A Study on the Job Stress and the Ways of Coping for the Director of Elementary School in the Middle Area of Taiwan Abstract This study aims at probing the subject current status as related to stress and the ways of coping, and to investigate the relationship of stress and the ways of coping for the director of elementary school who with different background and locus of control. This research survey 403 directors in 120 elementary schools that situated in Taichung City, Taichung County, Chung-Hwa County, and Nantou County; the total retrieved 379 pieces, and within which 350 are valid. The survey, titled as Questionnaire of Working Experiences of Director in Elementary School, collects data that is to be analyzed by Effective average, standard deviation, frequency distribution, and percentage, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, Canonical correlation analysis, and Step-wise multiple regression analysis, to conclude as followings: 1. Director of elementary school is under medium level of stress, especially for load of administration. 2. Subjects with attribute such as female, 31 to 40 years old, 41 to 50 years old, with 6 to 10 years education background of director, general baccalaureate, and work in schools in remote area are generally facing bigger stress. 3. Director of elementary school with external locus of control is facing substantial stress in comparison to those who with internal locus of control. 4. School location, and locus control s predictability is among the highest in terms of overall stress, and predictability by background attributes, and locus of control of director in elementary school. 5. Frequency of director s reaction to pressure is at medium-high level, and the most often copying is seeking for assistant. 6. Director who adopt reactions to stress are usually those who are female, 41 to 50 years old, working in student counseling, remote area, and larger size of school. 7. Director with external locus of control often adopt problem solving technique to counter pressure, while those who with internal locus of control usually adopt self-adjustment, and seeking assistant techniques. 8. Gender, school location, and size of school s predictability is among the highest in terms of overall stress, and predictability by background attributes, and locus of control of director in elementary school. 9. More overall stress the directors of elementary school have, more often do they adopt
overall coping methods. In all aspects of stress, more stress the directors suffering in educational reforming coping, professional knowledge, internal conflict, administrative workload, and interpersonal skill, more often do they adopt coping methods of problem solving. 10. Director s stress and reactions are canonical correlated. This is mainly due to the attributes such as educational reforming coping, professional knowledge, internal conflict, administrative workload, and interpersonal skill via first canonical factors to explain the counter-pressure reaction of problem solving. And administrative workload attribute will become the second canonical factor to explain reactions of seeking assistant, and self-adjustment The conclusion of this research maybe adopted by director in elementary school, principal, and other education bureaucratic organization as advices as well as reference for future studies. Key words: elementary school, director, stress, coping method, control belief.
