,,,,,,,,, 1923 ( ) (H1B1Morse) ( Thom2 as Jernigan),,,,, ( )?,,,,,, , 1807,, 1827,,, 100 gλϖ,,,,,, gλω,,,,,, gλξ,,,,,,,,

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1 Nov Studies in Q ing H istoryno14 [ ] (Madeleine Zelin) [],, [ ] [] K25 [] A [ ] (2008) The F irm in Early M odern Ch ina The Chinese shareholding entity had a long history supported by cultural and legal p ractices p re - dating the introduc2 tion of European business form s in China. In the absence of codified or systematic p recedent - based p rivate law, a culture in which contract was deep ly embedded in daily p ractice and the state enforced p rivate agreements sustained a growing com2 mercial sector. Kinship p ractices were adap ted to the needs of a merchant community seeking ways to pool cap ital and sus2 tain firm longevity. These institutional developments help exp lain Chinese adap tability to W estern p ractices and the para2 doxical persistence of Chinese p ractices after the p romulgation of a W estern - style company law.,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (Madeleine Zelin, 1949 ),,, ; (1983 ),,,

2 ,,,,,,,,, 1923 ( ) (H1B1Morse) ( Thom2 as Jernigan),,,,, ( )?,,,,,, , 1807,, 1827,,, 100 gλϖ,,,,,, gλω,,,,,, gλξ,,,,,,,,

3 ,,, ( ),,,,,,, gλψ? gλζ,,,,,, GDP ( ),, gλ{,,,, gλ,,, gλ},, gλ, ( ), gµυ,,, gµϖ gµω,,,, gµξ,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, gµψ 65

4 , gµζ,,, gµ{,,,,,,, (David Faure), 1632,,,,,, gµ, 26, gµ}, 1607, 1639,,,, 66, gµ,,,,,,,,,, gνυ,,, gνϖ,,,,,,, ( R ichard Bel2 sky),,,, gνω,,,,

5 gνξ,,,,, gνψ gνζ (Hansen),, gν{ ( ) ( ) :, gν,,, ( ), (M ichael Szonyi),,, gν} (Myron Cohen ),,, gν,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, gου,,,,, ( in2 formal or unlegislated law) ( the social cap ital models), gοϖ, gοω,,,,,,,, ( Hans2 maan) ( Kraackman) ( Squire) (owner shiel2 ding) ( entity shielding) 67

6 ,,,,,,,,,,,, gοξ,,, 133, gοψ,,,,, 1755, :,,,, :,,, gοζ 68 ( Robert Gardella) ( Hoover Institution ) (John Hay) 26, gο{,, ( ),,,,,, gο,, ( the B ritish East India Com2 pany, BE IC) ), 1834,,

7 ( Paul Van Dyke),,, gο},,, gο,, gπυ,,?, ( ) gπϖ, 1844, , (managing agencies), gπω 1961,, ( Carol Connell),, gπξ,,,,, 50% gπψ,,,, 1600 gπζ gπ{,,,, gπ,,, gπ},,, 40%, gπ,, gθυ,

8 , ( ) gθϖ, gθω,, gθξ,,,,,,,,,,, ( Tim W right),, gθψ,, ( ),,, 70,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, gθζ, ( Inviting merchants), gθ{, gθ,,,, ,,, (A lbert Feuerwerker) 1880

9 gθ} 1883,,,,,,, ( Gershenkron), gθ, gρυ,,,, ( Thomas Rawski), , 811 gρϖ, 1904,,,,,,, gρω,,, 7,, gρξ,, ( ) gρψ,, 1929,, gρζ (W illiam Kirby), gρ{, ( 1914 ),,, (), gρ,, gρ}, ,, 71

10 1937,,, gρ, , 994, 40182% ; 682 ( ), 28121% ; 561, 20121% ; 163, 8113% gσυ,,,,,,,, ( ),,, ( ), gσϖ ( Kgll) 72, gσω,,,,,,,, 1901,, 50,,, gσξ,, 1910,,,,, gσψ,,,,,

11 , 1910,,,, gσζ 1926,,, gσ{, 1914, 1933,, 1917, 1922,,,,,,,, gσ,,,,, gσ}, gσ,,,,, 1932, ,,,,,,, gτυ, gτϖ,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 73

12 ,,, 1928,,,, ( ) gτω,,,,,,,,,,,,,, /,,,,,, 74 gτξ,,, 1904,, gτψ,, , 1904,,,,, ( rules of the game)

