(vitamine theory) A D E K C vitamine evitamin B1 thiaminthiamine (Drummond) A (McCollum) D (Folkers) B12 D E K B1 B2 B6 B12C (choline) (inositol) Schn

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1 (James Lind) (scurvy) C (beriberi) (Christian Eijkman) ( ) (germtheory) B1 (animal model) Hopkins (food accessory factor)(vitamine) (Casimir Funk) (vital) (amine)vitalamine vitamine 29 4

2 (vitamine theory) A D E K C vitamine evitamin B1 thiaminthiamine (Drummond) A (McCollum) D (Folkers) B12 D E K B1 B2 B6 B12C (choline) (inositol) Schnerger B1 (thiaminase) McLaren (growth response) (food conversion) McLaren () Wolf Halver Wolf Phillips (Penaeus monodon) (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus) B6B12C (tryptophan) (glycolysis) (pyruvate dehydrogenase complex) (Kerb's cycle) (pentose National Science Council Monthly

3 phosphate pathway) (electron transport) (oxidative phosphorylation) (Furuichi and Yone, 1982a,b; Anderson et al., 1984; Tung and Shiau, 1991; Shiau and Chen, 1993; Shiau and Lin, 1993) 26 mg/kg diet 121 mg/kg diet (Shiau and Suen, 1992) 29 4

4 B6 B6 B6 35% (Shiau and Peng, 1993) B6 28% 36% B mg B6/kg mg B6/kg National Science Council Monthly

5 B6 (Shiau and Hsieh, 1997) (2000) (Epinephelus malabaricus) B12 Kashiwada B12Auburn Limsuwan Lovell (1981) B12 (Dupree, 1966) Nihon Sugita (1991a) B12 B12 B12 (Sugita et al., 1990; 1991a,b) B12 (Shiau and Lung, 1993a) 0.2 mg/kg diet B12 (Shiau and Lung, 1993b) C C (L-ascorbic acid) L-ascorbic acid, erythorbic acid, monodehydroascorbatedehydroascorbatel-ascorbic acid C C C (Lgulonolactone oxidase) C (Yamamoto et al., 1978) C C Yamamoto (1978) L-gulonolactone oxidase (Cyprinus carpio) gulonolactone oxidase C C C L-ascorbic acid (C1) (Hilton et al., 1979; Lovell and Lim, 1978; Soliman et al., 1987) C175% (Shiau and Hsu, 1993) C L-ascorbic acid (OH group) C (ascorbic acid derivatives) C C C2MP-Mg (1) > C2MP-Na (84%) > C2PP (64%) > C2S (25%) ( Shiau and Hsu, 1994; Hsu and Shiau, 1997; 1998) C C 29 4

6 C (Smith and Bidlack, 1980) C (Hilton et al., 1978) (snakehead) C (Andrews and Murai, 1975; Lovell and Lim, 1978; Agrawal and Mahajan, 1980) C (Desjardins, 1985) C (Hilton, 1989) C C2S C2PP C2MP- Mg C2MP-Mg = C2PP > C2S (Hsu and Shiau, 1999b) C C (Carlton and Henderson, 1965; Hill and Starcher, 1965) (Hunt and Carlton, 1965; Hunt et al., 1970) (Van Campen and Gross, 1968) (Milne and Omaye, 1980) (Finley and Cerklewski, 1983) C C C2S, C2PP C2MP-Mg (Hsu and Shiau, 1999a) (co-factor ) (coenzyme) B6B12C (2000) B6 Agrawal, N. K. and C. L. Mahajan (1980) Nutritional deficiency disease in an Indian major carp, Cirrhina mriqala Hamilton, due to avitaminosis C during early growth. J. Fish Dis., 3, Al-Amoudi, M. M., A. M. N. El-Nakkadi and B. M. El-Nouman (1992) Evaluation of optimum dietary requirement of vitamin C for the growth of Oreochromis spilurus fingerlings in water from the red sea. Aquaculture, 105, Anderson, J., A. J. Jackson, A. J. Matty and B. S. Capper (1984) Effects of dietary carbohydrate and fibre on the tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linn.). Aquaculture, 37, Andrews, J. W. and T. Murai (1975) Studies on the Vitamin C requirements of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. J. Nutr., 105, Carlton, W. W. and W. Henderson (1965) Studies in chickens fed a copper-deficient diet supplemented with ascorbic acid, reserpine and diethyl stilbestrol. J. Nutr., 85, 67. Catacutan, M. R. and C. R. Lavilla-Pitogo (1994) L-ascorbyl-2- phosphate-mg as a source of vitamin C for juvenile Penaeus monodon. Isr. J. Aquacult-Bamidgeh, 43, Chen, H. Y. and C. F. Chang (1994) Quantification of vitamin C requirements for juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon) using polyhosphrylate L-ascorbic acid. J. Nutr., 124, Chen, H. Y. and G. Hwang (1992) Estimation of the dietary riboflavin required to maximize tissue riboflavin concentraction in juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon). J. Nutr., 122, Chen, H. Y., F. C. Wu and S. Y. Tang (1991) Thiamin requirement of juvenile shrimp (Penaeus monodon). J. Nutr., 121, Deshimaru, O. and K. Kuroki (1976) Studies on a purified diet for National Science Council Monthly

