(1596),, ( 1603), :, (1607) :,, ( 1618 ), ( 1619), (1636), 20 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,?,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,, ;, gλξ, :,,,,,, gλψ, gλζ,,,,, ( 1589 )

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1 Nov Studies in Q ing H istoryno14 [], :,,,,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] (2005) The Q ing Em perors Conception s of Ch ina A t the end of the third year of the Xuantong reign, p rior to the emperor s abdication, the Emp ress Dowager Longyu, p roclaimed to all subjects, that it is the sincere hope that all the peop le will enjoy a settled life, peace will reign through2 out the land, the integrated territory, including the five nationalities ofm anchu, Mongol, Han, Hui, and Tibetan, will still combine to form a great Chinese nation state. Through several thousands years of historical sediment, the notion of Chi2 na and Chinese nationality, which had gone through many hardship s and revisions, was given the final word by Q ing dynasty. From this perspective, the Q ing dynasty not only bequeathed the p resent Chinese territory and the material wealth of united multi - nationalities country, but also the p recious sp iritual legacy of the content and denotation of China and Chinese nationality.,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, (1583), (1644), 60, [ ] [ ] (1941 ),, ;

2 (1596),, ( 1603), :, (1607) :,, ( 1618 ), ( 1619), (1636), 20 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,?,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,, ;, gλξ, :,,,,,, gλψ, gλζ,,,,, ( 1589 ), gλ{, () gλ,,,,,, 25,

3 ,, ( ),,, :,,, gλ},,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,? gλ,,, gµυ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµϖ,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,, gµω,,, ;,, gµξ, gµψ,,, gµζ,,,, ;,, 3

4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1644 ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµ{,,,,,,,,,, gµ, 40,,,,, 4,,,,,, gµ},,,,, (1661),,,, gµ,,, :, gνυ, (1683),,,,, ( 1656), :,,, ;,,? gνϖ,,,, :,,,,,, gνω,,

5 gνξ,,,, gνψ,,,,,,,,, gνζ gν{ gν gν},,, :, gν,,,, gου,, gοϖ :,,,,,,, gοω,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1689),, : :,,,,,,,,, gοξ,,,,,,, 5

6 ,,,, :, :, gοψ,,,, :,? gοζ, (, ),,,,,,, gο{ gο,,, gο},,,,,,,,, gο gπυ,,,,,,, gπϖ, :, gπω, 6, gπξ,,,,,, gπψ,,,,,,,, gπζ,,,,,, gπ{, :,?,,? gπ,,,,, gπ}, gπ gθυ gθϖ,,,,,,,,,,, gθω (1691),,, gθξ,,, :,, gθψ

7 ,,, gθζ,,,,,, gθ{ :,, ;,,,, gθ,,,,, ( 1690 ),,,,,,,, gθ},,, gθ,,,, ; gρυ gρϖ, ( ),, ( ),,,, gρω,, gρξ, ( 1747 ) (1764), (1758),, (1743),,, ( 1764),,,,, :,,,,, gρψ,, ( ),, ( 1762),,,,,, 7

8 gρζ gρ{,,,,,,,,, gρ,,,, ;,,,, gρ},,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,, gρ, ; gσυ gσϖ ; :,,,,,, gσω,,? gσξ, gσψ 8,,, ( ),,, gσζ,,, : gσ{, gσ,, : (),,,, (1750),, gσ},,,,,, gσ, gτυ,, gτϖ, :,,,,,,,, gτω, :,,,,, gτξ,,,

9 , gτψ,,,,,,,,,,,, gτζ,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 120,,,,,? ( 1757 ),,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, gτ{,,,,, ;,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gτ,,, :,,,,,, ;, gτ},,,,,,,,,,,,, gτ, gβκυ (1763),, gβκϖ,,,,, gβκω 9

10 gβκξ,,,, gβκψ,,,,, ; :,,,,, ( ),,, gβκζ,,, :?, ( 1757 ), ( ),,,,,,,,,, ;,, gβκ{,,,,, gβκ, ;,,, ;,,, gβκ},, :,, ;,,, gβκ ( 1760),,,,, gβλυ ( 1758),,,,?,,,,, gβλϖ,,,? 10

11 ,,, ;, gβλω,,,,,, ;,,,, :,,,, gβλξ!,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( 1728),,, :, ( ),, ;, gβλψ,,, gβλζ,,? gβλ{,, ;, gβλ, gβλ}, gβλ :,,,,,,,,,, gβµυ ( ),,? gβµϖ,,,,,, :, ;,, gβµω,,,,,,,,,,, 11

