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1 ( ) China Eco nomic Quarterly Vol19, No11 October, , :,,, ,,,,, 20 80,,, , ( ), ( ),,,,,,, 3 : 422, ; : (0592) ; E2mail com Ake Blomqvist,

2 284 ( ) 9,,,, 1,, ,,, 2005, , , 2004, , , ( 1), % 1 : ( ) : ( ), ( ), %, %, %, 50 %, % ( 2 1),, 1,, (2007) (2007) 2, 176, ,,,, ( )

3 1 : 285 4,, ( ),, 2003,,, (4716 %) (47 %),,, , , 0140 ( 1) 2 : ( ) : ( ) 1, ( %) ( %) ( ) :, : ( ), 2003, 4,,,,, http :/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ house/ / 21/ content_ ht m, ; :,, http :/ / news. xinhuanet. com/ politics/ / 16/ content _ ht m, ; :,,,http :/ / news. xin2 huanet. com/ lianzheng/ / 15/ content_ ht m,

4 286 ( ) 9,,, ( ),,,,,, (2008) ;, (2007) ;, (, 2007), (, 2007),, : ; ; ; ;,,, ( Montinola, Qian and Weingast, 1995 ; Qian and Weingast, 1996, 1997) (market preserving federalism) 5,,,,, GDP,, Blanchard and Shleifer (2000) Tsui and Wang (2004),, (yardstick competition),,,, Li and Zhou (2005) (2005),, 5 MPF, (2008) Cai and Treisman (2006) 30

5 1 : 287,, (Jin, Qian and Weingast, 2005 ; Jin and Zou, 2005 ;, 2005) 6,,, (Blanchard and Shleifer, 2000),,,, Tiebout (1956) :, ;, ( Zhuravskaya, 2000),, ( Feltenstein and Iwata, 2005 ; Wedeman, 2003 ; Zhang, 2006 ;, 2007 ;, 2003 ;, 2006 ;, 2007 ;, 2007 ;, 2008),,, (2007) : 7, (2007), :, GDP,,,,,, 6,,,Jin and Zou (2005) 1994,, (2005) ( ), Zhang (2006),,,,,

6 288 ( ) 9,,,,,,,,, GDP, :?,,, (Qian and Weingast, 1997),, :, ;,,,,,,,,,,,,, 8,,,,,,,,,,, 9, 8, , , 956,, 1998 :, 9 : ( ), 6 10, 4 6,,

7 1 : 289,,,,,,,,,, 35 70,,,, 2007, 10,,, % 11,,,,, (2007), 2002,,, , ( ), 12,,,,, 10, 39, , 27, ;, 64, , , , %,,,2008 4, 28,

8 290 ( ) 9,, 2002,,,,,,, :,, ;, ;,,,,,, ( ) ( ),, GDP,,,,,,,,,,,,, 13 ;,,,, ( Feltenstein and Iwata, 2005 ;, 2006 ;, 2006),,, ,,, ( 60 %),,,,

9 1 : 291,,,,, 14 ;,,,,, :,, 15,, 16 :, ( GDP),,,,,, GDP ( ), ( ) ( ), GDP ( ) :,,, ;,, ( ) :,,, 17 ; 14,, 35, , (,2007),,, % 16,,,, 220, ,,

10 292 ( ) 9, ( ) ( ), 18,,, :,, ( ),,,, 19,, ( ),,, 20, (one2way panel data) 21 : Y it = DCit + lnlandrevit + shlocgit + lnpcgdp it + locsh it + lnoveremit + shhisit + X it + i + it, (1), Y it ; DCit ; landrevit ; pcgdp GDP ; locsh it i t, locsh it = locf undit / locadmrevit,, locf undit, locadm2 revit ; lnoveremit, overemit = loclandemp it - loclandausize it, loclandemp it i, loclandausizeit ; 18,, 19,,,, 20, : ;,, 21, (two2way),, F (0. 55),

11 1 : 293 shlocgit, shlocgit = (numperf it + numcou it ) / numlocgovit, numperf it numcouit i ( ), numlocgovit i, ; shhisit, ; X it, 22 ; i ; it,,, : Y it = DCit + lnlandrevit + lnpcgdp it + locsh it + shhisit + Dumt Y it = DCit + lnlandrevit + shhisit + lnoveremit + shlocgit lnlandrevit + X it + Dumt + i + it, (2) + lnpcgdp it + locsh it + lnoveremit + shlocgit + Dumt shhisit + X it + Dumt + i + it, (3), 2002, Dumt (2), ; (3), 2,,,,, :,, (2005),, ( ) : (DCalrev) (DCalexp) (DCalnet),,,, :,,, ;, 22,,,,,

12 294 ( ) 9,, 2 lawb ( ) pcgdp GDP ( / ) + landrev ( ) + DC + locsh ( %) - overem ( ) - shhis ( %) + shlocg popu ( ) ( %) + / - 3, :,, ; GDP, ;, ,,,, ;, lnlawb lnpcgdp GDP lnlandrev DCalrev DCalexp DCalnet locsh lnoverem shlocg Shhis lnpopu , 0, 2001 ; 99. 9, , 2. 05,

