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1 ( ) ( 56 ) : Ξ :,,,,, : Abstract :This article gives a recommendation and comment on Mr. Liang Suming s basic views on constitution and constitutionalism, especially his analysis on China s puzzledom in imitating and transplanting the Western constitutionalism and his thoughtfulness about the way for China to move toward constitutionalism. This article also recommends and comments on the responses that different political forces made to his theories, and points out the uniqueness and transcendence of Mr. Liang Suming s constitutionalism thinking among the thoughts of constitutionalism during the recent century in China. Key words :Liang Suming, constitutionalism, democracy, rule of law,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Ξ, : :,, , 2, 684, :, 2, 687 :, 6, 487 :, 2, 688 ;, 6, 488 :, 2, 687 ;, 7, ;, 7, ;, 7, :, 2, 691 ;, 4, :, 2, ;, 2,
2 ,,, ;,,,, -,,,,,,,,,,, gλυ,,,,, gλϖ,,,, gλω,,,,,,,, ;,,,, gλξ, gλψ,,,,,,,, gλζ,,, gλ{,,,,,, gλ,,,, :, 2, ;, 7, ;, 6, 493 ;, 7, :, 6, 119 ;, 6, 498 gλυ, :, 6, 253 gλϖ :, :, ( ) 1993, 168 gλω : ( ), 1993, gλξ :, 6, 778 gλψ 1945,, :,, ;,,, 6, 557 gλζ :, gλ{ :, 6, gλ :,, 1980, 218 ; ( ), 1932, :, 1992,
3 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλ},,, :,,,,,,,,,, gλ,,,,,,,,,, gµυ,,, :, ;,,, gµϖ,,,, gµω ( ),?,,,, gµξ,, gµψ, gµζ,,,,,,,,,, gµ{,,,, gµ,,,, gλ} gλ gµυ gµϖ gµω gµξ gµψ gµζ gµ{ gµ :, 6, 463 :, 6, [ ] R G :,, 1996, R. G. Gammage, History of the Chartist Movement , Browne &Browne, Newcastle - on - Tyne, England, 1894, pp :, 6, 464 :, 6, 729 :, 6, 463 :, 6, 730 :, 6, 735 :, 5, 467 :, 5,
4 ,,,, gµ},,, gµ,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,?,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, ; gνυ,,, ;,,,,,, ( ),, gνϖ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, gνω,,,,, gνξ,,,,,,,,,,, gµ} :, 6, 730 gµ :, : :, ( ) 1990 ; :, 1991, ; :, 1993, 271 gνυ :, 6, 476 gνϖ :, 6, ; 1978, 7, ;, 7, gνω :, 5, 469 gνξ :, 5,
5 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνψ,,, ;,,,?, gνζ,,,, (Albert V. Dicey) (J. S. Mill, On Liberty) gν{,,,,,,, gν,,, gν},, gν, gου, gοϖ,, ( Toqueville ),,,,,,, :,,, gοω,,,,, gοξ, gοψ,,,,,,, gοζ,,,,,, gνψ gνζ gν{ gν gν} gν gου gοϖ gοω gοξ gοψ gοζ :, 6, :, 1947, ;, 1993, 82,, ( ) 1980, : 1978, 7, 457 :,, 6, 719 :, 7, 429 :, 3, 185 :, 7, 404 :, 6, :, 7, :, 7, :, 7,
6 :,,, ;,, ;,,,,,, gο{,,,,,,,,,, gο,, gο},, gο, gπυ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gπϖ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gπω,,,,, gπξ,,,,,,,, -,,, gο{ gο gο} gο gπυ gπϖ gπω gπξ :,, 6, 702 :,, 1995 :, ;, 1991, , 461 :, 5, 261 : ( < > ), 5, 14 :, 6, :,, 6, 713 ;, 6, 469 :, 6,
7 , ( ) - :,,,,,,,, gπψ,,,, gπζ, :? gπ{,,,,,,,,,,,, gπ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :,, gπ},,,,,,,,,,,,,! gπ,,,,,,,,, gθυ :,,,, gθϖ,,,, gπψ gπζ gπ{ gπ gπ} gπ gθυ gθϖ :, 5, :, 5, 468 :, 5, 468,,,,,,,, 7, ;, 7, 198 :, 2, 390 :, 5, 160 :, 6, :, 6,
