2003 2 Feb12003 1 Studies in Qing History No11 [],,,,,, [ ] [] K257 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) 01-0087 - 11 From the Motherhood to the Teacher of Nation : State - building and Normal Schools for women during the Waning Years of the Qing Dynasty This article traces the early development of women s schools during the waning years of the Qing dynasty1 It docu2 ments and analyzes the competing pressures and goals that eventually led to the establishment of public schools for girls and the ideological changes that made this radical change not only acceptable but desirable1 The establishment of normal schools for girls and women in China was the unintended result of state efforts to penetrate and control early childhood ed2 ucation, which had traditionally been a family affair1 Ultimately, it was the Qing state s concern about controlling the training of teachers that led it to accept and then intervene in the development of female education and especially normal schools for women1 This remarkable change opened the doors of public education to women and provided women with a le2 gitimate role in the public domain as professional teachers, developments that forever altered the position of women in Chi2 nese society1 1904,,,, 1907,,,,, [ ] 2002-4 - 15 [ ] (1959 ),, 87
,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( nation - state),,, :,, Dorothy Ko,,,, Evelyn Rawski,, 30-45 %, 2-10 %,,, gλω Rawski,,,,, Susan Mann,, 88, Mann,,,, Dorothy Ko,,,,,,,, Mann,,,, gλϖ,,,,,,,,, 1125 %,, 115 %, 215 % gλξ Benjamin Elman,
1850,, 115 % gλψ 97-98 %,, gλζ,,,, :,, gλ{,,,, :,,, gλ,, :,,,,, 1844, gλ} 1877, 38, 524 gλ 1900,, 1896 308, 6798 gµυ,, 1895,,, gµϖ, ( ) Shirley Gar2 rett, gµω,,,,,,,,,, gµξ 1890,, 1851,, 1890 32 1900, gµψ,, 1900 1890,, 1891, 1900, gµζ : 1900, gµ{ 1890 1900, 1900,,,, gµ, gµ}, ( ),,, gµ,, 89
,,,,, : 1895-1900 1896,,, :,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνυ,, 1897,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνϖ, 90,,,, (1898),, 8-15,,, :,,,,,,,, gνω gνξ,, gνψ,, 1890,,, : 1900-1906 1904,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,
:,, gνζ,,,,,,,,, gν{,,,,,,,,,,,, 1902 1906,, 1902,,,, gοψ gν 1902,, gν},,, gν,,,,,, gου,, gοϖ 1902,,,,,,,,,,,, gοω,,, 1902,,, gοξ,, gοζ,, 1904, 91
,,, gο{,,,,, gο,,,,,, gο}, 1902,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1904 gο, 92 gπυ 1905, 20 gπϖ,, 1906,,,, gπω,, 20 30, gπξ, 1904,,,,, gπψ,, gπζ,, gπ{,,,,, :, 1907-1911 1906,, 1907
, 400 gπ ( 1898 1907,, ) 1907,,,,,,, 1906,,,,,,,,, :,,,, gπ} 1906,, gπ,, :,,, gθυ 1905,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1907,,, gθϖ 1906,,, 1906,,,,, 1907,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gθω 1907,,,,,, 1905,, 1908, gθξ 1911 gθψ 1907 1911, 93
, (1908), (1909), (1911), (1911), (1911) gθζ 1907,, :,, (,, ), (, ),,,, :,,,,,,,,,, gθ{, (1907),, :,,,, gθ,,,,, ( ),,, gθ},, ;,, gθ 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 4 3 6 3 8 15 14 15 9 9 9 9 9 4 3 4 2 4 2 1 2 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 4 3 4 3 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 94
4 4 4 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 34 36 34 36 34 36 34 36 36,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1910, 1907 1904 : (- ),1907, : /,,,,,,,, ( ) ( ),,,, : DFZZ SJ SJ :, :,, 1994 WSJ :, 95