13 1 : 295 ( 4),,,, % %, %,,,, 2000, 2618 % % %, %, ,, 4 ( %), locsh shhis ( ) 5 (1) 23, (1) (3),,, GDP,, ;,,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, 23, Hausman 1 %,

14 296 ( ) 9,, ;,,, 5 ( ) (1) (2) (3) lnpcgdp (0. 271) (0. 270) (0. 270) lnlandrev DCalrev (0. 023) (0. 023) (0. 023) (0. 016) DCalexp (0. 010) DCalnet (0. 011) shlocg (0. 021) (0. 021) (0. 021) locsh (0. 005) (0. 005) (0. 005) lnoverem (0. 091) (0. 095) (0. 091) shhis (0. 003) (0. 003) (0. 003) lnpopu (2. 117) (2. 117) (2. 113) Constant ( ) ( ) ( ) Observations Number of code R :, % 5 % 1 % ( ) : 6,, GDP, ( ),, ( ),,,

15 1 : 297,,, 6 + lnpcgdp (0. 509) (0. 344) (0. 365) (0. 588) lnlandrev (0. 037) (0. 033) (0. 038) (0. 055) DCalnet (0. 019) (0. 013) (0. 015) (0. 021) shlocg (0. 042) (0. 026) (0. 025) (0. 045) locsh (0. 007) (0. 006) (0. 008) (0. 010) lnoverem (0. 152) (0. 116) (0. 126) (0. 196) shhis (0. 004) (0. 005) (0. 007) (0. 006) lnpopu (3. 215) (3. 687) (6. 377) (5. 036) Constant ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Observations Number of code R : ; % 5 % 1 % ;,, 3,, ,,,,,,,, 20 90,,,,,,,

16 298 ( ) 9,, 2004,,, ,,, 3, : ( ) ( ), 2000 : ,,, ; ,,,, :, 45, ;, 49, ;, 30, ;, 70, ;, 7, ;, 2343, ;, 1, ;, 12, ;, 22, ;,, 20, ;, 28, ;, 232,

17 1 : 299,, ( 2) 2003 ( 3),, 7 2, , ,,, 3, , 2003, 2004,,,, ,,,, Dum2002 lnlandrev Dum2002 shhis (0. 113) (0. 007) Dum2003 lnlandrev Dum2003 shhis (0. 114) (0. 007) Dum2004 lnlandrev Dum2004 shhis (0. 128) (0. 008) Dum2005 lnlandrev Dum2005 shhis (0. 214) (0. 007) Constant Constant ( ) ( ) Observations 205 Observations 205 Number of code 30 Number of code 30 R R : ; % 5 % 1 % ;DC DCal2 net ;, ,, , 8 698, 1 221, , (35. 6 %) 501 (41 %) ,,www. gov. cn,

18 300 ( ) 9 ( ),, 8 L R P Wool2 dridge P, ; Pesaranπs CD,, AR (1),, Huber (1967) White (1980) Rogers (1993) Driscoll and Kraay (1998),,,, 8,, 8 ( ) OL S Huber2White Rogers Driscoll2Kraay lnpcgdp (0. 270) (0. 246) (0. 226) (0. 235) lnlandrev (0. 023) (0. 023) (0. 019) (0. 014) DCalnet (0. 011) (0. 013) (0. 013) (0. 009) shlocg (0. 021) (0. 020) (0. 021) (0. 011) locsh (0. 005) (0. 005) (0. 004) (0. 004) lnoverem (0. 091) (0. 093) (0. 062) (0. 061) shhis (0. 003) (0. 004) (0. 004) (0. 004) lnpopu (2. 113) (2. 223) (2. 059) (3. 055) Constant ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Observations Number of code L R ( P > 2 ) Wooldridge ( P > F) Pesaranπs CD ( P) F(8,167) ( P > F) R :, % 5 % 1 %

19 1 : 301,, GDP,,, 9 GDP,,,,, GDP,,,,,,,, GDP,, :, GDP ;, Hausman, 9 lnlawb lnpclawb lnpclawb lnpcgdp (0. 270) l. lnpcgdp (0. 437) (0. 372) lnlandrev (0. 023) l. lnlandrev (0. 093) (0. 024) DCalnet (0. 012) (0. 011) (0. 011) shlocg (0. 025) (0. 021) (0. 023) locsh (0. 005) (0. 005) (0. 005) lnoverem (0. 100) (0. 091) (0. 102) shhis (0. 003) (0. 003) (0. 004)

20 302 ( ) 9 ( ) lnlawb lnpclawb lnpclawb lnpopu (2. 655) (2. 113) (2. 655) Constant (3. 458) ( ) (3. 440) Observations Number of code R :, % 5 % 1 %, :,, ;,,, ;,, :, ;,,,,,, GDP,, :,,,, ;,,, ;,,,,,