13 ,,,,,,, 1800,,, : ,, ( St1 Martinπs), 1998 : : ( Pomeranz, K1, The Great D ivergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy),, 2000 : ( Rawski, T1G1, Econom ic growth in p rewar China),,, 1989 ( Gary Ham ilton) J ( Rajeswary J1 B rown) S ( S1 Gordon Redding) : (Chan, W 1K1K1, M erchants, mandarins, and modern enterp rise in late Chπing China),, :, 1977 : : ( Pomeranz, K, 1 TraditionalπChinese Business Form s Revisited: Fam ily, Firm and Financing in the H istory of the Yutang Company of J ining, ), (Late Imperi2 al China), 18, 1-38, 1997 A M B : (Colli, A1, and Rose, M1B1, Fam ily Firm s in Compara2 tive Perspective), G: (Amatori, F1, and Jones, G1 eds1, Business H istory around the World), ,,, 2003, 1923, H B : (Chan, W 1K1K1, Tradition and Change in Chinese Busi2 ness Enterp rise), : : ( Gardella, R1, Leonard, J1K1, and McElderry, A1 eds1, Chinese Busi2 ness H istory: Interp retive Trends and Priorities for the Fu2 ture, A special issue of Chinese Studies in H istory),, (M E Sharpe), 1998 H B : (Morse, H1B1, The chronicles of the East India company),,, 1926 H B : (Morse, H1B1, Pott, F1L1H1, and Piry, A1T1, The trade and adm inistration of the Chinese emp ire),, ( Longmans, Green and co1),, 1908 H B : (Morse, H1B1, The gilds of China),,, 1932 : (Jernigan, T1R1, Chinaπs business methods and policy),,, 1904 : ( Jernigan, T1R1, China in law and commerce),,, ( The Mac2 m illan Company) (Macm illan & co1, ltd), 1905,,, : : O B raadbaart, Sources of Ethnic Advan2 tage, A comparison of Chinese and p ribum i - managed en2 gineering firm s in Indonesia, R A: (B rown, R1A1 ed1, Chinese Busi2 ness Enterp rise in A sia ),, (Routledge), 1995 : ( Chan, W1K1K1, The O rganizational Structure of the Traditional Chinese Firm and its Modern Reform ), (Business H istory Review ), 56, , 1982 : : ( Strand, D1, Medi2 ation, Rep resentation and Rep ression: Local Elites in 1920 s Beijing), : 75

14 ( Esherick, J1, and Rankin, M1 eds1, Chinese Local Elites and Patterns of Dom i2 nance),,, , 1990 :,,, 1959, 1997, 1982, 223,,,,,,, 1997, gλϖ gλω : ( Zelin, M1, East2 ern Sichuan Coal M ines in the Late Q ing), : ( Esh2 erick, J1W 1, Yeh, W 1 - h1, and Zelin, M1 eds1, Em2 p ire, Nation and Beyond1),,, 2006 gλξ : : ( Zelin, M1, The merchants of Zigong : industrial entre2 p reneurship in early modern China),,, 2005 gλψ, 2005, 42-44,, gλζ, : D C : (North, D1C1, Institutions, institution2 al change, and econom ic performance),, ;, 1990 D C : (North, D1, Econom ic Performance Through Time), ( The American Econom ic Review), 84, , 1994O E : : (W illiam2 son, O1E1, The New Institutional Econom ics: Taking Stock, Looking Ahead), (Jour2 nal of Econnom ic L iterature), 76 38, , 2000 gλ{ : ( Zelin, M1, Econom ic Free2 dom in Late Imperial China), ( Kirby, W1 ed1, Realm s of Freedom in Modern China),,, 2004 gλ, gλ}, 149 :, 1905,,,, gλ, gµυ : (W akefield, D1, Fenjia, Household D ivision and Inherit2 ance in Q ing and Republican China),,, 1998 : ( Shiga, S1, Fam ily Property and the Law of Inheritance in Traditional China 1), D C: (Buxbaum, D1C1 ed1, Chinese Fam ily Law and Social Change in H istorical Perspective),,, 1978,, gµϖ, 1998, 21-25,,,, 1970, , 78-1, 78-2 gµω, 1970, 259, 88 gµξ, 1970, 259, 87,,,, ;,, gµψ T: : (Ruskola, T1, Concep tual2 izing Corporations and Kinship: Comparative Law and De2