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... 85... 86... 88... 89... 90... 91... 92... 93... 95... 96... 98... 98... 99. 100... 101... 102... 102... 103... 104... 105... 106... 106... 108... 110 IV
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... 16... 21... 22... 27... 52... 117 VI
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叁 7
叁 8
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* * * * * * / * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 16
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7 ~ ~ D 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 B A C 21
1 3 4 5 6 7 2 22
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叁 29
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叁 44
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66 53
4 1 57 11 81 16 111 23 253 51 4 1 28 5 44 8 19 4 95 18 21 8 48 12 31 8 16 5 116 33 30 7 27 6 15 4 5 1 77 18 59 17 160 34 171 36 151 33 541 120 66 125 128 84 403 54
55
245 70.0 105 30.0 40.3 56
57
58
59
2.8824.8877.8677.8469.8752.8824.8877.8677.8469.8752.9664 60
2.8867 61
.8699.6960.7313 1.2.11.12.20.21.30.31.39. 9 3.4.13.14.22.23. 24.32.33. 9 5.6.15.16. 17. 25.26.34.35. 9 7.8.10.18.27.36.37. 7 9.19.28.29.38. 5 39 62
1.2.3.4.11.12.13.20.21.22 10 5.6.9.10.14.15.19.23.25 9 7.8.16.17.18.24.26.. 7 26 63
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65
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2.5 2.5 2.5 2.63.56 2 2.46.60 3 2.37.54 4 2.70.63 1 2.26.65 5 2.50.46 2.50 3 2 2.5 2.26~2.70 2.70 2.63 2.5 70
-2.208<.05 71
t 245 2.62 0.57-1.003 105 2.67 0.56 245 2.44 0.60-1.372 105 2.52 0.59 245 2.35 0.57-1.448 105 2.43 0.48 245 2.66 0.64-2.208 105 2.79 0.58 245 2.25 0.67 105 2.27 0.61 -.242 245 2.47 0.48 105 2.55 0.42 <.05-1.493 72
2.43 0.47 2.60 0.57 2.71 0.56 2.48 0.55 2.37 0.36 2.48 0.60 2.50 0.56 2.28 0.71 2.19 0.39 2.43 0.51 2.41 0.52 2.05 0.61 2.62 0.73 2.7 0.58 2.77 0.62 2.43 0.72 2.24 0.53 2.27 0.61 2.32 0.64 1.97 0.72 2.37 0.37 2.51 0.44 2.56 0.45 2.26 0.52 SS df MS F 193.266 3 64.422 3.226 6908.631 346 19.967 7101.897 349 154.563 3 51.521 2.285 7803.097 346 22.552 7957.660 349 440.627 3 146.876 8.249 6160.290 346 17.804 6600.917 349 200.638 3 66.879 4.900 4722.016 346 13.647 4922.654 349 106.613 3 35.538 5.485 2241.661 346 6.479 2348.274 349 4752.830 3 1584.277 5.302 103394.43 346 298.828 108147.26 349 3>4 2>43>4 2>43>4 2>43>4 2>43>4 <.05 73
5.302<.05 3.226<.05 8.249<.05 4.900<.05 5.485<.05 74
2.62 0.56 2.70 0.53 2.55 0.64 2.57 0.58 2.50 0.65 2.52 0.48 2.36 0.63 2.27 0.64 2.38 0.53 2.46 0.50 2.26 0.54 2.18 0.67 2.72 0.60 2.77 0.60 2.59 0.71 2.54 0.69 2.26 0.67 2.39 0.56 2.06 0.60 2.06 0.77 2.51 0.46 2.58 0.41 2.38 0.49 2.34 0.53 3.723<.05 6-10 16 75
SS df MS F 85.100 3 28.367 1.399 7016.797 346 20.280 7101.897 349 192.230 3 64.077 2.855 7765.430 346 22.443 7957.660 349 237.528 3 79.176 4.305 6363.389 346 18.391 6600.917 349 98.202 3 32.734 2.348 4824.453 346 13.944 4922.654 349 127.661 3 42.554 6.630 2220.614 346 6.418 2348.274 349 2>4 2>32>4 3382.154 3 1127.385 3.723 104765.11 346 302.789 2>4 108147.26 349 <.05 1 4.305<.05 6.630<.05 6-10 11-15 16 76