:,, 1993 YYSJ :, :,, 1992 XZYB :, :,, 1991 ZJ XS :, :, 1989 3,Benjamin Elman Joan J udge Char2 lotte Furth, Joel Andreas Elizabeth VanderVen, (),, /,,,,,,, :,,1993, 206-210 ; :,:,1989, 1-5 :,,1995 Dorothy Ko, Pursing Talent and Virtue : Education and Women s Culture in Seventeenth - and Eighteenth - Century China,L ate Im perial China, Vol1 13, no1 1 (J une 1992), pp1 9-191 Ko :1992,pp1 9-19 ; Teachers of the Inner Cham2 bers : Women and Culture in Seventeenth - century Chi2 na, Stanford University Press, 1994 Susan Mann : Learned Women in the Eighteenth Century, B1 Elman and A1 Woodside : Education and Society in L ate Im perial China, 1600-1900, 1994a, pp1 27-46, Fuxue ( Women s Learning) Xuecheng ( 1738-1801 ) : China s First by Zhang History of Women s Culture,L ate Im perial China, 1992, pp1 40-62 ;Ellen Widmer and Chang Kang - I Sun, W riting Women in L ate Im perial China, Stanford Uni2 versity Press, 1997, p1 21 Evelyn Rawshi,, 1,200-2,000 (Education and Popular Lit2 eracy in Ch ing China, 96 The University of Michigan Press, 1979,pp1 1-4),, Carlo Cipolla, Literacy and Devel2 opment in the West, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1969, pp1 12-13 ; Lawrence Stone, Literacy and Edu2 cation in England, 1640-1900,Past and Present, no1 42 (1969), pp1 69-1391) Evelyn Rawski,, pp1 6-7,1401 Evelyn Rawski,,pp1 146-1541,, Susan Mann, The Education of Daughters in the Mid - Ch ing Period, B1 Elman and A1 Woodside : Education and Society in L ate Im perial China, 1600-1900, 1994b, pp1 20-271 gλυ Dorothy Ko, Teachers of the Inner Chambers, Stan2 ford University Press, 1994, pp1 115-1421 gλϖ Susan Mann : The Education of Daughters in the Mid - Ch ing Period, 1994b,pp1 20-271 gλωsusan Mann : Learned Women in the Eighteenth Cen2 tury, 1994a,pp1 27-46 ; Fuxue ( Women s Learning) by Zhang Xuecheng, 1992,pp1 40-62 gλξ ::,,1991, 75-90. gλψbenjamin Elman, A Cultural History of Civil Service Ex aminations in L ate Im perial China, Berkeley : Uni2 versity of California Press, 2000, pp1 146-571 gλζ,, - :1100-1800, :,28,1997, 1-45 ; :,:, 1996, 97-182 gλ{ gλ :,, 1935 gλ} :, ZJ XS, 262,, vol 31,no 7,pp 23-27 ;Margaret E1 Burton, The Edu2 cation of Women in China, New York : Fleming H1 Rev2 ell Company, 1911, p1 35 ; :,:,1995,pp1 39-401 gλ Ida Belle Lewis, The Education of Girls in China, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, 1919, p1 241 1877,2064 : 207 Lewis
,, gµυ Ida Lewis gµϖ :, YYSJ, 369-375 gµωshirley Garrett, Social Ref ormers in U rban China : the Chinese Y1M1C1A1, 1895-1926, 1970, gµξ : ; :, 42-43 gµψ gµ{,zj XS, 4, 306-309 gµζ, (1917), ZJ XS, 4, 296-297 gµ : ; :, 42 ;,ZJ XS, 4, 342-343 ;,, 299-302 gµ};,zj XS, 4, 303-305 gµ :, YYSJ, 369-375 ; :,, :,1932, 119-120,, gνυ :,,, 37-38 gνϖ :,, 19-20 gνω, WSJ, 189 gνξ (1897),WSJ, 192-201 gνψ gνζ gν{,xzyb, 396 gν DFZZ, (1904), 1,3,5,6,11, (1905), 9 gν}: (1902), ZJ XS,, 570-572 gν, DFZZ, (1906), 6, 118-212 gου: (1904), ZJ XS,, 573-577 gοϖ Joan J udge,,, J udge,,,,,, Tal2 ent, Virtue, and the Nation : Chinese Nationalism and Female Subjectivities in the Early Twentieth Century, The American Historical Review, Vol1 106, no1 2 (J une 2001), pp1 756-8031 gοω:,1904,zj XS,, 582 ;:, 1904, ZJ XS,, 577-581 gοξ:,zj XS,, 589-590 gοψ, ZJ XS,, 590-591 gοζ, ZJ XS,, 594-596 gο{, ZJ XS,, 694 gο :, ZJ XS,, 627-631 ; :,,1984, 7, 196 gο} ZJ XS,, 633-648 gο, ZJ XS,, 653 gπυ,, 3 (1904), 71 gπϖ : 66-69 gπω, ZJ XS,, 689-690 gπξdfzz, (1906), 6 gπψ ZJ XS,, 652-653 gπζzj XS,, 653 gπ{dfzz,no 2, 41-42 gπ : (1907) gπ}:,zj XS,, 587-588 gπ,, 2, 1117 gθυ ( ),SJ SJ, 573-574 gθϖ,1906,zj XS,, 653-4,,,,,654-657 gθω,xzyb, 574-594 gθξ,, 2, 1189 gθψ,, 2, 1231 gθζ, 2, 1179,1208,1231,1236,1237 gθ{:,sj SJ, 574-575 gθ :,XZYB, 593-594 gθ}:,sj SJ, 580-581 gθ, XZYB, 398-411, ( ) SJ SJ, 575-581 97