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1 World Economic Papers April, 2013 * Tiebout Qian and Roland Zhang and Zou GDP 4% * ivannj@ 163. com junzh_2000@ fudan. edu. cn 11YJC WC001 1

2 % 5. 1% % % % GDP % % 4% 2003 Tsui % 44% 2000 GDP Tsai Park and Shi 2008

3 Tiebout 1956 Tiebout Boadway 2006 Rhode and Strumpf 2003 Tiebout Gruber 2005 Tiebout Tiebout Tiebout local public goods Tiebout AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children 10% % 70% 1 Figuieres and Hindriks 2002

4 Evans and Owens 2004 Knight Boadway 2006 Baumol 1967 Bradford et al Borcherding and Deacon 1972 Borcherding 1985 flypaper effects Hines and Thaler 1995 Brennan and Pincus spending power Boadway 2006 Breton 1965

5 Waldasin 1991 Pfingsten and Wagener 1997 Qian and Roland 1998 Figuieres and Hindriks 2002 N i K i L i I i 1 f K i I i L i f KI K i I i L i > 0 K 2 N = K I i K i i = 1 i ω L i + u Z i ω l i ω L i = f L K i I i L i Z i 3 ω L i + u Z i = ω L j + u Z j = c i j N = H L i = L i ω i L i i = 1 Z i I Z I i + Z i = t i t i W i = f K i I i L i + u Z i N L i i = 1 L i = L = NL = H I Z N i = 1 W i

6 f I / I i = u' Z i I Z f K i I i f K K i I i = f K K j I j I 1 I N K i = K i I 1 I N 1 f I / I i + f K / K i dk i /di i = u' Z i 3 2 Tiebout Tiebout f K i I i L i 1 f I / I i + f K / K i dk i /di i = f L / L i L i / Z i + u' Z i 4 4 L i / Z i f K / K i dk i /di i = f L / L i L i / Z i 2 Tiebout I i + Z i = t i - T + sz i s 0 1 sz i T 2 3

7 s N Z i = NT I i s Z i = t i - T i = 1 1 f I / I i + f K / K i dk i /di i 1 - s = u' Z i 5 5 s u' Z i f I / I i s = f K / K i dk i / di i / f I / I i + f K / K i dk i /di i 2 Qian and Roland 1998 Figuieres and Hindriks 2002 sz i > T t i + sz i - T = t i + Δ > t i I i f K i I i % % 50% %

8 2013 2 2008 1 40% 2005 80% 60% 50% 1 2 1998 1999

8 % % 60% 50% % % 15% %

9 i G i t = α i + β 1 Tran i t + λ'x i t + μ i t 6 t G Tran X 1 GDP GDP Child 65 Old 3 Inequa 4 Urban 5 Popden G G2 /GDP Tran Tran

10 Pergdp GDP Urban % Inequa Child 0 14 % Old 65 % Popden / Fiscalde = / GDP % 73% % 40. 5% 1999 Hausman fixed effects random effects 2 1 4

11 GDP % 2 Tran2 GDP % % 37. 8% RE 2 RE 3 FE 4 FE 5 FE Tran *** *** *** *** Tran *** Pergdp *** *** *** *** ***

12 Urban Inequa Child Old Popden Fiscalde 1 RE 2 RE 3 FE 4 FE *** ** *** FE * *** *** *** ** Within-Rsq Obs Hausman P * ** *** 10% 5% 1% Knight Tsui China Vitae http / /www. chinavitae. com / Opper and Brehm 2007

13 http / /www. chinavitae. com / % Hausman IVFE FE 2 4 Tran Tran2 Pergdp Urban Inequa *** *** *** *** ** *** * *** IV Hausman 4 2 OLS

14 Child Old Popden Fiscalde ** * * *** * *** ccl Within-Rsq Obs Hausman P * ** *** 10% 5% 1% GDP Persson and Tabellini GDP 70% 2 1 GDP 0. 02% GDP Hausman Rodrik 1998 Alesina and Wacziarg GDP 2 1%