6-10 16 6-10 11-15 16 77
t 329 2.64 0.56 1.280 21 2.50 0.65 329 2.46 0.59 -.434 21 2.51 0.72 329 2.38 0.54.653 21 2.31 0.64 329 2.70 0.61.529 21 2.62 0.84 329 2.27 0.65 1.313 21 2.11 0.71 329 2.50 0.46.713 21 2.43 0.56 <.05 3.055<.05 78
2.62 0.55 2.64 0.67 2.65 0.55 2.48 0.61 2.64 0.69 2.40 0.54 2.34 0.53 2.51 0.61 2.37 0.53 2.69 0.64 2.77 0.67 2.69 0.60 2.24 0.63 2.36 0.66 2.25 0.66 2.49 0.45 2.60 0.54 2.48 0.45 SS df MS F 5.722 2 2.861.140 7096.175 347 20.450 7101.897 349 137.698 2 68.849 3.055 7819.962 347 22.536 7957.660 349 75.453 2 37.726 2.006 6525.465 347 18.805 6600.917 349 10.843 2 5.422.383 4911.811 347 14.155 4922.654 349 12.295 2 6.147.913 2335.979 347 6.732 2348.274 349 663.740 2 331.870 1.071 107483.52 347 309.751 108147.26 349 <.05 1 2>3 79
2.73 0.6 2.69 0.63 2.70 0.58 2.55 0.49 2.59 0.56 2.35 0.61 2.51 0.66 2.53 0.68 2.53 0.55 2.39 0.54 2.31 0.53 2.40 0.60 2.49 0.54 2.40 0.52 2.31 0.54 2.67 0.65 2.74 0.68 2.77 0.64 2.69 0.59 2.66 0.62 2.24 0.70 2.35 0.63 2.29 0.57 2.25 0.68 2.2 0.61 2.47 0.48 2.55 0.52 2.57 0.47 2.50 0.44 2.44 0.45 80
SS df MS F 147.863 4 36.966 1.834 6954.034 345 20.157 7101.897 349 156.127 4 39.032 1.726 7801.533 345 22.613 7957.660 349 100.559 4 25.140 1.334 6500.358 345 18.842 6600.917 349 22.786 4 5.697.401 4899.868 345 14.203 4922.654 349 20.637 4 5.159.765 2327.637 345 6.747 2348.274 349 986.214 4 246.553.794 107161.05 345 310.612 108147.26 349 81
-2.835<.05-2.264<.05-3.917<.05 82
-2.119 <.05-2.009<.05 t 308 2.61 0.55-2.264 42 2.80 0.63 308 2.42 0.57-3.917 42 2.76 0.69 308 2.35 0.53-2.119 42 2.52 0.60 308 2.68 0.61-2.009 42 2.85 0.73 308 2.24 0.64-1.637 42 2.38 0.73 308 2.47 0.45-2.835 42 2.68 0.54 <.05 83
2.60 0.55 2.53 0.67 2.67 0.52 2.75 0.54 2.50 0.58 2.38 0.59 2.46 0.63 2.50 0.57 2.42 0.52 2.33 0.56 2.33 0.56 2.41 0.56 2.72 0.63 2.65 0.63 2.68 0.64 2.76 0.59 2.29 0.63 2.16 0.64 2.26 0.69 2.30 0.62 2.52 0.45 2.42 0.49 2.49 0.47 2.56 0.45 84
SS df MS F 129.217 3 43.072 2.137 6972.680 346 20.152 7101.897 349 53.971 3 17.990.788 7903.689 346 22.843 7957.660 349 55.762 3 18.587.983 6545.156 346 18.917 6600.917 349 24.361 3 8.120.574 4898.293 346 14.157 4922.654 349 18.783 3 6.261.930 2329.491 346 6.733 2348.274 349 888.510 3 296.170.955 107258.75 346 309.996 108147.26 349 85
叁 139 170 139 2.64 0.58.771 170 2.60 0.55 139 2.54 0.63 2.720 170 2.38 0.55 139 2.46 0.55 3.195 170 2.29 0.51 139 2.471 170 139 4.418 170 139 2.57 0.48 2.891 170 2.42 0.43 <.05 86
2.891<.05 2.720<.05 3.195<.05 2.471 <.05 4.418<.05 87
.187.035.035 11.093.179.242.059.024 7.726 -.154 88
.164.027.027 8.458.236.232.054.027 8.703.162.258.066.013 4.138 -.114 89
.219.048.048 15.536.244.262.069.021 6.738 -.162.289.083.015 4.866 -.136.309.096.012 4.103.122 90
.179.032.032 10.211 -.168.234.055.023 7.334 -.141.267.071.016 5.373.128 91
.146.021.021 6.652.139.197.039.018 5.623 -.133 92
.245.060.060 19.521 -.261.283.080.020 6.762 -.150.304.093.012 4.201 -.113 93
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2.5 2.5 2.59.53 3 2.79.45 2 3.23.46 1 2.83.29 2.83 3 2 2.59~3.23 3.23 2.79 2.59 2.5 95
245 2.58 0.54 -.432 105 2.61 0.52 245 2.75 0.44-2.605 105 2.88 0.47 245 3.15 0.43-5.742 105 3.41 0.47 245 2.80 0.29 105 2.92 0.26 <.05-3.797-3.797<.05-2.605<.05-5.742<.05 96