8 ,,, gθω ( F. J. Goodnow, ),, gθξ,,,,,,,,, gθψ,, gθζ,,,,? :,,,,,,,,, ; gθ{,,,,,,,,, gθ ( ),, gθ} :, ; gθ,, gρυ,, gρϖ,,, gρω,,,,, gθω :, ( ) 1984,, :,,,,,,,??,,,?,,, :, 1997, gθξ :,, ( ) 1985, 20 : ( ), 42, :, ( ), ( ) 1984, 5-30 ; :, ( ) , gθψ :, 6, 487 gθζ, 1923,, ,, 6, gθ{ :, 6, 494 gθ :, 6, 494 gθ} :,,, 138 gθ :, 6, 494 gρυ,, 1 7 gρϖ,,,,,,, :, 1 7, 80-85,,,,,,,,,, , 90-96, :, ( ) : :, :, ( ) 1979 gρω :, ( ) 1984, 71 82
9 ,,, gρξ,,,, gρψ,, gρζ,,,,,,,,,, gρ{,,,,,,,,,,,, gρ,,, gρ} :,,, gρ :,,,,,,,, ;,, gρξ gρψ gρζ gρ{ gρ gρ} gρ :, 6, 495, : , :,,,,,,,? :,, :,, :,,,,?,,?,,,,,,,, :, , , ,,,,, ;,,,,,,, : 1978, 7, 458 : 1978, 7, 456 :, 6, 494 :, 6, ,, :,, 1987, 7-12 [ ] C :, [ ] W :, 1992 (William C. Jones, The Constitution of the People s Republic of China, in Lawrence W. Beer (ed. ), Constitu2 tional Systems in Late Twentieth Century Asia, Seattle and London : University of Washington Press, 1992, pp ) ;,, : Graham Hassall, Constitutional Trends in Asia, in Veronica Taylor (ed. ), Asian Laws Through Australia Eyes, Sydney : Law Book Company, 1997, pp ; Peter Holland, Towards Constitutionalism : The First Term of the Constitutional Court of South Korea, id., pp ; Sean Cooney, Taiwan s Emerging Liberal Democracy and the Constitutional Review, ( id. ), pp
10 , gσυ, : 11, ; 21,, ; 31,, gσϖ,,,,,,,,, gσω,,,, gσξ,,, gσψ ( ),,, gσζ,,,,,,, gσ{, gσ,,,,, ;,, gσ},,,,,,, gσ :,,,,,, gτυ,,,,,, :,?,? gτϖ :,,, gσυ gσϖ gσω gσξ gσψ gσζ gσ{ gσ gσ} gσ gτυ gτϖ :,, 6, 705 :, 6, 496 ;, 6, :, 6, 495 :, 6, 498 ( ) ,,,,,,,,, :, ( ) , :,, 6, 707 :, 5, 161, :, ( ) 1992, :, 2, 254 ;, 5, 469 ;,, 6, :, 5, 469 :, 15 4, :, 5,
11 ,,, gτω,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,, :, gτξ ( ),,,, ;,,,, gτψ,, gτζ,,,,,, gτ{,,,,,,,,, ;,,, gτ,,,,,,,, gτ},,,,, gτ :, gβκυ, :, gτω gτξ gτψ gτζ gτ{ gτ gτ} gτ gβκυ [ ] :,, 1989, 197 : ( ) :, 2, 20 :, 5, 469 :, 2, :, 5, 468 :, 2, 385 :, 6, 491 :, 2, ;, 5, ,,,,, (foreign body),, (constituency),,,,, :, 1997,
12 ;,,, ( ),,,,, gβκϖ,,,,! gβκω,,,, gβκξ,,,,,,,,, gβκψ, (Rudolph Von Ihering), gβκζ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβκ{,,,,,,,, gβκ, ;,,, gβκ},,,,, gβκ,,,,,,,,,,,, gβλυ gβκϖ gβκω gβκξ gβκψ gβκζ gβκ{ gβκ gβκ} gβκ gβλυ :, 5, 533 :, 7, :, 2, 254 :, 6, 492 ;, 2, 247 Rudolph Von Ihering, Der Kampt ums Recht, The Struggle for the Law, John J. Lalor, Chicago :Callaghan and Company, Der Kampt ums Recht,, : 2, 1995, 12-59,, : Der Zweck im Recht, Law as a Means to an End, trans. by Isaac Husik, first published, 1913, and reprinted, 1968, by Augustus M. Kelly Publishers, NY. :, 6, 449 :,, 6, 708 :, 6, 493 :, 6,
13 ,,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,, gβλϖ,,,,,,, (1840) (1906), ;,, :,,,,,,, gβλω, topos, Pscal,,,,, gβλξ,,,, gβλψ,! 1 (Sir Henry Maine), ; Lard Brougham (Wilson), gβλζ,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, gβλ{,,,,, gβλ :,,, ( ),, gβλϖ gβλω gβλξ gβλψ gβλζ gβλ{ gβλ :, 5, 148 :, ( ) 1984, [ ] R : :, 1990, (Donald R. Kelly, The Human Measure : Social Thought in the Western Legal Tradition, Preface, Cambridge, Massachusetts : Harvard University Press, 1990, p. 1) :, 6, 778, 1987, : , : ( ), ( ) 1977, , : , : ( ), ( ) 1977,
