,,, :,, :, :,, ;,,,,,, , ( Secu2 lar Missionaries),,,, ,,, ,, 15,,,, ;,, :,,, ;, ; 86,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ,, 1874

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1 Aug Studies in Qing History No13 [],,,,,,,,, [ ] [] K25412 [] A [ ] (2003) The Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room and Its Innovation on Education Initiated by foreigners, the Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room was a path breaking educational or2 ganization that was jointly founded by Chinese and Westerners. From its inception it lasted for forty years. Its purpose was to encourage Chinese to study western science and technology. Chinese and foreigners from all walks of life contribut2 ed funding for the institute. Under the administration of a board of directors its curriculum included science, technology, politics, economy, current affairs, culture, and education. Science and technology were the major contents of teaching. Its adopted mode of teaching gave priority to self - study assisted by lectures. Experimentation and demonstration were al2 so important teaching methods. Shanghai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room played a critical role in introducing Western science and technology to the Chinese.,, ( ),,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (1964 ),, ;

2 ,,, :,, :, :,, ;,,,,,, , ( Secu2 lar Missionaries),,,, ,,, ,, 15,,,, ;,, :,,, ;, ; 86,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ,, ,,, ; gλω,,,,,,,,,

3 ,, ;,,,, gλξ ;,,, gλψ,, , 11 gλζ,,,,, 8 gλ{, :,,, gλ,,,,, 3000 gλ} :, gλ , ,, 200,,,,,, gµυ,,, ;,, gµϖ,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, gµω, gµξ,,,,,, gµψ,,, gµζ 1914,,, gµ{, ,,,,1885 6,, 87

4 ( Special Committee),,,, gµ,,,,, gµ},,,, gµ,, gνυ,,, 1,,, , ( ) gνϖ, 1, , 7314 % 4019 %, 4087, 7515 % :,,,,, gνω, ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) : ; : 1541 : ; : , % %, 27 (), 10 ( ),

5 ,,,, 34, 6 gνξ, 204, 42 gνψ , , , gνζ,,,, gν{,, gν 1878,, 1600 gν},, :,, 2000,, gν,, 1000 gου,,,, 7 % 2,,,,, gοϖ :,, 42 gοω ;, gοξ, , , 3700, 1000, gοψ,,,, 200, gοζ :,, 15 gο{ ; 280, 400 gο, , , gο} 1880,, 2119 gο 19,,, gπυ,,,,,,,, :, gπϖ, gπω, 1879, :,,,, gπξ,,,,,,,,, 89

6 , gπψ,,, 1890,,, :,, ;, gπζ, , ,, gπ{ , gπ,, , , , gπ}, ,, 1000 gπ 1885, 1382 gθυ,, 1876,, gθϖ 1883,, 1878, 1600, 1000 gθω,,,, gθξ ; 1882, gθψ,,, gθζ,,,, 90 gθ{, gθ, gθ}, 200,,, gθ,,, ;,,,, :, :,,,,, gρυ,,,,,, ;,,,,

7 ,,, gρϖ,, 2, 9,, 64 % ,, gρω,, gρξ,, 10-14, gρψ , 3, 43, 16, 3, 7, 14 :, 69-72, gρζ,,,, 1894,,, gρ{, 17, 17, 10 ;,,,, gρ,,,, , 88,,,,,, gρ},,, 230 gρ gσυ,,, : (1) ; (2) ; (3),,, :,,,,,,,,,, gσϖ , 50 gσω 1890,, gσξ,, 1895,, 91

8 ,, gσψ,, ( ),, () ( ), 1885, 10 14,,,, 1894,,, , 20,, gσζ , 17,, :,,,,,,,,,, gσ{,, gσ, :, 92! 1890,,, gσ},,,,,,, :,,,,, gσ,,, gτυ,, , , %, gτϖ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gτω :,,,, ;

9 ,,,, gτξ,,,,, 1886, 1889,,, , 18, 46, 88 gτψ, 6,, 5, 15, 17 %, Essay Contests 3 10,,, gτζ ,, 1897,,, , gτ{,, gτ,, : (1), ; (2), ; (3) gτ},,,, gτ The Chinese Polytechnic Institu2 tion and Reading Room, 1874, : ;, gβκυ,,, gβκϖ,, : gβκω gβκξ, 400,, gβκψ,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gβκζ 93

10 ,,, gβκ{ gβκ,,,,,,,,,, gβκ},,, 1874,, gβκ,,, 20 gβλυ 1875,,,,,,,,,, gβλϖ,,, gβλω ,,,,,,,,,,, gβλξ, ; :, 94, 320, 500,, 136, 4215 % ; 73, 2218 % ; 56, 1715 % ; 55, 1712 % gβλψ 1892, 60, 51, gβλζ 3000,,, 4000 gβλ{,,,,,,, 100 gβλ,,,,,,, gβλ},,, :,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,

11 ,,,, :,, ;,,,,,, 1998 gπϖ gβκυ gβκ{, gµξ gρυ gβκ},, gβκω gβκ, gλ gλ gµψ gνω,, gλψ gθυ gρψ gσυ gσψ gτ{ gβκϖ gβκζ gβλ{ Knight Biggerstaff, Shang2 hai Polytechnic Institution and Reading Room : Attempt to Western Science and Technology to the Chinese, Pa2 cific Historical Review, 25 (2), May 19561, gρϖ : gλυ, gλϖ 1800, 1088, % ; 186, % ; 6, 0133 % ; 101, 5161 % 1381, %210, 27, %, 182, % (, 1994, 785 ) gλω,, gλξ gµ{ gν} gοζ gθωgθ gβλ,, , ( 1998 ), gλζ, 9 (: 7-22 ; : 352 ),, 10, (, ) (, ) gλ{,, 1562 gλ} gνψ gθ,, gµυ gµϖ gµω, ;,, gµζ,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;, ;,, ;, ;,, 1885 gµ{ gοψ gο} gο gπυ gπ gπ} gθψ gτϖ,, gµ,, 1885 gµ} gµ gνυ gπ,, gνϖ, : 6929, ( ), , gνξ gρ : , gνζ gν{ gθξ,, gν gου gθ{, 95

12 , gν,, ,, gοϖ gοω,, gοξ, Skatchkoff, 25 (,, ) gο{ gπ{ gθ},, gο,, gπω : :,, (, ) gπξ gπψ,, 6819 gπζ gσξ gσ},, gθϖ gτυ gτ,, gθζ gρω: : 19, 1991, 4-6 gρξ gρζ, gρ{ gρ gσϖ gτξ,, gρ} gσωgσ{, gσ :, gσ gβλϖ, gτω :,, gτψ gβλψ gβλζ :, 386 gτζ, gτ :, gτ} :, 1994 gβκξ gβκψ, 2319 gβκ, gβλυ, gβλω,,,,,,,, ( 355 ) (, ),,,,,,, (, ) gβλξ, gβλ} :,,

(1596),, ( 1603), :, (1607) :,, ( 1618 ), ( 1619), (1636), 20 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,?,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,, ;, gλξ, :,,,,,, gλψ, gλζ,,,,, ( 1589 )

(1596),, ( 1603), :, (1607) :,, ( 1618 ), ( 1619), (1636), 20 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,?,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,, ;, gλξ, :,,,,,, gλψ, gλζ,,,,, ( 1589 ) 2005 11 Nov12005 4 Studies in Q ing H istoryno14 [], :,,,,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2005) - 05-0001 - 18 The Q ing Em perors Conception s of Ch ina A t the end of the third year of the Xuantong