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1 May Studies in Qing History No12 [],,, :,,,, [ ] [] K248 [] A [ ] (2003) The Rural - clan Landlord Economy in Northern Fujian in the Ming and Qing Periods The rural - clan landlord economy developed rapidly in the Yangzi River basin and especially in provinces on the southeast coast during the Ming and Qing periods1 This essay examines the historical phenomenon using northern Fujian as a case study1 The article finds that during the Ming Qing period the direct integration between rural clan organizations and the landlord economy strengthened a weakening private landlord economy1 At the same time, the development of this economy impeded the normal development of class differentiation and class struggle1consequently, it postponed the disin2 tegration of feudal land and social relations1,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (1955 ),,, 38 ;

2 ,,,,, :,, ( ) ( ) ;,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,, : ;,,,,,,,,,, ;, ;,,, 1,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,,,,,,,,, (1) : ( ) : 11, ;, 39

3 40

4 , : 2 26 () ( ) ( ) , , , : 11, 1 ;, 21,,,,, : 5, 1, ; 4,,,,,,, 4,, 1, ; 3,,,, 380,,,, 90,,,,,,,, 30,,,,,,, 76, ;, 1200, 41

5 1000,,,,,, 140,,,,,, :,, (),,,,,, gλϖ,,,,, 97,,,, 21, 480 ;, 18,,,,,,,,,,,, ; ;,, ; ;,, ;,,, :,, ; ; ;,,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,,,, (3) : 3 : ( ) % % % : 11 1 ; 21,,, 42

6 ; 31, ; 41,,, 47 %,, 12 % 41 %,,,, :,,,, gλξ, :,?,,,, :,,, gλψ, 3, ; 9,, 7,,, 2, 55,,,,,,, gλζ,, :,,,,,, gλ{ : gλω,,,,,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, 43

7 , :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλ, gλ}, gλ,, gµυ ;,, gµϖ,,, :,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, gµω,,,,, 44,,,,,,,, gµξ,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,, : ; ; ;, ;, ; gµψ,,, ;, gµζ,, :,,,, ;,,, gµ{,,,,,, 15000, 550, 70 gµ, 71, 180,,, gµ},

8 ,,,,,, :,, gµ,,,,, gνυ,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, () :,,,,,,,,,, :,, ;,,, ( ),,,, 7800,, 1, 1000 gνψ,,, :, :,, gνζ,, gν{,,,,,,, gνϖ,,,, gν,,,,,,,,,,, gνω,,,,,, gνξ,,,, ;,, gν},, :,, 45

9 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gν,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, (4) 4 () ( ) ( ) () () ( ) () () () 11? () ( ) () : 11,, ;, 21, 46

10 ;,,, 31,, 41, 1 4,, ;,,,,,,,, 67, 172, 5, ;, 1, :, 148, 3 1, 1 ;, 130, 125, 9, 5, 4, 5 ;, 100,,, gου,,,, 150, 10, 4,, ; 50 gοϖ,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, 74, 2000 gοω,,,,, 5, ( ) gοξ,,,,,,,, 1700 ;, 350 ;,, , 9, 4, 2 ;,,, 8000 gοψ,,,,,,,, : ; ;,,,,, 1100,,, 5 4,,, gοζ,,,,, ;,,, :,, gο{ 47

11 ,,, ( ),,,, 28,,, 80 gο 16,,,, gο},,,, gο,,,,,, ;, 16, 13000, 800,,,,,,,, gπυ,,,,, gπϖ,,, gπω, ;, : 48,,,,, 12, 60 gπξ, :,,,, gπψ,, :,,,,,,,,,, :, ;,,, 725,,,,,, gπζ : :, ;, ;,,,,, : (),, ;, ;,,, ;,

12 49

13 gθ, gθ,,,,, gθ} ;,,,,, gρυ 5 () ( ) ( ) () () () () () () () ? , 16, : 11, 21, 1 ;,,,,,,,,,, : 50,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ; 1, 3200 ; 12,, ;,,,

14 ,, ;,,, ;,,,,,, gρϖ, ;,,,, ;,, ;,,,,, gρω,,,, :,,,,, ;,, ;,,, gρψ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1800,,,,, gρζ,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gρ{,,,,, 2100 gρ ;, ,, 300 gρ},, :,,,,,, ;, ;, ;, 460 gρ,,, 51