7 prawn.vii. Adequate dietary levels of ascorbic acid and inositol. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Soc. Sci. Fish., 42, Deshimaru, O. and K. Kuroki (1979) Requirement of prawn for dietary thiamine, pyridoxine, and choline chloride. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45, Desjardins, L. M. (1985) The Effect of Iron Supplementation on Diet Rancidity and Growth and Physiological Response of Rainbow Trout. Master thesis, University of Guelph, Ont., pp Dupree, H. K. (1966) Vitamin essential for the growth of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. U.S. Sport fish and wildlife Tech. Papers 7. pp Finley, E. B. and F. L. Cerklewski (1983) Influence of ascorbic acid supplementation on copper status in young adult man. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 37, Furuichi, M. and Y. Yone (1982a) Availability of carbohydrate in nutrition of carp and red sea bream. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 48, Furuichi, M. and Y. Yone (1982b) Effect of insulin on blood sugar levels of fishes. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 48, Guary, M., A. Kanazawa, N. Tanaka and H. J. Cecaldi (1976) Requirement for ascorbic acid. Nutritional requirements of prawn-. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima Univ., 25, He, H. and A. L. Lawrence (1991) Estimation of dietary pyridoxine requirement for the shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. Paper presented at the 22nd Annual conference, World Aquaculture Society, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June 16-20, 1991 (Abstract). He, H. and A. L. Lawrence (1993a) Vitamin C requirements of the shrimp Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 114, He, H. and A. L. Lawrence (1993b) Vitamin E requirement of Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 118, Hill, C. H. and B. Starcher (1965) Effect of reducing agents on copper deficiency in the chick. J. Nutr., 85, 271. Hilton, J. W. (1989) The interaction of vitamins, minerals and diet composition in the diet of fish. Aquaculture, 79, Hilton, J. W., C. Y. Cho and S. L. Slinger (1978) Effect of graded levels of supplemental ascorbic acid in practical trout diets fed to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 35, Hilton, J. W., R. G. Brown and S. L. Slinger (1979) The half-life and uptake of 14 C-L-ascorbic acid in selected organs of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 35, Hsu, T. S. and S. Y. Shiau (1997) Comparison of L-ascorbyl-2- polyphosphate with L-ascorbyl-2-sulfate in meeting vitamin C requirements of juvenile grass shrimp Penaeus monodon. Fisheries Sci., 63, Hsu, T. S. and S. Y. Shiau (1998) Comparison of vitamin C requirement for maximum growth of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, using L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na and L- ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-mg. Aquaculture, 163, Hsu, T. S. and S. Y. Shiau (1999a) Influence of dietary ascorbate derivatives on tissue copper, iron and zinc concentrations in grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 179, Hsu, T. S. and S. Y. Shiau (1999b) Tissue storage of vitamin E in grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, fed dietary DL-(-tocopheryl acetate. Fisheries Sci., 65, Hunt, C. E. and W. W. Carlton (1965) Cardiovascular lesions associated with experimental copper deficiency in the rabbit. J. Nutr., 87, 385. Hunt, C. E., W. W. Carlton, and P.M. Newberne (1970) Interrelationships between copper and dietary ascorbic acid in the rabbit. Br. J. Nutr., 24, Kanazawa, A., S. I. Teshima and N. Tanaka (1976) Nutritional requirement of prawn-5. Requirement for choline and inositol. (Presented at the Meeting of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries) Mem. Fac. Fish. Kagoshima, 25, Kashiwada, K., S. Teshima and A. Kanazawa (1970) Studies on the production of B vitamins by intestinal bacteria of carp, Cyprinus carpio. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 36, Lightner, D. V., B. Hunter, P. C. Magarelli and L. B. Colvin (1979) Ascorbic acid: nutritional requirement and role in wound repair in penaeid shrimp. Proc. World Maricult. Soc., 8, Lim, C. and B. Leamaster (1991) In: Program and Abstracts, World Aquaculture Society 22nd Annual Conference and Exposition, June 1991, San Juan, Puerto Rico, p. 39. Lim, C., B. R. LeaMaster and J. A. Brock (1993) Riboflavin requirement of fingerlings red hybrid tilapia grown in seawater. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 24, Lim, C., B. R. LeaMaster and J. A. Brock (1995) Pyridoxine requirement of fingerling red hybrid tilapia growth in seawater. J. Appl. Aqualt., 5, Limsuwan, T. and R. Lovell (1981) Intestinal synthesis and absorption of vitamin B12 in channel catfish. J. Nutr., 111, 29 4