15 velopment Theory in a Chinese Perspective), ( Stanford Law Review), 52, , : ( Twitchett, D1, The Fan Clanπs Charitable Estate, ), D SA F: (N ivison, D1S1, and W right, A1F1 eds1, Confu2 cianism in Action ),,, 1959 gµζ 93-4, 1756,, 1970, 275 gµ{,,, :,, (2001, 1992 ), gµ : :,,, 1989 gµ}, 1949 gµ, 2005 gνυ: : (Matsubara, K1, Law of the an2 cestors: p roperty - holding p ractices and lineage social structures in 19 th - century south China1 H istory disserta2 tion),,,, : : (Chung, S1, W estern law vs1 A sian custom s: Legal dis2 putes on business p ractices in India, B ritish Malaya and Hong Kong, 1850 s s), ( Europe A sia Journal), 1, , 2003 gνϖ : ( Kuhn, P1, Rebellion and Its Enem ies in Late Imperial China),,,, 1970 gνω : : (Belsky, R1, Localities at the center : native p lace, space, and power in late imperial Bei2 jing),,, :, 2005,,,, 1949 gνξ, : (W atson, R1S1, Corporate p roperty and local leadership in the Pearl R iver delta, ), :,,, , 1990 : : ( Zelin, M1, The R ise and Fall of the Fu - Rong Salt - Yard Elite: Merchant Dom inance in Late Q ing China), :,,, , 1990 gνψv : :, daily life in traditional China: ( Hansen, V1, Negotiating how ordinary peop le used contracts, ),,, 1995 gνζ : ( Zelin, M1, Ocko, J1K1, and Gardella, R1, Contract and p roperty in early modern China),,, 2004 gν{, 1995, 140 gν : (Woodside, A1, The Chien - lung Reign), ( ) : 1800 ( Peterson, W1J1 ed1, The Cambridge H istory of China Volume 9, Part One, The Chπing Dynasty to 1800 ),,, 2002, 255 gν} : ( Szonyi, M1, Practicing Kinship, L ineage and Descent in Late Imperial China),,, 2002, 187, 245f gν : : (Cohen, M1, W rits of Passage in Late Impe2 rial China, the Documentation of Practical Understandings in M inong, Taiwan), : ( Zelin, M1, Ocko, J1, and Gardella, R1 eds1, Contract and Property in Early Modern China),,, 2004 gου : ( Sommer, M1, 1 77

16 W ife - selling contracts in Q ing China),,, 1999 gοϖ C, M, G : : ( H igh, C1, Pelling, M1, and Nemes, G1, Understanding informal in2 stitutions: Networks and communities in rural develop2 ment), http: / /www1scientificcommons1org/ gοω, (1992, 2001),,,, : : (Bernstein, L1, Private Commercial Law in the Cotton Industry: Creating Cooperation through Rules, Norm s, and Institutions), (M ichigan Law Review), 99, , 1992 : : (Bernstein, L1, Op ting out of the Legal System: Extralegal Contractual Re2 lations in the D iamond Industry), ( The Journal of Legal Studies), 21, , 2005 gοξ, 1905, 149,,, gοψ : ( Zelin, M1, Managing Multip le Ownership at the Zigong Saltyards. ), :,,, 2004 gοζ,, 1, 1980, : :,,, 2001 gο{ : : ( Gardella, Robert1 Contracting Business Partnership s in Late Q ing and Republican China: Paradigm s and Patterns ), : (Contract and Property in Early Modern China, edited by 78 M adeleine Zelin, Jonathan Ocko and Robert Gardella),,, 23 gο R : : (Harris, R1, lish law : Industrializing Eng2 entrep reneurship and business organization, ),, ;, 2000, 41-50, gο},,,, 2000 : : (Motono, E1, Conflict and cooperation in Sino - B ritish business, : impact of p ro - B ritish commercial network in Shanghai1),,,, 2000,,,, gο : : ( Hao, Y1 - P1, The comp rador in nineteenth century China: bridge between East and W est),,, 1970, 3 gπυ : : (Hao, Y1 - P1, A New Class in Chinaπs Trea2 ty Ports: the The R ise of the Comp rador - Merchants), ( The Business H istory Review), 44, , 1970,, 78% gπϖ : (Hou, C1 - M1, Foreign investment and econom ic development in China, ),,, 1965 gπωm : (M isra, M1, Business, race, and politics in B ritish India, c ),, ( Clarendon Press), 1999, 1999, gπξ C M : : (Connell, C1M1, Jardine Matheson

