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20062 Feb12006 1 Studies in Q ing H istoryno11 [],, 19077,,,, [ ] [] K257[] A[] 1002-8587 (2006) - 01-0001 - 16 Pea san t A ssoc ia tion s in the La te Q ing D yna sty Peasant associations arose in

1 20062 Feb Studies in Q ing H istoryno11 [],, 19077,,,, [ ] [] K257[] A[] (2006) Pea san t A ssoc ia tion s in the La te Q ing D yna sty Peasant associations arose in the late Q ing dynasty in the context of a deepening national crisis and the decline of Chi2 nese agriculture1 Industrialists and cap italist reformers advocated the formation of peasant association and Xinzheng Reform s directly p romoted their establishment1 Established in July 1907, the Agricultural A ssociation of Zhili p layed a leading role in the rise of peasant associations around the country1 Peasant associations had self - contained organization and developed extensive agricultural activities1 The membership of peasant associations was comp lex and their institutional organization was marked by modern democratic characteristics1 The activities of these associations were civil but government officials super2 vised them1 Affiliated with the government, peasant associations in the late Q ing dynasty were modern social organizations that sought to reform agriculture1,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ) ( 19915),, (2000),, ( 1996 ) ( [] [] ( ),,, ;

2 1992),,,,,,,,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, : (1),,,, 2 19, : (),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,, ( 2) ;,,,, (3), :,,,,,,,,, 2108,, 13, , 680,, 017, 012,,,,,, ;,,,,

3 ,,,,,, (1875),, ( ) 36,, : 12, 13, 476,,, 37413,,,,,,,, () 1890 (), :,,,,, gλϖ, () :,,,,,,,,,, gλω,,,,,,,? gλξ, 1896( ) 1897( ),,,,,,,,,,, ; (),,, : () gλψ,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, 3

4 ,,,,, gλζ,, 18984(),, :, gλ{ (), :,,, gλ,,,,,, gλ} 1902( ), :,,,,,,, gλ,, () 1896( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµυ,,,, gµϖ,,,, gµω 4, 18975(),,,, 19061( ), 315, ; ;,,,,,,,, 18985( ),19061 ( ),235, 600,7 152,6416% gµξ :,,,,, gµψ,,,,,,,, gµζ (), ( ),,,,,,,,, gµ{,,,

5 19,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµ,,,,, gµ} 1906( ),,,,,,, gµ,,, gνυ,,, 6,,,,,,,,,,,, gνϖ,,, () 19077(),, gνω,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,,, ;, gνξ ;,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,,, gνψ,,,,,,,,,, ( ) 12,, : gνζ 19076(), 7, 5

6 , :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gν{,, () ( ), :,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 6,,,, :,,,,,,, ; ; ; ; ; ; :, gν 1907,,, (),,, : 1909(),, (), ; ; ;,, gν},,, gν, 1910 (),,,, gου 1911(), 19, 276 gοϖ,,,, : 1910,,

7 ;,, ;,,,,, gοω, 1910, 106 gοξ, 1910,, 114, 711, 826 1, 955, 1, 691,3, 646 gοψ,, () ,,,,, (),, gοζ, :,, gο{ 1910(),, :,,,,, gο, () 1907,,,,, 1,,, 20 50, 1030, 5,, :, ;, ;,, gο},,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, : ; ; ;,,, gο, 3, 7

8 ,, :,,,,,, gπυ :,,,,,,,, gπϖ :,,, ;,, gπω, :,, gπξ :,,, gπψ :, gπζ :,,, gπ{ (),, :,,,,,,,, gπ :,,, : ;, ;, ;, gπ}, gπ,,,,,, ;, gθυ :,,,, gθϖ (),,, : :

9 :, : 20, : : gθω 38,, 33,,,, 35,,, 32,, 48,, 39, 36, 59, 34,, 40,, 58,, 57,, 40,,, 55, 34, 36,, 35,, 77,, 58,,,,,, 19, 9

10 ,,, 5, 22, : gθψ 1 gθξ,,,, 5, 3, 38 76, , , , , 40 gρω,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,, gθζ 1908, , 200,,,,,,,, gθ{,, 4, 000, 3, 000, gρξ 15, gθ,,, gρψ,,,,, gθ},,, ; gθ :,, gρζ,,,, 1906,, gρυ,,,,, gρ{, :,,,,,,,,, gρ,,? gρϖ, ;,, gρ},,,,, 10