12 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,, gβµξ, gβµψ,, gβµζ,,,, ( 1768 ),,,,,,,,,,?, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? 12,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβµ{,,,,,?,,,,, :,,,,,,, gβµ gβµ},,,,,,

13 ,,,,,,,,,,,, gβµ, ;,, (),,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ( 1716 ),, :, gβνυ :,,,,,,, ;,,, gβνϖ ( ),,,, 80, ( 1793),,,,, 110,, gβνω, :,, gβνξ,,,,,! gβνψ,?, 13

14 ,, gβνζ,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gβν{,, :, gβν,,,,,, gβν},,,, :,,! gβν 1950,, 150,,, gβου,, 14 ( 1874),,,,,, :,,,,, gβοϖ, :,,,,, :,,,,,,! gβοω,,,,,,,,,,, gβοξ,,, (1905),, gβοψ,, gβοζ, ( 1911 ),,, :,,,,,,,, gβο{,,

15 ,?,, gβο :,,,,,,? gβο},, ( ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,? gβο, : ; ; ; ;, ;, ; gβπυ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : ( ) :,,, : gλ,,,,,,,, 74, 315,,, ,, 15

16 :,,,,, 1985, 304 gλϖ : :,,,,,, 295 gλωgλζ gµυ,,,, 295 ;, :,,,,,,, :,,, gλξ :, :,,,, gλψ, gλ{:, gλ}, 1962 gλ, 339 gµϖ, ;, gµω ( ), 87,, 1983;, 443,, 2000 gµξ :,, :,, gµψ, 1997 gµζ gβοζ, gµ{, gµ, ;, 16 gµ} :, 1980 gµ : gνυ, 272, 1972 gνϖ, gνω, gνξ,, :,,,, gνψ, gνζ gοϖ gρω,, gν{,, gν,, gν} gρυ, gν, gου gοω,, 2003 gοξ, gοψ, gοζ, gο{, :, gο, gο}, gο, gπυ, gπϖ, gπω, gπξ:,,,,,,

17 gπψ, : :,, gπζ, gπ{, gπ, gπ}, gπ gσ{, gθυ, gθϖ, ;, gθω, gθξ, gθψ, gθζ, gθ{ gθ, gθ} gρζ gσ gτω, gθ gρ{ gσ}, gρϖ, gρξ,, gρψ, 1986 gρ, gρ}; gρ : ( ), gσυ, gσϖ, gσω, gσξ, 6 gσψ, :,, (, ) gσζ,, (), (),, gσ, ;, ; ; gτυ gτϖ gτξ, gτψ, gτζ,,,,, gτ{ gτ gβκ, ; gτ}, gτ, gβκυ, gβκϖ, gβκω, gβκξ, gβκψ, gβκζ ; ;, ; ; gβκ{, gβκ gβκ}, gβλυ gβλϖ, 17

18 gβλω gβµω,, gβλξ, gβλψ gβλζ gβµυ, gβλ{ gβλ gβµϖ, gβλ} :,,, gβλ,,,, ( ),,,, ;, ;, ( gβµξ, gβµψ 1367, :,,,, gβµζ, gβµ{, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, ;, gβµ, gβµ}, gβµ,, :,, 1989 gβνυ, gβνϖ, gβνω 406,, 110 ( 250 ) 1963 gβνξ, gβνψ, gβνζ, gβν{, gβν, gβν},, gβν, 1987 gβου, :,,,,,, ;, gβοϖ, gβοω, gβοξ, gβοψ :,, 1984 gβο{, 1987 gβο : gβο}, gβο, gβπυ :,

gλω gµω gµξ gλξ gµζ gλψ gλζ gµ{ gλ{ gλ gλ} gλ gµ} gµυ gµ gµϖ gµψ gµ gνϖ gνω 140 gνυ

gλω gµω gµξ gλξ gµζ gλψ gλζ gµ{ gλ{ gλ gλ} gλ gµ} gµυ gµ gµϖ gµψ gµ gνϖ gνω 140 gνυ 2009 5 2 Studies in Qing History May 2009 No12 : 20 50 : 20 gλϖ [ ] 2008-10 - 20 [ ] (1973 ) ; 100872 139 gλω gµω gµξ gλξ gµζ gλψ 20 30 1965 100 gλζ gµ{ gλ{ gλ gλ} gλ gµ} gµυ gµ gµϖ gµψ gµ gνϖ gνω 140