2002 1,,,,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,;,,,,(, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, []M.J. C. :,, 1997,41 4

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1 Ξ :,, ; ;, ;,,, :,, ;,,?,, ;,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,?,,, Ξ 1,1956,681 3

2 2002 1,,,,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,;,,,,(, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, []M.J. C. :,, 1997,41 4

3 , :,,, ;,,,;,,,,,,, 1842,,,,,,,,, gλυ,,,, gλϖ,,,, gλω,, gλξ 1847,,,, :,, ;,,,, gλψ,,, :?,,, 1842,,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ gλϖ gλω []:,,1980,264 gλξ [] :,, 1985,31 gλψ 4,1958,40 5

4 2002 1? ; gλζ,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, gλ{, gλ,,,,,,,,,, :, gλ}, :,,, gλ :,, gµυ,, : (1)? (2)? (3),?,,,,,? :, gµϖ,,,, :,,,,, gµω,;, gλζ 41,1982,321 gλ{ gλ gλ} 1,1995,133,181 gλ gµυ gλζ,321,396 gµϖ gµω 1,1995,132 6

5 ,, gµξ, gµψ,,,,,,,, gµζ,,,,?,,, gµ{,,,,?,,,,, gµ,,,, (),,,,,,,, :,,,,,, gµ},, ;,,,,,,, gµξ gµψ gµζ gµ{ gµ gµ} gµω,131 gλ,396 gλζ,143 :,1991,85 gλ,396 gµω,674 7

6 2002 1,,,,, gµ,,,,,,,, :,, gνυ,,,,,,,,,,,, gνϖ,,,,,,,,,,,, gνω,,,,, 1844,:,;,, gνξ,,,,,:,,,, gνψ gµ gνυ gνϖ : () :,1993,147 25,2001,575 3,1995,13 gνω,,395 gνξ,697 gνψ 2,1995,639 8

7 ,,,, :,,, gνζ, ( ),,, :,,,, gν{,,,,,,, gν,?,, :, :, gν},,,, ;,,,, ;,, gν,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,! gου,,,,:, gνζ gν{ gν} gν gου 27,1972,423 gν,228,294 1,1956,302,255 gνϖ,453 gλζ,321 9

8 2002 1,,, gοϖ,, () :,,,?,,,,, gοω,,,,?,, gοξ,,,,:,,,,,, gοψ,,,,,,,, :,,,, gοζ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () :,,, gοϖ 6,1961,274 gοω gοξ,281,316 gοψgοζ 6,1961,305,215 10

9 ,, ( ) ;, :,,,,, gο{,,,, gο,,,,, :,,,, ;,, gο}, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,, :?? gο,,,,,, () :,,,,:,,,,, ;,, gο{ gο gµω,99,84 gο} gο 5,1958,224 11

10 gπυ,,,,,, gπϖ,,;,,,,,,, : ; gπω,,,,,,,, gπξ, :,;,,, ;, gπψ, : (1) :,,, ; (2) :,; (3) :,;,, ; (4) :, ;, ; (5) :, ;,, ( ),,,, gπυ,396 ; gλζ,321 gπϖ gπω []:,,1961,230 gπξ :,46,1 gπψ gλ{,180 12

11 : (),,,,, gπζ,,, gπ{,,,,,,, gπ,, gπ},:,, gπ, ; gθυ,,,,,,,,, gθϖ,, gθω,,,,,,, gθξ,,, gθψ,,,,: (, ),, gπζ gπ{ gπ,:,,;,, ;,,,,;,,;, gλψ,40 gνζ,423 gπ gλζ,321,321 gπ} gθυ gθϖ gθξ gθψ,702 gλ{,133 gθωgοϖ,274,280 13

12 2002 1,,, gθζ,, :,,9,,,, gθ{,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, gθ,,,,, ;,,,,, gθ},,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1849,,,, gθ,,,,,,,,,,, gθζ gλ{,134 gθ{ gλ{,272 gθ,703 gθ} gθ gοϖ,535,321 14

13 gρυ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρϖ,,,,,, gρω,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρξ,,,,,,, :,,, 367,,,,? gρψ,,,,,,,?,,,,, gρυ gρϖ gρξ gρψ gοϖ,321 gρω,698 ::,1998,176 gοϖ,274 15