8 Liu, T. B., A. J. Li and J. M. Zhang (1993) Studies on vitamin nutrition for the shrimp Penaeus chinensis: 10. Studies on the choline chloride and inositol requirements in the shrimp Penaeus chinensis. J. Ocean Univ. Qingdao-Qingdao Haiyang Daxue Xuebao, 23, Lovell, R. T. and C. Lim (1978) Vitamin C in pond diets for channel catfish. Trans. Am. Fish Soc., 107, Lovell, R. T. and T. Limsuwan (1982) Intestinal synthesis and dietary nonessentiality of vitamin B12 for Tilapia nilotica. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., 11, Milne, D. B. and S. T. Omaye (1980) Effect of vitamin C on copper and iron metabolism in the guinea pig. Int. J. Vit. Nutr. Res., 50, National Research Council (NRC) (1983) Nutrition Requirements of Warmwater Fishes and Shellfish. National Academy Press, Washington, USA, pp O'Connell, J. P. and D. M. Gatlin (1994) Effects of dietary calcium and vitamin D3 on weight gain and mineral composition of the blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) in low-calcium water. Aquaculture, 125, Roem, A. J., C. C. Kohler and R. R. Stickney (1990a) Inability to detect a choline requirement for the blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 21, Roem, A. J., C. C. Kohler and R. R. Stickney (1990b) Vitamin requirements of blue tilapias in a recirculating water system. Prog. Fish-Cult., 52, Roem, A. J., C. C. Kohler and R. R. Stickney (1990c) Vitamin E requirements of the blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner), in relation to dietary lipid level. Aquaculture, 87, Roem, A. J., R. P. Sticjney and C. C. Kohler (1991) Dietary pantothenic acid requirement of the blue tilapia. Prog. Fish- Cult., 53, Satoh, S. T., T. Takeuchi and T. Watanabe (1987) Requirement of tilapia for alpha tocopherol. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 53, Shiau, S. Y. and M. J. Chen (1993) Carbohydrate utilization by tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus) as influenced by different chromium sources. J. Nutr., 123, Shiau, S. Y. and Y. Chen (2000) Estimation of the dietary vitamin A requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. J. Nutr., 130, Shiau, S. Y. and Y. H. Chin (1998) Dietary biotin requirement for maximum growth of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. J. Nutr., 128, Shiau, S. Y. and Y. H. Chin (1999) Estimation of the dietary biotin requirement of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Aquaculture, 170, Shiau, S. Y. and H. L. Hsieh (1997) Vitamin B6 requirements of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus fed two dietary protein concentrations. Fisheries Sci., 6, Shiau, S. Y. and T. S. Hsu (1993) Stability of ascorbic acid in shrimp feed during the analysis. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59, Shiau, S. Y. and T. S. Hsu (1994) Vitamin C requirement of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, as determined with L-ascorbyl-2- monophosphate. Aquaculture, 122, Shiau, S. Y. and T. S. Hsu (1995) L-Ascorbyl-2-sulfate has equal antiscorbutic activity as L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Aquaculture, 133, Shiau, S. Y. and T. S. Hsu (1999) Quantification of vitamin C requirement for juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus, with L-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-Na and L- ascorbyl-2-monophosphate-mg. Aquaculture, 175, Shiau, S. Y. and S. Y. Huang (2001) Dietary folic acid requirement determined for grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture (in press). Shiau, S. Y. and J. Y. Hwang (1993) Vitamin D requirements of juvenile hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 59, Shiau, S. Y. and J. Y. Hwang (1994) The dietary requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon, for vitamin D. J. Nutr., 124, Shiau, S. Y. and F. L. Jan (1992a) Dietary ascorbic acid requirement of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58, Shiau, S. Y. and F. L. Jan (1992b) Ascorbic acid requirement of grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58, 363. Shiau, S. Y. and C. Q. Lung (1993a) No dietary vitamin B12 required for juvenile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 105A, National Science Council Monthly

