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1 * EFL * CY03506-

2 204

3 * EFL(English as a foreign language) EFL *

4 206

5 / (L1) (L2; ESL) (EFL) ( 88) (global village) Internet World Wide Web ( 84 Park,1997) ( ) ( 77 80) ( 88) ( 86) ( )

6 208 Strevens(1987) / ( 15-20) () (87) : : ( ) 65% 18% 17% ( 87)

7 209 ( ) 2561 ( 88) ( ) 153 ( 89)

8 210 ( ) ( ) (12) (18) (18) (18) (12) (16) (6) (12) 30 (9) (9)TPR (12) (15) (12) (6) (12) 32 (9) (9)TPR (12) (15) (12)

9 211 (88) ( ) ( ) 3536 ( 89) TESL ( 120 )

10 212 ( ) (input) ( ) ( 87)

11 213 () ( ) ( ) ( ) (LTTC)

12 214 ( ) ( 87 88) ( ) % S3 37%S2+ 120

13 215 (88) (87) 68 80

14 216 (Multimedia) (Computer Multimedia) ( 88b) ( 82) (88) 3D (Stevick, 1976; Krashen, 1981, 1985 ) ( ) () () ()

15 217 (Whole Language) ( 88) Halliwell (1992: ) Skierso (1991: ) 109

16 218 (1) (2) ( )(3) (authenticity)(4) (5) ( )(6) ( ) (1) ( (2) (3) (4) (88) CD (stress) (intonation) (rhythm) ( 88) ( ) ( () ( 2)() ( 3)()

17 219 ( ) ( ) ( )

18 CD 2.3 (phonics)

19 CD (1) (2) 70 (3) (1) (2) 70

20 ( ) 105 ( ) ESL(English as a second language) EFL (Grammar-Translation Method) (Direct Method) (Situational Language Teaching Method) (Community Language Learning Method) (The Silent Way) (Suggestopedia) (Audio-Lingual Method) (Communicative Approach) (Total Physical Response Method) (The Natural Approach)( Larsen-Freeman, 1986; Richards & Rodgers, 1986) () ( )? 4

21 223 ( 105) ( ) 0 (%) 70 (66.7%) 79 (75.2%) 3 (2.86%) 2 (1.90%) 4 (3.81%) 60 (57.14%) 14 (13.33%) 88 (83.81%) 55 (52.38%) (TPR) Asher (1966; 1977) (commands) Richards and Rodgers (1986) (comprehension approach) (meaning) (form) "Simon says" "Teacher says" (61.9%; 51.4%) ( ) (Direct Method) (target language) (mother tongue)

22 224 (Larsen-Freeman, 1986: Ch.3) ESL EFL ESL EFL (Situational Language Teaching) (New language points are introduced and practiced situationally.) (Richards & Rodgers, 1986: Ch.3) ( 87) ( 88) (communication function) (topic) ( 88) ( 88) ESL EFL Morrow(in Johnson & Morrow, 1981) (information gap)

23 225 (choice) (feedback) (Krashen, 1981) (L2) L2 (formulaic chunks) (classroom English) ( 87) (Larsen-Freeman, 1986; Halliwell, 1992; Scott & Ytreberg, 1997) (cuisenaire rods) (Fidel charts) (sound-color (words in color) (word charts) Gattegno(1963) ( Richards & Rodgers, 1986) (Larsen-Freeman, 1986) (87)

24 226 Lozanov(1978) ESL EFL (peripheral learning) (psychological barriers) (desuggestion) (direct and indirect positive suggestions) (Larsen-Freeman, 1986: Ch.6) (Humanistic Approach) Curran EFL ESL (103/105; 98.09%) ( )

25 227 (Communicative- Approach-Oriented Eclectic Method) (approach) (assumptions) (method) (Anthony, 1963; Brown, 1994: 48-49) (procedures) (Richards & Rodgers, 1986: 28; Brown, 1994: 48) Richards Rodgers(1986:16) Larsen- Freeman(1986) Communicative Teaching Method Communicative Approach Richards Rodgers (1986: 82-83) (Communicative Language Teaching; CLT) Richards Rodgers CLT (1986: 83) (theory of language) (theory of language learning) (structural view) (functional view) (interactional view) (functional of language) (Richards & Rodgers 1986: 17) (process-oriented) (condition-oriented) Krashen(1981) (Monitor Theory) (acquisition) (learning)

26 228 (Richards & Rodgers 1986: 18) (Finocchiaro & Brumfit, 1983: 91-93; Brown, 1994: 78-79) Richards Rodgers (1986: 11) (88) (EFL ) Krashen(1981)

27 229 EFL ESL (intrinsic motivation) (extrinsic TPR ( 83 88) (Larsen-Freeman, 1986: 131; Richards & Rodgers, 1986: 77-78) (facilitator) (manager) (encourager) (advisor) (counselor) (co-communicator) (big books)

28 230 ( 88) (Scott and Ytrberg, 1990) (Portfolio) (Sutherland, 1999) EFL

29 ( ) ( ) % ( ) 120 ()

