2004 2,,,, 1907,, 7 6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 13,,, 15,, :,,2001, ,:,, 1981,

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2 2004 2,,,, 1907,, 7 6,,,,,,,,,,,,, 7 13,,, 15,, :,,2001, ,:,, 1981,

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6 2004 2,,,?,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,41,

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39 ,,,10 14, (1903), 5,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,,1 3,,192, ,10,,192 9, ,

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45 Modern Chinese History Studies No. 2, 2004 Interaction between Public Opinion and Official Action in t he Late Qing Period : The Example of Zhang Zengyang and Qiu Jin L i Xiz hu (1) Against the background of the Qing court s preparation for constitutional government, the governor of Zhejiang province, Zhang Zengyang, summarily ex2 ecuted Qiu Jin, a member of the revolutionary faction who had not participated in an uprising. This sparked a public outcry in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. Pub2 lic opinion insisted on using the constitutional spirit as a weapon to criticize the Zhejiang authoritieshandling of the Qiu Jin case. The authorities were at a loss to respond and faced an extremely awkward situation. This case sped up the con2 stitutional reform of the Qing government to an extent, and indicated that the public opinion gradually developed during the period of preparation for constitu2 tional government had become an important political power. Examining this case, we see that the public opinion reflected by S hi B ao, S hen B ao and other Shang2 hai media mainly spoke for the constitutional faction, especially the constitutional faction s branches in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. The interaction between the public opinion formed around the Qiu Jin case and official action also indicates that although the constitutional faction and the Qing government were sometimes apparently in harmony in the beginning of preparations for constitutional govern2 ment, at heart they were at odds. Therefore, it is not difficult to understand how the constitutional faction could suddenly change their position and cooperate with the revolutionary faction. On Changes in the Qing Government s Policy of Adhering to Treaties L i Y um i n (45) Conscientious adherence to treaties was a diplomatic policy adopted by the Qing government to deal with the new treaty relations between China and foreign countries. The policy had different meanings and manifest itself in different ways in different periods. Between the two Opium Wars, in order to bolster the Impe2 rial system and maintain its closed society, the Qing government mainly demand2 ed that other parties to stick to the treaties, while clearly intending to secretly cast off the yoke of treaty restrictions itself. After the Second Opium War, this policy changed, and the Qing government began to demand that its own side ad2 here to the treaties. In the early years of the Tongzhi period, with the Chaozhou Incident as a turning point, the government gradually became conscious of the 1

2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1986 ) (1840 1911) (1988 ) ( 1991 ) ( 1995 ) ( 1987 4 ) ( 1989 3 ) ( 1990 2 ) ( 1990 3 ) ( 1998 3 ),, ( ),: ( ) 6, 1964,

,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 45 2004 2,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (1986 ) (1840 1911) (1988 ) ( 1991 ) ( 1995 ) ( 1987 4 ) ( 1989 3 ) ( 1990 2 ) ( 1990 3 ) ( 1998 3 ),, ( ),: ( ) 6, 1964,2942 46 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,