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1 Feb Studies in Qing History No11 [],,,,,, [ ] [] K257 [] A [ ] (2003) From the Motherhood to the Teacher of Nation : State - building and Normal Schools for women during the Waning Years of the Qing Dynasty This article traces the early development of women s schools during the waning years of the Qing dynasty1 It docu2 ments and analyzes the competing pressures and goals that eventually led to the establishment of public schools for girls and the ideological changes that made this radical change not only acceptable but desirable1 The establishment of normal schools for girls and women in China was the unintended result of state efforts to penetrate and control early childhood ed2 ucation, which had traditionally been a family affair1 Ultimately, it was the Qing state s concern about controlling the training of teachers that led it to accept and then intervene in the development of female education and especially normal schools for women1 This remarkable change opened the doors of public education to women and provided women with a le2 gitimate role in the public domain as professional teachers, developments that forever altered the position of women in Chi2 nese society1 1904,,,, 1907,,,,, [ ] [ ] (1959 ),, 87

2 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( nation - state),,, :,, Dorothy Ko,,,, Evelyn Rawski,, %, 2-10 %,,, gλω Rawski,,,,, Susan Mann,, 88, Mann,,,, Dorothy Ko,,,,,,,, Mann,,,, gλϖ,,,,,,,,, 1125 %,, 115 %, 215 % gλξ Benjamin Elman,

3 1850,, 115 % gλψ %,, gλζ,,,, :,, gλ{,,,, :,,, gλ,, :,,,,, 1844, gλ} 1877, 38, 524 gλ 1900,, , 6798 gµυ,, 1895,,, gµϖ, ( ) Shirley Gar2 rett, gµω,,,,,,,,,, gµξ 1890,, 1851,, , gµψ,, ,, 1891, 1900, gµζ : 1900, gµ{ , 1900,,,, gµ, gµ}, ( ),,, gµ,, 89

4 ,,,,, : ,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνυ,, 1897,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνϖ, 90,,,, (1898),, 8-15,,, :,,,,,,,, gνω gνξ,, gνψ,, 1890,,, : ,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,

5 :,, gνζ,,,,,,,,, gν{,,,,,,,,,,,, ,, 1902,,,, gοψ gν 1902,, gν},,, gν,,,,,, gου,, gοϖ 1902,,,,,,,,,,,, gοω,,, 1902,,, gοξ,, gοζ,, 1904, 91

6 ,,, gο{,,,,, gο,,,,,, gο}, 1902,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1904 gο, 92 gπυ 1905, 20 gπϖ,, 1906,,,, gπω,, 20 30, gπξ, 1904,,,,, gπψ,, gπζ,, gπ{,,,,, :, ,, 1907

7 , 400 gπ ( ,, ) 1907,,,,,,, 1906,,,,,,,,, :,,,, gπ} 1906,, gπ,, :,,, gθυ 1905,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1907,,, gθϖ 1906,,, 1906,,,,, 1907,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gθω 1907,,,,,, 1905,, 1908, gθξ 1911 gθψ , 93

8 , (1908), (1909), (1911), (1911), (1911) gθζ 1907,, :,, (,, ), (, ),,,, :,,,,,,,,,, gθ{, (1907),, :,,,, gθ,,,,, ( ),,, gθ},, ;,, gθ

9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1910, : (- ),1907, : /,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, : DFZZ SJ SJ :, :,, 1994 WSJ :, 95