15 /GDP /GDP 1 RE 2 FE 3 IVFE 4 FE Tran *** *** *** *** Tran *** ** * Pergdp *** *** Urban *** *** Inequa ** *** Child *** *** Old *** *** * Popden *** *** * Fiscalde *** Within-Rsq Obs Hausman P * ** *** 10% 5% 1% GDP / % /

16 V GDP

17 RE 2 FE 3 FE 4 FE Tran *** *** *** ** Pergdp *** ** *** Urban *** *** * Inequa *** *** ** Child *** ** Old Popden Fiscalde * Year Dummy Within-Rsq Obs Hausman P * ** *** 10% 5% 1% GDP

18 GDP GDP Alesina A. and R. Wacziarg 1988 Openness Country Size and the Government Journal of Public Economics Baumol W. J The Macroeconomics of Unbalanced Growth The Anatomy of Urban Crisis American Economic Review Boadway R. W Intergovernmental Redistributive Transfers Efficiency and Equity Handbook of Fiscal Federalism Eds. by Ahmad E. and G. Brosio Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Borcherding T. E The Causes of Government Expenditure Growth A Survey of the U. S. Evidence Journal of Public Economics Borcherding T. E. and R. T. Deacon 1972 The Demand for the Services of Non-Federal Governments American Economic Review Bradford D. F. R. A. Malt and W. E. Oates 1969 The Rising Cost of Local Public Services Some Evidence and Reflections National Tax Journal Breton A A Theory of Governmental Grants Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science Brennan G. and J. J. Pincus 1996 A Minimalist Model of Federal Grants and Flypaper Effects Journal of Public Economics Evans W. N. and E. Owens 2004 Flypaper COPS University of Maryland Working Paper. Figuieres C. and J. Hindriks 2002 Matching Grants and Ricardian Equivalence Journal of Urban Economics Gruber J Public Finance and Public Policy New York Worth Publishers. Hines J. R. and R. H. Thaler 1995 Anomalies The Flypaper Effect Journal of Economic Perspectives Knight B Endogenous Federal Grants and Crowd-out of State Government Spending Theory and Evidence from the Federal Highway Aid Program American Economic Review Opper S. and S. Brehm 2007 Networks versus Performance Political Leadership Promotion in China Lund University Working Paper. Park A. and X. Shi 2008 Impact of Education Fee Reductions on Enrollment in Gansu Memo University of Oxford and University of Michigan. Persson T. and G. Tabellini 1999 The Size and Scope of Government Comparative Politics with Rational Politicians European Economic Review

19 Pfingsten A. and A. Wagener 1997 Centralized vs. Decentralized Redistribution a Case for Interregional Transfer Mechanisms International Tax and Public Finance Qian Y. and G. Roland 1998 Federalism and the Soft Budget Constraint American Economic Review Rhode P. W. and K. S. Strumph 2003 Assessing the Importance of Tiebout Sorting Local Heterogeneity from 1850 to 1990 American Economic Review Rodrik D Why Do More Open Economics Have Bigger Governments Journal of Political Economy Tiebout C A Pure Theory of Local Expenditure Journal of Political Economy Tsai L Solidary Groups Informal Accountability and Local Public Goods Provision in Rural China American Political Science Review Tsui K Local Tax System Intergovernmental Transfers and China's Local Fiscal Disparities Journal of Comparative Economics Wildasin D. E Income Redistribution in a Common Labor Market American Economic Review Zhang T. and H. Zou 1998 Fiscal Decentralization Public Spending and Economic Growth in China Journal of Public Economics

2008 5,,,,,,,,,, (,2002),,,?,,,,,, 1994 : 1994,, ( GDP ),, (,2004),,,,,,, highly decentralized,, decentralization, ( ),,,, fiscal decentralization (re

2008 5,,,,,,,,,, (,2002),,,?,,,,,, 1994 : 1994,, ( GDP ),, (,2004),,,,,,, highly decentralized,, decentralization, ( ),,,, fiscal decentralization (re : 3 :,10, 1994 2003,,,, :,,,,, (World Bank, 2002 ;,2002) 2000, 4290, 988, 3292,, 100,,,,,, (, 2002),,,,,, 3,,:100101,:tao. ccap @igsnrr. ac. cn ;, (70633002) ( KSCX22YW2N2039),,, 20 90,1995 2003 157 219,,