14 ,,, gβλ}, gβλ, gβµυ,, gβµϖ,,,,,,,, gβµω gβµξ,,,, gβµψ,, gβµζ,,, :,,,,,? gβµ{,, (, ), gβµ, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβµ},,, gβµ,,,,,,,,,, gβλ} gβλ gβµυ gβµϖ gβµω gβµξ gβµψ gβµζ gβµ{ gβµ gβµ} gβµ :, 2, 162 :, 2, 156 :, 5, 467 :, 2, 162 :, 2, 165 :, 2, 163 :, 5, 467 :, 2, 164 :, 5, 467 :, 2, 165, :,,, :, ( ) 1976, 74 :, 3, 38 :,, 6,
15 ,,,,, gβνυ,,,,, gβνϖ,,,,, gβνω, gβνξ ( ), gβνψ,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, gβνζ,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( ) ( ), ;, ;, :, gβν{,,,,, gβν, ;, gβνυ gβνϖ gβνω gβνξ gβνψ gβνζ gβν{ gβν,,, , :, 5, :, 6, 498,,,,,,,,,, :, 2, :, 2, :, 2, 22 :, 5, 470 :, 6, ;, 6, ,,, : 40, ; 20, ; 20, ; 20, :, 6,
16 ,,,,,, gβν},,,,,,, gβν,,,,, ;,,,, gβου,, :,, gβοϖ,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, gβοω,,,,,,, gβοξ,,, gβοψ,, gβοζ, gβο{,,,, (,,, gβο ), : gβν} gβν gβου gβοϖ gβοω gβοξ gβοψ gβοζ gβο{ gβο :, 6, 558 :, 6, :, 2, 27 :, 6, 852 :, 7, 430 :, 7, 456 :, 7, 459,,,,,,,,,, :, 6, ;, 6, ;, 6, , :,,,,,,,, 7, 458 : :, 3 7, ; :, 3 10, 1947 ; :, 4 3,
17 ,,,,,,,,, gβο},,,,,, gβο,,,!,,, gβπυ,,,, ;,,, ( ), ( ),, gβπϖ,,, gβπω,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,!,,,,,,,, gβπξ : gβπψ gβο} 1, ( ) 1981, 444 gβο , 1994, 160 gβπυ, ( 1997 ),, ( ) , :, 1987, gβπϖ :, 6, 578 gβπω [ ] :,, 1996, gβπξ, 1946, 4, 500, :, , 3-33 gβπψ, , 9, 1993, , , : : ( 37 4, 1941, 7-10 ) ; : ( 37 4, 1941, ) ; :, ( 39 19, 1943, ) ; : ( 40 7, 1944, 9-12 ) ; : ( 40 16, 1944, 17 ) ; : ( 40 20, 1944, 1-3 ) ; : ( 41 6, 1945, 1-5 ) 91
18 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gβπζ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβπ{,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, gβπ,,,,,,,,,, gβπ},,,,, gβπ :,,,, gβθυ,,,,,,, ;, ;,, gβθϖ gβπζ gβπ{ gβπ gβπ} gβπ gβθυ gβθϖ :, ( ) 1947 ;, :,, ( ) 1993, :, 5, , 301 [ ] :, 20 4, 1996, 1151 ( Elisabeth Zoller, Southey Memorial Lecture : Constitutionalism in the Global Era, in Melbourne University law Review, vol. 20, no. 4, 1996, p. 1151),,,, :, J :, 1983 ( Richard J. Bernstein, Beyond Objectivism and Relativism, Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, ) ; [ ] :, 1980, (John Dunn, Political Obligation in its Historical Context, Cam2 bridge : Cambridge University Press, 1980, pp ) 6, , ; :, 6, , 5, :, 6, 449 :, , 8-15, 8 15 :, 2, 21 92
19 ,,, gβθω,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβθξ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,, gβθψ :,,,,,,,,, gβθω,,,, ( , ),,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβθξ :, :, ( ) 1990 :, , 5 gβθψ :, :, 1995,
20 , gβθζ,,,,,,,,,,,, gβθ{,,?! : gβθζ gβθ{, :,,, 1996, 287, ,,,,,, :, 1994, [ ] :, [ ] W J Y :, 1983, 9 ( Edward Said, Oppenents, Audiences, Constituencies and Community, in W. J. Y. Mitchell ( ed. ), The Politics of Interpretation, Chicago :University of Chicago Press, 1983, p. 9) 94
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