15 ,, ( ),,, 700, : (),,,,, gσυ,, 380,,, ; 90,,, gσϖ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, gσω,, : 52,,,,,,,,,, 11, 100, gσζ,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, gσξ,, :, :,,,,,,,,, ; 5, 1/ 5, ;, 3/ 5,,,, 35, 110, 180, gσψ,,,,,,,,

16 ,,,,,,,, 20 %, 37 % gσ{,,,,, :,,,, ;,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,,, gσ, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ( ) ;,,,,, gσ}, :,, ;,,,,,, : :, ;,, :,,, ;,,, :,,,,, 53

17 ,,,,, ;,,,,,,, :, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,, ( : ) gσ,,,,,, ;, gτυ,,,,,,, ;,,,,,, ;,, gτϖ,,,,,, gτω,,,,, : ( ) 78 (70 ) : 11, 70, 21, 54

18 1 :, 1/ 2 ;, 1 (2 2) = 1/ 4 ;,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ;, ; (), gτξ,,, ;,,, 350, 7 17,,,,, ;,,,,,,, gτψ, :,,,,, gτζ,, gτ{,,,, gτ, :,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,, gτ},,, :,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,, :,,,,,,?,,,,!,,,,, 55

19 ,, ;,, :,,,,, :,,,,,, ;,, :,, gτ, :,,,, :, ;,,,,,, :,,,, ;,,, gβκυ,,,,,,,,,,, 56, :,, :, gβκϖ :, ; gβκω,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, ;, 167, 10,,, ;, 325, 1, gβκξ :,, 34 % ;, 66 %,, ;, (),,,,,, 100 ;,, 240 ; 7, 50 gβκψ

20 57

21 ;,,,,,,,,,, gβκ},,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβκ,,,,, : 58,,,, (), gβλυ,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ;,,,,

22 ,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, : ;,,, ;,,,,, ; ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : 110 ; gθυ,, ;,, gσωgσξ ; ; gνξ gθ{ gσ} gβλυ, ;, ;, ; ;,,,,,,,, ;,, gλϖ, 3 gλωgνϖ, gλξ gλψ gνζ gρ gσυ gτ gβκϖ gλζ gλ{ gλ gλ gµϖ gµζ gλ} , ; 124, gµυ 59

23 gµω, ; gµξ gµψ gθψ gβκ{, ;, ;, gµ{, gµ gρ{ gρ} gρ gσϖ gµ}, ; gµ gβκψ ; gνυ gπζ gτξ gβκξ gβκζ gνω gνψgν{, ; gν, gν}, ;, gν,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,, 58,, gου gπψ gτω ; ;, gοϖ, gοω gοξ ; 3 gοψ, gοζ,, gο{, gο gο} gπ gπ, ; ; gο gπυ, ;, gπϖ gπω 60 gπξ gπ} gβκ} gβκ gπ{ gθϖ gθωgθξ ;, gθζ gσ gθ,, ;, ;,, gθ} :,,,, gθ gρυ ; ; gρϖ gρω gρξ gρψ ; gρζ gβκυ gβκω gσψ gσζ gσ{, gσ gτυ gτϖ, gτψ gτζ :,, gτ{ gτ : gτ} gβκ : 1951,, : O, O O ( 110 ),,, (),

24 : 7 71, , : , % ; , % ; , 7116 % ; , 1155 % ; , %, (1) : 30, , : 55 % ; 23 % ; 17 % ; 5 % (2) : 5 35, 74482, : 49848, % ; 24636, %, (1) : 70 : 28 % ; % (2) : 166, , : , % ; , % ; , 511 % ; , 2172 % ; , 1142 %, : 8 207, , : 3613 % ; 4415 % ; 2912 %, : , , : , % ; , % ; , 2134 % ; , % :, 1984,,,,,, ( 27 ),,, ( ), gτυ gτ :, gτϖ gτξjbb : ( ),, gτζjbb, gτ{,, 165 gτ}jbb, 2577 ( ) gβκ JBB, 2376 : 806, 27, 15,

(1596),, ( 1603), :, (1607) :,, ( 1618 ), ( 1619), (1636), 20 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,?,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,, ;, gλξ, :,,,,,, gλψ, gλζ,,,,, ( 1589 )

(1596),, ( 1603), :, (1607) :,, ( 1618 ), ( 1619), (1636), 20 ( ), ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2,,?,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,,,, ;, gλξ, :,,,,,, gλψ, gλζ,,,,, ( 1589 ) 2005 11 Nov12005 4 Studies in Q ing H istoryno14 [], :,,,,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2005) - 05-0001 - 18 The Q ing Em perors Conception s of Ch ina A t the end of the third year of the Xuantong