10 :,, 1993 YYSJ :, :,, 1992 XZYB :, :,, 1991 ZJ XS :, :, ,Benjamin Elman Joan J udge Char2 lotte Furth, Joel Andreas Elizabeth VanderVen, (),, /,,,,,,, :,,1993, ; :,:,1989, 1-5 :,,1995 Dorothy Ko, Pursing Talent and Virtue : Education and Women s Culture in Seventeenth - and Eighteenth - Century China,L ate Im perial China, Vol1 13, no1 1 (J une 1992), pp Ko :1992,pp ; Teachers of the Inner Cham2 bers : Women and Culture in Seventeenth - century Chi2 na, Stanford University Press, 1994 Susan Mann : Learned Women in the Eighteenth Century, B1 Elman and A1 Woodside : Education and Society in L ate Im perial China, , 1994a, pp , Fuxue ( Women s Learning) Xuecheng ( ) : China s First by Zhang History of Women s Culture,L ate Im perial China, 1992, pp ;Ellen Widmer and Chang Kang - I Sun, W riting Women in L ate Im perial China, Stanford Uni2 versity Press, 1997, p1 21 Evelyn Rawshi,, 1,200-2,000 (Education and Popular Lit2 eracy in Ch ing China, 96 The University of Michigan Press, 1979,pp1 1-4),, Carlo Cipolla, Literacy and Devel2 opment in the West, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1969, pp ; Lawrence Stone, Literacy and Edu2 cation in England, ,Past and Present, no1 42 (1969), pp ) Evelyn Rawski,, pp1 6-7,1401 Evelyn Rawski,,pp ,, Susan Mann, The Education of Daughters in the Mid - Ch ing Period, B1 Elman and A1 Woodside : Education and Society in L ate Im perial China, , 1994b, pp gλυ Dorothy Ko, Teachers of the Inner Chambers, Stan2 ford University Press, 1994, pp gλϖ Susan Mann : The Education of Daughters in the Mid - Ch ing Period, 1994b,pp gλωsusan Mann : Learned Women in the Eighteenth Cen2 tury, 1994a,pp ; Fuxue ( Women s Learning) by Zhang Xuecheng, 1992,pp gλξ ::,,1991, gλψbenjamin Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Service Ex aminations in L ate Im perial China, Berkeley : Uni2 versity of California Press, 2000, pp gλζ,, - : , :,28,1997, 1-45 ; :,:, 1996, gλ{ gλ :,, 1935 gλ} :, ZJ XS, 262,, vol 31,no 7,pp ;Margaret E1 Burton, The Edu2 cation of Women in China, New York : Fleming H1 Rev2 ell Company, 1911, p1 35 ; :,:,1995,pp gλ Ida Belle Lewis, The Education of Girls in China, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1919, p ,2064 : 207 Lewis

11 ,, gµυ Ida Lewis gµϖ :, YYSJ, gµωshirley Garrett, Social Ref ormers in U rban China : the Chinese Y1M1C1A1, , 1970, gµξ : ; :, gµψ gµ{,zj XS, 4, gµζ, (1917), ZJ XS, 4, gµ : ; :, 42 ;,ZJ XS, 4, ;,, gµ};,zj XS, 4, gµ :, YYSJ, ; :,, :,1932, ,, gνυ :,,, gνϖ :,, gνω, WSJ, 189 gνξ (1897),WSJ, gνψ gνζ gν{,xzyb, 396 gν DFZZ, (1904), 1,3,5,6,11, (1905), 9 gν}: (1902), ZJ XS,, gν, DFZZ, (1906), 6, gου: (1904), ZJ XS,, gοϖ Joan J udge,,, J udge,,,,,, Tal2 ent, Virtue, and the Nation : Chinese Nationalism and Female Subjectivities in the Early Twentieth Century, The American Historical Review, Vol1 106, no1 2 (J une 2001), pp gοω:,1904,zj XS,, 582 ;:, 1904, ZJ XS,, gοξ:,zj XS,, gοψ, ZJ XS,, gοζ, ZJ XS,, gο{, ZJ XS,, 694 gο :, ZJ XS,, ; :,,1984, 7, 196 gο} ZJ XS,, gο, ZJ XS,, 653 gπυ,, 3 (1904), 71 gπϖ : gπω, ZJ XS,, gπξdfzz, (1906), 6 gπψ ZJ XS,, gπζzj XS,, 653 gπ{dfzz,no 2, gπ : (1907) gπ}:,zj XS,, gπ,, 2, 1117 gθυ ( ),SJ SJ, gθϖ,1906,zj XS,, 653-4,,,,, gθω,xzyb, gθξ,, 2, 1189 gθψ,, 2, 1231 gθζ, 2, 1179,1208,1231,1236,1237 gθ{:,sj SJ, gθ :,XZYB, gθ}:,sj SJ, gθ, XZYB, , ( ) SJ SJ,

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