17 & Company: The Role of External O rganization in a N ine2 teenth - Century Trading Firm ), ( Enterp rise and Society), 4, , 2003, 100 gπψ : :, 1970, , (Harris), 2000, , gπζ, gπ{ : :, 1970, ,, gπ,,,,, 2000, 40 gπ},, 2003, 3 gπ, gθυ ( ) : :,,, 1996 gθϖ 1875,, 2000, 68, gθω, 66 gθξ, 215% gθψ(w right), 1984 ;, 2005, 3,, gθζ, 1992, 142 gθ{ : : (Leonard, J1K1, Controlling from Afar: The Daoguang Emperorπs Management of the Grand Canal Crisis, ),,, 1996, gθ : ( Sun, E1 - t1z1, The Finance M inistry ( Hubu) and Its Relationship to the Private Economy in Q ing Times), : :, ( East A sia Program, Cornell University),,, 1992, 13 ; :,,, 1981 gθ} : : (Lai, C1 - K1, The Q ing State and M erchant Enterp rise: The China Merchantπs Company, ), : : (Leonard, J1K1, and W att, J1R1 eds1, To achieve security and wealth : Q ing imperial state and the economy, ),,,, 1992, ; : : ( Feuer2 werker, A1, Chinaπs early industrialization; Sheng H suan - huai ( ) and Mandarin enterp rise),,, 1958 gθ A: : ( Gerschenkron, A1, Econom ic backwardness in historical perspective : a book of essays),, (Belknap Press of Harvard Uni2 versity Press), 1962 gρυ, 1992, 150 gρϖ, 1989, gρω:, (W illiam s, E1T1, Recent Chinese legislation relating to commercial, railway and m ining enterp rises1 W ith regulations for regis2 tration of trade marks, and for the registration of compa2 nies),,, 1905 gρξ,, 1905, gρψ, 1905, 16 gρζ,,, 1929,, gρ{ : : ( Kirby, W1C1, China Unincorporat2 the 79

18 ed: Company Law and Business Enterp rise in Twentieth - Century China), (Journal of A si2 an Studies), 54, 43-63, 1995 gρ, 1995, gρ} : (McElderry, A1, Equity financing and shareholding in early twentieth century China), ( The Social, Econom ic and Cultural H istory of Modern East A sia Symposium in Honor of A lbert Feuer2 werker and Ernest P1 Young),, 2004 gρ, 2005 gσυ, : ( Fang, L1, Chinese Partnership), (Law and Contemporary Problem s), 52, 43-67, 1989, 46 gσϖ : : ( K? ll, E1, From Cotton M ill to Business Enterp rise, The Emergence of Regional Enterp ri2 ses in Modern China),,, 2004, 63-64,,, gσω, 2004 : : (L insun Cheng, Banking in modern China : entrep reneurs, p rofes2 sional managers and the development of Chinese banks, ),,, 2003 gσξ, 2004, gσψ, 2004, gσζ, 2004, gσ{ gσ : : ( Kwan, M1B1, Patri2 ots Gameπ: the Yongli Chem ical Co1, L td1 and Imperial Chem ical Industries, ),, (Annual Convention of the A ssociation for A sian Studies), 2004 : : ( Kwan, M1B1, Managing M arket, H ierarchy, and Net2 work: The J iuda Salt Industries, L td1, ), ( Enterp rise and Society), 6, , 2005 gσ}, gσ, 2005 gτυ, 2005, gτϖ : : (Chang, J1N1, Vertical Integration, Business D iversification, and Firm A rchitecture: The Case of the China Egg Produce Company in Shanghai, ), ( Enterp rise and Society), 6, , 2005 gτω, : : ( Cochran, S1,, Encountering Chinese networks : W estern, Japanese, and Chinese corporations in China, ),,,, 2000 : ( Kwan, M1B1, The Salt Mer2 chants of Tianjin, State Making and Civil Society in Impe2 rial China ),, 2001 : : (Meissner, D1, Chi2 nese Cap italists against the American Flour Industry, : Profit and Patriotism in International Trade),,, ( Edwin Mellon Press), 2005 gτξ, 1994 gτψ,

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,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, 74,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, ; :,, 2007 8 Aug12007 3 Studies in Q ing H istory No13 3 [ ],,, [] [ ] K249 [ ] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2007) - 03-0073 - 14 The Tem pora l Character istics of Border Trad ing A long the Grea tw a ll dur ing Q ing