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1 Aug Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,, (1748), [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] (2003) The Demand for Grain and the Rise of Agriculture in Inner Mongolia in the early Qing Dynasty This essay focuses on factors that led to the origins and development of agriculture in Inner Mongolia in the early Qing dynasty as well as the relevant agriculture policies practiced by the Qing monarchs1 Government support and encour2 agement was an essential element contributing to the rise of agriculture in Inner Mongolia1 Although the Shunzhi emperor promulgated a ban on opening new land, this policy was quickly abandoned1for over 80 years, from the beginning of the Kangxi reign until the Qianlong emperor once again banned land reclamation in 1748, the government pursued a policy of developing Inner Mongolian agriculture1according to the author, it was the positive government policy that created a solid foundation for the development of agriculture in Inner Mongolia1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (1963 ),,, ;

2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 31

3 ,,,, :,, :,,,,, 1550 :, :,,?, :,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ,,,,,, gλω,,, ( ),,,,, gλξ,,,,,,,, gλψ (), 32 (),,,,, gλζ,,,,,, (1622),, ( ),, gλ{,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλ (1596 ) :,,,, gλ},,,,,,,,,, gλ,,, gµυ, (1688),,,,,, gµϖ, :,,,,,

4 ,,,,,,,,, gµω,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµξ, :,,,,,,,,, gµψ,,,,,,,,,,, gµζ,,,,,, gµ{,,,,,,, gµ,,,,,,,,,,,, gµ},,,,,,,,,,, gµ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνυ,,,, :

5 , , , , 000 1, , , 000, , 64, 900, , 900, 31, , , 000, , 000 ; , , 000, ,

6 , 490, , , 270 5, 680,, 2 4, , , , , , , , , , , ( ) 150 gνϖ,, : gνω,,, gνξ, 4 20, ,,, 380,,,,,,,,,,,, , 82, 840, 45, ,

7 ,,,,, 1718,,,, gνψ ,,,,,,, 2, , 161 gνζ,,,, :,, gν{ (1696),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gν,,,, : gν} :,,, gν,, ( ),,,, 36,,,,,,, gου,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gοϖ,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

8 ,, gοω,,, :,,,,, gοξ :,, : 1 2 gπψ ,,,, :, gοψ, :,,,, gοζ, 132 gο{,,, gο :, gπ{,,,,,,,,, gο},,,,,,, gο,, gπυ, (1695), 13,,,,,,, : gπϖ (1718) 15 gπω,,,, gπξ, 21 (1671 ) :,,, gπζ, ( 1698),, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,, gπ (1699), :,,,,,,,,, gπ} (1700),,, 37

9 :,,,,,,, gπ, (1701),,, gθυ, :,,, gθϖ, (1704), gθω,,,, :,,,,,,, :,, gθξ,,,, gθψ 31,,,,,,,,,,, gθζ,,,,, (1683), 38 gθ{, 1683, :,,, :,, gθ,,, gθ} 41,,,,, (1692 ), :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gθ,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρυ,,

10 ,,,,,,,,,,, gρϖ, ( ) ( ),, 18, 465, 12, 40814, 2, 30612, 18, 37217, 3, 80414, 10, 78615, 13, 09514, 1, 00413, 18, 18819,,, 9, 171, 48, 82114, 63, 91213, 74, 51616, 22, 22912, 49, 65713, 4, 44316, 10, 38518, 21, 34412, 18, 37011, 19, 71916, 9, 33516, 17, 54211, 37418,, 2, 81517, 1, , gρω, 8, 216,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρξ,,, ;, gρψ,,,, :, (1692),, gρζ, gρ{,,,,, gρ,,,,,,,,,, gρ} 1, 000 gρ,,,,,, gσυ,,, gσϖ, 11,, (1723), 39

11 , ( ), (1884) :,,,, gσω (1724),,,,,,,,,,, gσξ,,,,,,,,, gσψ, () gσζ,, : (1729),,, (1734),, (1732),, ( ), ( ),, ,,,,,, gσ{,,, gσ,,, ;, gσ},,,,,,,,, gσ 104, 200, gτυ,, 4, gτϖ,,, gτω 31, :, ; ; ;,, gτξ,,,,,,,, gτψ,,,,,,,,,

12 ,,, gτζ, :,,,,,,, gτ{,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,, gτ,,,,,, gτ},,,,,,,, (1748),,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, 1956,, 1957,, 1986,, 1993,, 1924 ( ),, 1954, ,, 1998,, 1999 :,,, : 00 : : gλξ: :, ; gλϖ : gλω : gλψ: gλζ gµϖ gµξ gµζ gµ} gν{ gοϖ : gλ{ : gλ :, 1991 gλ},, 1979 gλ : 41

13 gµυ gσψ gτξ gµωgµ : gµψ : gµ{ :, gµ : gνυ () gνϖ :, :,, 1990 gνω, gνξ :, 132, 1967 gνψ, gνζ, gν : gν} : 1984 gν : gου: gοωgπωgσ} (),,, gοξ, :, 288, 1991 gοψ, gοζ gο gσ gο{ gο ; gο} : () () gπυ :, 261, 1984 gπϖ :, 233, 1999 gπξ :,, gπψ : gπζ :, gπ{, gπ gπ}, gπ, gθυ, gθϖ, gθωgθψ gρϖ gρξ gσξ,, 1988 gθξ, gθζ, gθ{ () gθ, gθ}, gθ, gρυ, gρω () gρψ, gρζ, gρ{, gρ : gρ}, gρ, gσυ, gσϖ, gσω :,, 1996 gσζ () : gσ{, gσ gσ, gτυ, gτϖ gτω :,, gτψ, gτζ, gτ{, gτ, gτ}, 42

1980 ( ) 1980,, 1980, 1982,,, 1985,, 20 10,,, ( ) , , 1982, (1901) (1902) ( ), ( 1500 ) 70,, 1995, 25 4, 20, (henri2 etta Harrison),

1980 ( ) 1980,, 1980, 1982,,, 1985,, 20 10,,, ( ) , , 1982, (1901) (1902) ( ), ( 1500 ) 70,, 1995, 25 4, 20, (henri2 etta Harrison), 2005 5 May12005 2 Studies in Qing History No12 : [ ],, [ ] [ ] K82 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2005) - 02-0069 - 12 Possessing Unrecognized Talent : The Pathway of the Country Gentleman Liu Dapeng s Whole Life