11 , gρ 1908,,,,,,, gσυ,,, gτυ, 1907,,, gσϖ,,,,,,,,,,, gσω,,, gτϖ,,, gσξ,,,, gσψ,, :,,,, gσζ,,,,,,,, gτω gσ{ :,,,,,,,, gσ, :,,,,,,, 1, 500,,,, gσ} :, :,,,, gτζ, :,,,, gσ,,,,,,,,,,, gτξ,,, gτψ,,, 1909,,,,,, 11

12 gτ{ gβκω,,,,,,,,, gβκξ, gτ, gβκψ gβκζ :, ; 1911,, ;,, ; ; gβκ{, gτ}, ( 1910),,,,,,, gτ,,,,,,,,,, gβκ} :,,,,,, gβκυ, :, :, gβλυ :,,,,,,?, ;?,,,,???,,,,,,,,, gβκϖ, :,,,,,, gβλω :,,,,, gβκ,, gβκ,,,,,, gβλϖ,,,,, ;,,,,,, 12

13 ,,,, gβλξ,,, gβλψ,,, 19,,,,,,,, gβλ,,,,,, , 3, 530, 31, 3, 226, 59, 2, 272; gβλζ, , 8,,,,,,,, 1,, 2, 1, 1, 2,, 11, 36%,, 1911,, 20, gβλ{,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,, 20, 1 50%30, 5 gβλ} 20 gβµυ,,,,, gβλ,,,,,,,, 13

14 ,,,,,,,,, gβµψ, :,,,,,, gβµζ :,,,, 30, 14, :,, gβµϖ 1909,,, :,,,,,,,,, gβµω,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,, gβµξ, :, gβµ{,,,,,,, gβµ gπϖ gθζ gτξ gβµ :, : 21, : 73, : : 1, :, 1939, , : 1, 1957, : ( ), 1996, 36; 37

15 : 1, 1957, :, 1994, 56 gλϖ, 19818, 1-2 gλω:, :, 19739, gλξ :, : 1954, 437 gλψ gλζ : (), :, , gλ{, : 1998, 1285 gλ :, : 1958, gλ} : 27, :, 1971, gλ :,, 1985, 852 gµυ, 13 gµϖ, 15 gµω :, gµξ :, gµψ gµζ, 1957, 30 gµ{ () (),, :, 1964, 3856 gµ gνωgνψ gου gοωgθ gσυ gτ :,, :, , gµ} gνϖ gν{,,, :,, 179 gµ :, : 1979, 480 gνυ : 1958, 5751, gνξ :,, :,, :, 1-5 gνζ gπξ gπ gσξ gβλυ :, : 20, : 122 gν gτ} :,, :,, 4142 gν} gρξ gσϖ :,,,, :,, gν gτ :,,,, :,, gοϖ gοξ, :, gοψ 8 : -, : 1993, 578 gοζ gο{,, :, gο gβµξ, gο} gο gπω:, : 20, : 124 gπυ :, : 21, : 73, : 17 gπψ gπ} gτ{ gβκϖ gβλω gβµψ:, : 20, : 122 gπζ gπ :, : 20, : 122 gπ{ gθυ gβκξ gβλψ :, : 20, : 124 gθϖ, 2 gθω:, : 20, : 122 gθξ gβκω gβλξ gβµζ :, : 20, : 122 gθψ :, : 20, :

16 gθ{ gθ}, 20, gθ gρυ,,, 5 gρϖ,, :, gρω gρ :, : 20, : 122 gρψ :, , 141 gρζ,, 2524 gρ{,, :, 1910, 8 gρ} :,, 119 gρ, gσω: : 21, : 73, : 39 gσψ gτϖ gτζ,,, 2; 1; 1 gσζ,, gσ{ :, : 20, : 122 gσ,, (1908) 2 gσ} gβκυ :, gσ :, : 20, : 124 gτυ,, gτω: :, , 139 gτψ :, : 20, : 122 gβκψ, 830, gβκζ 24, gβκ{ gβκ} : : 21, : 294, : 16; 14 gβκ : : 21, : 140, : 23 gβκ : : 21, : 74, : 10 gβλϖ, 25 gβλζ :,, 1987, 160 gβλ{ :, gβλ :, gβλ} :, : 20, : 124 gβλ : 21, 139, : 34 gβµυ, 2;,, gβµϖ, gβµω, 28, gβµ{ :, : 20, :

2002 1,,,,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,;,,,,(, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, []M.J. C. :,, 1997,41 4

Ξ :,, ; ;, ;,,, :,, ;,,?,, ;,,,,,,,, :,,, :,,,,?,,, Ξ 1,1956,681 3 2002 1,,,,,,,, ; :,,,,,,,,;,,,,(, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 17,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, []M.J. C. :,, 1997,41 4 , :,,, ;,,,;,,,,,,, 1842,,,,,,,,,