14 2002 1, :,, gρζ,,,,,, gρ{,,, () :, ;, gρ,,,,,,,,, gρ}, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,, gρ,,,,,,,,, ;,, gσυ,,, gσϖ,,,, gσω,:, gσξ,, gρζ gρ{ gρ gρ} gρ gσυ gσϖ gσω gσξ 16 gοϖ,151,697 gλ},180 gοϖ,167 14,1964,687 gνϖ,453,1998,237 : gλψ,35 gοϖ,167

15 ,,,,,,,,, gσψ, :,,,,,,,,,,, gσζ,,,, :, ; gσ{,,,,,, gσ :?,: (), gσ},, gσ,,, gσψ [] :,,1998,88 gσζ gλ{,288 gσ{ []:,,1994,8 gσ gλ{,286 gσ} gσ gλ{,190 17

16 2002 1,, gτυ,,,,,? : gτϖ,, ;,,,,,?,,,,,, gτω,,,,, gτξ,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, gτψ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gτζ,,,,,,,,,,,,, :, gτυ gτϖ gλ{,190 gτω gτξ gτψ gλ{,176,180 gτζ [] :,,2001,10 18

17 ,,,, gτ{,,,,,,,,,,, gτ,,, : ; ; ; ; gτ},,,,, :,,, gτ,, ; gβκυ,, gβκϖ ; gβκω,,:, ; gβκξ,,,, gβκψ,,,,,, :,, ; gτ{ gτ gτ} gτ gβκυ gβκϖ gβκω gβκξ gβκψ gλ{, 261 gτζ,, 17 :, 2000, 531 gλ{, 181 :, : (), 1984, 93 gλ{, 139 gβκυ,, 93 :,, 1989, 153 gλ{,

18 2002 1,,,, gβκζ,,?,,,?!,,,,?, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,, gβκ{,,,,,,,, ;,, gβκ,,,,, :,,, ;,, gβκ},,,, ;,, ;, gβκ,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,, gβλυ :,,,, gβκζ gβκ{ gβκ} gβκ gβλυ gνϖ, 455 gβκ gλ{, 171, 166 [] J :, 1990, 206, 217 gλ{,

19 ,,,,, ;,,,, :,,, gβλϖ,,,, gβλω,,,,,,,,, gβλξ,,, :,,,,,,, gβλψ,,, :,,,, gβλζ,,,,,?,,,,, gβλϖ gβλω gβλψ gβλζ, 378 gβλξ gλ{, 190 gλζ, 326 gλ{,

20 2002 1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ), ;,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, gβλ{,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), :, gβλ,,, gβλ{ gβλ 22,,,,gοϖ,274 ;, 1831,,, 13, 1962,597 []:,, 1996,361

21 ,,,,,,,,, gβλ},, :,,,, gβλ,,:,, gβµυ,,,,,,, gβµϖ,,,,, gβµω,;,, :,,1850, 1850,,,,, gβµξ,,,,:,,,, gβµψ,,,,:,,, gβµζ,, gβλ} gβλ gβµυ gβµξ gβµψ gβµζ :, ,1995,314 3,1995,52,94 4,1995,410 gµω,417 [22 ],599 gβµϖ gβµω 23

22 2002 1,, :,,,, gβµ{,,,,,,,,!,, gβµ,,;,,,, ;,,,,,,, Abstract :According to Marx and Engels, judicial independence originated from thehuman fear of themselves. It is an institutional design aimed at preventing the concentration of power. The basis of judicial independence is the nature of judicial power as thedirect possession of the citizens. In terms of survival mechanism, judicial independence must be supported by the free state. J udicial indepen2 dence includes the independence of the court, of the dicastery and of the judge. Meanwhile, judicial in2 dependence is not a goal in itself. It must take the pursuit of free trialas its value orientation. gβµ{ gβµ 24 [120 ],54 gλζ,313

1992),,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1),,,, 2 19, : (),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,,, (3), :,,,,,,,,, 2108,, 13, , 680,, 017, 012,,

1992),,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1),,,, 2 19, : (),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,,, (3), :,,,,,,,,, 2108,, 13, , 680,, 017, 012,, 20062 Feb12006 1 Studies in Q ing H istoryno11 [],, 19077,,,, [ ] [] K257[] A[] 1002-8587 (2006) - 01-0001 - 16 Pea san t A ssoc ia tion s in the La te Q ing D yna sty Peasant associations arose in the