30 232 YoYo and NaNaKiss English Super ABCSuper English Fun with English( 1-4 )Cool English( 1-8 ) Oxford Let's Go Target! American Start with EnglishUp and Away in English SuperKids(1-4 )Longman Gogo Loves English (86) (83) 40(7)18-22 (77) 2 1 (88) (89) 2 4 (88) (88) (88) ( 27-30) : (87) (88) ( ) (87) 23(2)93-94 (80) 9 2 (88) (82) (88) ( ) (88) ( ) (88) (34-52) (87)

31 233 39(1)22-29 (88) (88) ( ) (88) 24(1)74-85 (84) (88) 40(2) (3)46-52 (82) (90-95) (87) 39(1)13-16 (89) 2 4 (84) (87) ( ) (88a) (1-23) (88b) ( ) Anthony, E. M. (1963). Approach, method and technique. English Language Teaching,17,63-7. Asher, James (1966). The learning strategy of the total physical response: A review. Modern Language Journal,50, (1977). Learning another language through actions: The complete teacher's guide book. Los Gatos, Calif.: Sky Oaks Productions. (2 nd ed. 1982) Brown, H.Douglas (1994). Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents. Finocchiaro, M., & C. Brumfit (1983). The functional-notional approach: From theory to practice. New York: Oxford University Press. Halliwell, Susan (1992). Teaching English in the primary classroom. New York: Longman Johnson, Keith & Keith Morrow, eds. (1981). Communication in the classroom. Essex: Longman. Krashen, S. (1981). Second language acquisition and second language learning.oxford:

32 234 Pergamon (1985). The input hypothesis: Issues and implications. London: Longman Press. Krashen, S. & T. D. Terrell (1983). The natural approach: Language acquisition in the classroom. Oxford: Pergamon. Larsen-Freeman, Diane (1986). Techniques and principles in language teaching. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. Lozanov, Georgi (1978). Suggestology and outlines of suggestopedy. New York: Gordon and Breach. Park, J. (1997). English teaching in Korean elementary school: Curriculum, instruction, and teacher education. Proceedings of the 6 th International Symposium on English Teaching, (pp ). Taipei: The Crane Publishing Co., Ltd. Richards, Jack C., & Theodore S. Rodgers (1986). Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Scott, Wendy A., & Lisbeth H. Ytrebert (1994). Teaching English to children. (2 nd edition) New York: Longman. Skierso, Alexandra (1991). Textbook selection and evaluation. In Marianne Celce-Murcia and Lois McIntosh (eds), Teaching English as a second or foreign language. Taipei: the Crane Publishing Co., Ltd. Stevick, E. (1976). Memory, meaning, and method. Rowley, MA: Newbury House. Strevens, Peter D. (1987). The nature of language teaching. In Long Michael H. and Jack C. Richards (eds), Methodology in TESOL: A book of readings. Boston: Heinle & Heinle Publishers. Sutherland, J. (1999). Types of evaluation for primary school English. Paper presented at the Conference on the Training of Elementary School EFL Teachers held by National Taiwan Normal University, Ping Tung, June

33 235 ( ) 88/5/ ()?( ) (eclectic method) ( )? ()? ()?

34 236

35 Journal of National Taipei Teachers College, Vol.XIII(June 2000) NATIONAL TAIPEI TEACHERS COLLEGE 237 A Study of the Development & Trend of Children English Education and Issues on Teachers, Materials, and Methodology Daniel Yu-ching Chan* ABSTRACT English will become a required course at elementary school here in Taiwan from To meet the development of our country and the need of internationalization, this educational policy is necessary and inevitable. Since it is so important and special, we hope we are taking a critical and successful step. In this paper, we examine the development and trend of children English education in both our neighboring countries and our country. Then, focusing on the EFL environment here in Taiwan and on the goal of implementing English teaching at elementary school, we analyze and discuss three issues on teachers, materials, and methods. With respect to teachers, we find that the teachers available are insufficient and the quality of the current teachers needs improving and strengthening. Various training programs to equip teacher trainees with English language ability and English teaching skills are on the way. However, to control and evaluate the quality of English teachers, we have to design and develop a screening system. As to materials for students, under such a circumstance that a great multitude of materials are available, it is necessary for teachers to evaluate and select suitable textbooks and teaching aids professionally based on the background of students, the characteristics of areas, and the development of schools. Besides, some principles are given for those who want to publish textbooks for elementary kids. As to teaching methods, although each method/approach has its own characteristics and theoretical basis, a communicative- *Daniel Yu-ching Chan: Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Children English Education

36 238 Journal of National Taipei Teachers College Vol. XIII approach-oriented eclectic method which meets the goal of English education at elementary school in our EFL environment and which combines some advantages and characteristics will be an applicable and suitable one. By continual observations, evaluations, and improvements, we are sure this teaching method will benefit our students and become an effective one.

黃月圓.doc

黃月圓.doc 1995 1 immersion 1998 1998 9 2001 8 1997 137 mutual intelligibility 2 138 Dulay et al, 1982; Krashen 1985; Selinker 1992; Gass and Selinker, 1994; Ellis 1997 1998 9 Krashen 1989 1 2 3 5% 40 10 25% 4 139

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穨CY03508.PDF