21 1 : 303,, 26,, ( Laffont, 2001 ;, 2006),,,, GDP,, 2003,, 9 27,, :, ;,,, :, [ 1 ] Blanchard, O., and A. Shleifer, Federalism wit h and wit hout Political Centralization : China ver2 sus Russia, NBER Working Paper No. 7616, [ 2 ] Cai, H., and D. Treisman, Did Government Decentralization Cause Chinaπs Economic Miracle? Worl d Politics, 2006, 58 (4), [ 3 ] Driscoll, J., and A. Kraay, Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimation wit h Spatially Dependent Panel Data, Review of Economics and S tatistics, 1998, 80 (4), [ 4 ] Feltenstein, A., and S. Iwata, Decent ralization and Macroeconomic Performance in China : Re2 gional Autonomy Has It s Cost s, J ournal of Development Economics, 2005, 76 (2), [ 5 ], :,,2007 3, ,,,,, 27

22 304 ( ) 9 [ 6 ], :,, , [ 7 ],,,2006 5, [ 8 ], :,,2008 2, [ 9 ] Huber, P. J., The Behavior of Maximum Likelihood Estimates under Non2Standard Conditions, in Proceedings of the Fi f th Berkeley S y m posium on M athematical S tatistics and Probability, Vol. 1, Berkeley CA : University of California Press, 1967, [ 10 ] Jin, H., Y. Qian, and B. Weingast, Regional Decentralization and Fiscal Incentives : Federalism, Chinese Style, J ournal of Public Economics, 2005, 89 (9 10), [ 11 ] Jin, J., and H. Zou, Fiscal Decentralization, Revenue and Expendit ure Assignment s, and Growt h in China, J ournal of A sian Economics, 2005, 16 (6), [ 12 ] Laffont, J., Incentives and Political Economy. Oxford University Press, [ 13 ] Li, H. and L. Zhou, Political Turnover and Economic Performance : The Incentive Role of Person2 nel Control in China, J ournal of Public Economics, 2005, 89 (9 10), [ 14 ] Montinola, G., Y. Qian, and B. Weingast, Federalism, Chinese Style : The Political Basis for E2 conomic Success in China, W orl d Politics, 1995, 48 (1), [ 15 ],, ( ), , [ 16 ] Qian, Y., and B. Weingast, Chinaπs Transition to Market s : Market2Preserving Federalism, Chi2 nese Style, J ournal of Policy Ref orm, 1996, 1 (2), [ 17 ] Qian, Y., and B. Weingast, Federalism as a Commit ment to Preserving Market Incentives, J ournal of Economic Pers pectives, 1997, 11 (4), [ 18 ] Rogers, W., sg17 : Regression Standard Errors in Clustered Samples, S tata Technical B ulletin, 1993, 13, [ 19 ],,, , [ 20 ] Tiebout, C., A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures, J ournal of Political Economy, 1956, 64 (5), [ 21 ] Tsui, K., and Y. Wang, Between Separate Stoves and a Single Menu : Fiscal Decentralization in China, China Quarterl y, 2004, 177, [ 22 ], :,,2007 1, 4 16 [ 23 ] Wedeman, A., From M ao to M arket : Rent Seeking, L ocal Protectionism, and M arketiz ation in China. New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003.

23 1 : 305 [ 24 ] White, H., A Heteroskedasticity2Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and a Direct Test for Heteroskedasticity, Economet rica, 1980, 48 (4), [ 25 ],, ( ), , [ 26 ], :,,2008 3, [ 27 ],,, , [ 28 ], :, ( ), , [ 29 ] Zhang, X., Fiscal Decent ralization and Political Centralization in China : Implications for Growt h and Inequality, J ournal of Com parative Economics, 2006, 34 (4), [ 30 ],, ( ), , [ 31 ], :,,2006 6, [ 32 ], :,,2007 1, [ 33 ],,,2007 7, [ 34 ], :,, , [ 35 ],,,2007 2, [ 36 ] Zhuravskaya, E., Incentives to Provide Local Public Goods : Fiscal Federalism, Russian Style, J ournal of Public Economics, 2000, 76 (3), Promotion Incentives, Departmental Interests and Land La wbreaking under Fiscal Decentralization RUOBIN G L IAN G ( X i amen Uni versit y) Abstract This paper employs panel data techniques to study the main influencing fac2 tors of land law violations in 30 regions in China from 1999 to The main factors singled out include the promotion incentives of local officials and the departmental interest s of local land administration agencies under fiscal decentralization. The paper also analyzes the regional distribution of land law violations as well as the effect s of central government policies. Instead

24 306 ( ) 9 of putting the blame on local government s for land law violations, the central government is now dealing with the problem at its core : reforming its present cadre performance evaluation and promotion system and the land property right system. JEL Classif ication E61, P48, Q15

GDP % See Jin Hehui Qian Yingyi B. R. Weingast Regional Decentralization and Fiscal incentiv

GDP % See Jin Hehui Qian Yingyi B. R. Weingast Regional Decentralization and Fiscal incentiv Peking University Law Journal Vol. 24 No. 4 2012 pp. 782-799 20 * 20 1 1908 2 1949 1978 * 1 5 1977 275 2 10 2009 1 782 09CFX002 83 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1978 GDP 20 90 1993 3 2003 219 4 90% 5 1996 325 6 See Jin

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