27354 26327 1027 96125 3175,,,,,,, (1921 ) : 105 5396489 959358 5163 63657 29878 2113 34144 8229 4115 79404 26907 2195 57588 21501 2168 63700 41030 1155 26725 5439 4191 31555 14100 2124 85986 34748 2147 51443 50590 1102, 77
,!?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, ;,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gλυ 78,,,,,, gλϖ,,,, gλω,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, () gλξ,, 9416, 30, 12416,, 92149, 128149 () gλψ,,,,,
,,,, gλζ,,,,,, gλ{,,,,,, gλ,, gλ},, gλ,,,,, gµυ,,,,,,,? : ( ),,,,, :,,,,,,, :,,,??,,,?,,?,,,,, gµϖ,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, gµω,, : gµξ :, gµψ :, gµζ :,,,,,,,,, gµ{ gµ,,,, 79
,,,,,, : ( ), :,,,,,,,, gµ}, 12 gµ, :,,, gνυ,?,,,,,,,,, gνϖ,,,, ( : ) : 1400 800 700 500 180 180 140 100 80 80 50 45 40 40 30 40 20 15 14 10 gνω :,,, gνξ,,, gνψ, : 80,,,, gνζ,,,,, : 1,, :, ( ), gν{ ( ),,,,,, gν 2,,,,,,, :,,,, gν},,,,, gν,,,,, :??,,,,,, gου 3
:,,,,,,, gοϖ,, gοω,,, gοξ :,,,, :,, gοψ,,,, gοζ :,,,, gο{,, ( ), ( ),,,, ( ),,,,, :?,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gο gο},,,, : :,,, gο :,,, gπυ,,,,,,,,, gπϖ,,, gπω,, 81
gπξ, :,,, gπψ, :,,, : gπζ,,,, :,! gπ{,,,,, gπ,, gπ},, gπ,, ;, gθυ,,,,,, :, :,,, gθϖ, 82,,,,,,, gθω, :,, (,, ),, (,, ) :,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( )
,,, 18,, 15,,,,,,,,, ( 1999 ),,, :,,, : ( ),,, gθξ,,,, gθψ,,,,,,, gθζ,,,,?, :,,,,, W1Eb2 erhard,, gθ{ :,, gθ :,,,, gθ},,,,,, 6 56 35 13 37 33 32 6 11 18 32 6 39 13 19 16 22 46 21 11 34 64 33 20 11 13 27 17 13 13 23 9 8 8 19 6 7 8 10 21 6 21 9 10 23 7 23 27 29 10 41 12 8 10 61 37 15 18 42 13 19 7 17 8 7 83
,,,?,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, gθ,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,!, gρυ,,,,,, gρϖ, :,,,,,,,,,, gρω,,,,,, gρξ, ( ),,,, gρψ, 1903, 1913, gρζ, :, ;,,,, gρ{,,?,,,,? : 84
( 1935 ) gρ 13 50 2 3113 20 31125 5 7181 5 7181 64 100 74 55122 1 0175 49 36157 4 2198 6 4148 134 100 178 43120 4 0198 170 41126 24 5182 36 8174 412 100 185 44158 13 3113 198 47171 10 2141 9 2117 415 100,, 30,,, : ( 1935 ) gρ} 30 40 5 25 100 40 50 3 7 100 20 58 2 20 100 50 41 3 6 100,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :, 2000 3 :,, 1992, 77 :,, 1992, 60102 85
gπψ ( ) : (), gµω ( ) : (), ;, 5,,, 1986, ( ) :,,, gλξ gλψ gλ{ gθζ,, 1990, 142 759 765 143 783 gλϖ:, : (399), gλω:,, 1998, 93 gλζ gθ,,, 1937, 152 24 gλ :,, 1996, 83 gλ} gλ gπ gθψ gµυ gµ :,, 1994, 109 115 gµϖ :,, 1936,,, gµξ gνϖ gνωgοξ gθ,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, gµψ,, gµζ gµ} gνψ gθϖ gρζ,, ;,, ;, ;,, ;,, gµ{ gµ gνυ gο{,, ;,, ;,, ;,, gνξ gν{ gθυ,, ;,, ;,, gνζ gθ} gρυ gρϖ gρω :,,, 1990, 183 198 145 78 16 gν,, gν} gοϖ,,, ;,, gν gοψ,, gου,,, gοωgο gο} gθω,, ;,, ;,, ;,, gοζ,, gο :,, 1987, 19 20 gπυ gπϖ: 3,, gπω gπξ,, gπζ:,, 2000, 44 gπ{:,, 1977, 251 gπ gπ} :,, 1989, 22 27 gθξ,, gθ{ :, 19, gρξ ( ) :,, gρψ :,, 1965, 755 762 771 772 gρ{:, gρ gρ}22 (1935 3 ), 20 ; 58, 86