9 Shiau, S. Y. and C. Q. Lung (1993b) Estimation of the vitamin B12 requirement of the grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture, 117, Shiau, S. Y. and S. F. Lin (1993) Effect of supplemental dietary chromium and vanadium on the utilization of different carbohydrates in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Aquaculture, 110, Shiau, S. Y. and J. S. Liu (1994a) Quantifying the vitamin K requirement of juvenile marine shrimp, Penaeus monodon, with menadione. J. Nutr. 124, Shiau, S. Y. and J. S. Liu (1994b) Estimation of the dietary vitamin K requirement of juvenile Penaeus chinensis using menadione. Aquaculture, 126, Shiau, S. Y. and P. S. Lo (2000) Dietary choline requirements of juvenile hybride tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. J. Nutr., 130, Shiau, S. Y. and P. S. Lo (2001) Dietary choline requirement of juvenile grass shrimp, Penaeus monodon. Animal Sci. (in press). Shiau, S. Y. and C. Y. Peng (1993) Protein-sparing effect by carbohydrates in diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Aquaculture, 117, Shiau, S. Y. and L. F. Shiau (2001) Reevaluated of the vitamin E requirement of juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus. Animal Sci. (in press). Shiau, S. Y. and G. S. Suen (1992) Estimation of the niacin requirements for tilapia fed diets containing glucose or dextrin. J. Nutr., 122, Shiau, S. Y. and G. S. Suen (1994) The dietary requirement of juvenile grass shrimp (Penaeus monodon) for niacin. Aquaculture, 25, Shigueno, K. and S. Itoh (1988) Use of Mg-L-ascorbyl-2- monophosphate as a vitamin C source in shrimp diets. J. World Aqucault. Soc., 19, Smith, C. M. and W. R. Bidlack (1980) Interrelationship of dietary ascorbic acid and iron on the tissue distribution of ascorbic acid, iron and copper in female guinea pigs. J. Nutr., 110, Soliman, A. K. and R. P. Wilson (1992a) Water-soluble vitamin requirements of tilapia. 2. Riboflavin requirement of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Aquaculture, 104, Soliman, A. K. and R. P. Wilson (1992b) Water-soluble vitamin requirements of tilapia. 1. Pantothenic acid requirement of blue tilapia, Oreochromis aureus. Aquaculture, 104, Soliman, A. K., K. Jauncey and R.J. Roberts (1987) Stability of L- ascorbic acid and its forms in fish feeds during processing, storage and leaching. Aquaculture, 60, Soliman, A. K., K. Jauncey and R. J. Roberts (1994) Water-soluble vitamin requirements of tilapia: ascorbic acid (vitamin C) requirement of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, 25, Stickney, R. R., R. B. McGeachin, D. H. Lewis, J. Marks, R. F. Sis, E. H. Robinson and W. Wurts (1984) Respones of Tilapia aurea to dietary vitamin C. J. World Aquacult. Soc., 15, Sugita, H., C. Miyajima and Y. Deguchi (1990) The vitamin B12 producing ability of intestinal bacteria isolated from tilapia and channel catfish. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 56, 701. Sugita, H., C. Miyajima and Y. Deguchi (1991a) Vitamin B12 pruducing ability of the intestinal microflora of fresh water fish. Aquaculture, 92, Sugita, H., J. Takahashi, C. Miyajima and Y. Deguchi (1991b) Vitamin B12 pruducing ability of the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, Tung, P. H. and S. Y. Shiau (1991) Effect of meal frequency on growth performance of hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus, fed different carbohydrate diets. Aquaculture, 92, Van Campen, D. and E. Gross (1968) Influence of ascorbic acid on the absorption of copper by rat. J. Nutr., 95, Yamamoto, Y., M. Sato and S. Ikeda (1978) Existence of L- gulonolactone in the teleosts. Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish., 44, ( ) 29 4

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