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1 BIBLID (2002)20:1 pp Jean Jacques Rousseau, * 339

2 Dante Germino Marianne Bastid- Bruguière

3 341 2 Bertrand Russell, Jacob L. Talmon 2 Dante Germino, Machiavelli to Marx: Modern Western Political Thought (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1972), p

4 sovereign general will 5 4 Jacob L. Talmon, The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy (London: Secker & Warburg, 1952), pp

5 343 6 Ernest Barker, Ernest Barker, Introduction, in E. Barker (ed.), Social Contract: Locke, Hume, Rousseau (London: Oxford University Press, 1978), pp Talmon, The Origin of Totalitarian Democracy, pp

6 George Kateb John Plamenatz Alfred Cobban John W. Chapman G. D. H. Cole justice good society natural liberty moral liberty moral autonomy fair play distributive justice 10 forced to be free George Kateb, Aspects of Rousseau s Political Thought, in Political Science Quarterly, vol. 76, no. 4 (Dec., 1961), pp

7 There is no general will unless the people wills the good J. S. Mill individuality morally acceptable sphere G.D.H. Cole (ed.), Introduction, The Social Contract and Discourses (London: J.M. Dent & Sons Ltd., 1973), p Kateb, Aspects of Rousseau s Political Thought, p. 543.

9 E. Jenks Thomas Hobbes John Locke

11 Thomas H. Huxley

14 University of Edinburgh

15 compromise

17 Jeremy Bentham Herbert Spencer

21 359 dilemma general will 60 39

22 legislators compromise

27 365

28 Yan Fu and Zhang Shizhao: An Ideological Debate on Rousseau s Social Contract Kai-yin Lam Abstract This article attempts to elucidate the political and academic significance of an ideological debate between Yan Fu and Zhang Shizhao, two distinguished thinkers and foremost exponents of liberalism in modern China, on Rousseau s Social Contract in the early Republican years. Yan and Zhang were both modern Chinese intellectuals influenced and nurtured by the political theories of 19 th -century British classical liberalism. Both of them favoured a political reform with steady and slow progress and agreed that the ultimate goal of such reform was to achieve democratic constitutionalism and human rights. However, their political views were distinctly different in the early Republican years when China was undergoing the transition from autocratic monarchism to republican constitutionalism. Such divergence is clearly displayed in their debate on the political principles put forward by Rousseau s Social Contract. Politically, the acts of Yuan Shikai before and after his restoration of monarchy brought about the debate between Yan and Zhang. Academically, the debate tentatively fostered among modern Chinese intellectuals an understanding of the nature of Rousseau s political * Kai-yin Lam is an associate professor in the Department of History at Hong Kong Baptist University.

29 367 thought. The conventional understanding of Rousseau s thoughts involving the democracy-totalitarianism dichotomy is also well mirrored in the debate. Keywords: Yan Fu, Zhang Shizhao, Rousseau, Social Contract, liberalism in modern China

目前我國司法官考試對殘障人士不平等限制之研究壹前言中華民國憲法第十八條規定 : 人民有應考試服公職之權將參加考試列為人民的基本人權, 由憲法明文來保障依據司法

目前我國司法官考試對殘障人士不平等限制之研究壹前言中華民國憲法第十八條規定 : 人民有應考試服公職之權將參加考試列為人民的基本人權, 由憲法明文來保障依據司法弘光人文社會學報第 4 期目前我國司法官考試對殘障人士不平等限制之研究 * 李以德摘要平等原則要求相同事務相同對待, 不同事務應不同對待, 司法官考試限制某些殘障身分的人不能通過體檢, 本身就是一種區別對待, 這樣的區別對