3.138<.05 97
2.4 0.39 2.58 0.52 2.65 0.53 2.43 0.57 2.57 0.36 2.76 0.43 2.81 0.47 2.86 0.50 3.11 0.55 3.26 0.45 3.21 0.47 3.22 0.48 2.65 0.27 2.82 0.27 2.86 0.30 2.79 0.27 212.804 3 70.935 3.138 7821.493 346 22.605 8034.297 349 72.930 3 24.310 1.863 4513.724 346 13.045 4586.654 349 14.980 3 4.993.650 2658.609 346 7.684 2673.589 349 341.526 3 113.842 2.249 17515.403 346 50.623 17856.929 349 <.05 3>4 98
2.59 0.54 2.66 0.49 2.49 0.56 2.51 0.57 2.77 0.43 2.81 0.42 2.79 0.53 2.80 0.55 3.25 0.46 3.21 0.46 3.24 0.47 3.20 0.49 2.83 0.29 2.86 0.25 2.79 0.33 2.80 0.33 99
129.203 3 43.068 1.885 7905.094 346 22.847 8034.297 349 11.673 3 3.891.294 4574.981 346 13.222 4586.654 349 7.132 3 2.377.309 2666.456 346 7.707 2673.589 349 137.107 3 45.702.892 17719.821 346 51.213 17856.929 349 100
t 329 2.59 0.53.602 21 2.53 0.54 329 2.80 0.46 1.639 21 2.65 0.38 329 3.24 0.46 1.116 21 3.14 0.56 329 2.84 0.29 1.669 21 2.73 0.27 101
2.57 0.52 2.66 0.64 2.60 0.51 2.77 0.45 2.81 0.50 2.81 0.45 3.22 0.45 3.21 0.52 3.24 0.46 2.81 0.25 2.86 0.35 2.85 0.30 29.229 2 14.614.633 8005.069 347 23.069 8034.297 349 12.259 2 6.130.465 4574.395 347 13.183 4586.654 349 2.714 2 1.357.176 2670.875 347 7.697 2673.589 349 79.171 2 39.585.773 17777.758 347 51.233 17856.929 349 102
2.60 0.54 2.63 0.60 2.66 0.60 2.58 0.48 2.53 0.52 2.76 0.45 2.89 0.42 2.70 0.50 2.72 0.44 2.88 0.44 3.17 0.45 3.24 0.40 3.18 0.46 3.18 0.45 3.37 0.50 2.81 0.28 2.88 0.28 2.81 0.31 2.79 0.26 2.88 0.31 3.605<.05 103
55.018 4 13.754.595 7979.279 345 23.128 8034.297 349 174.608 4 43.652 3.413 4412.047 345 12.789 4586.654 349 107.269 4 26.817 3.605 2566.320 345 7.439 2673.589 349 375.367 4 93.842 1.852 17481.561 345 50.671 17856.929 349 5>15>4 <.05 1 104
308 2.56 0.52-3.064 42 2.80 0.60 308 2.79 0.45.348 42 2.77 0.46 308 3.24 0.46 1.395 42 3.15 0.48 308 2.82 0.28-1.317 42 2.88 0.31 <.05-3.064<.05 105
2.59 0.54 2.51 0.60 2.58 0.49 2.71 0.54 2.70 0.46 2.80 0.47 2.87 0.44 2.80 0.41 3.13 0.47 3.21 0.41 3.32 0.48 3.27 0.39 2.77 0.29 2.80 0.31 2.88 0.26 2.89 0.30 116.627 3 38.876 1.699 7917.670 346 22.883 8034.297 349 145.210 3 48.403 3.771 4441.444 346 12.837 4586.654 349 115.868 3 38.623 5.225 2557.721 346 7.392 2673.589 349 636.456 3 212.152 4.263 17220.473 346 49.770 3>14>1 17856.929 349 <.05 3>1 3>1 106
4.263<.05 3.771<.05 5.225<.05 107
叁 139 2.64 0.56 1.991 170 2.53 0.51 139 2.74 0.44-2.186 170 2.84 0.47 139 3.12 0.45-4.383 170 3.32 0.46 139 2.81 0.28-1.449 170 2.85 0.30 <.05 1.991<.05-2.186<.05-4.383<.05 108
109
.197.039.039 12.375.166.257.066.027 8.909.251.320.102.036 12.319.207.338.114.012 4.201 -.111 110
.191.036.036 11.586.251.235.055.019 6.158.170.267.071.016 5.207 -.127 111
.152.023.023 7.289 4.978.136.197.126.039.016 112
.303.092.092 31.144.256.377.142.050 17.927.215.399.159.017 6.116.154.425.181.022 8.085.152 113
.908.041.016.636.850.013.035.591.745 -.021 -.024.480.776 -.055.063.517.653.013 -.102.405.909 -.001.006.612 p <.01.612 114
.909 115
χ 1 η 1.952 χ 1 η 1 90.5.905 η 1 33.361 χ 1 30.205 χ 1 χ 2 η 1 η 2.955 -.011 1.000 -.016.895.132.782.016.037 -.443.817.424.683 -.362.015.691.69177.06569.33361.22452.62633.00476.30205.01627.905.072.952.269 p <.001 χ 1 30.205 χ 2 η 2. 269 χ 2 η 2 7.2.072 116
η 2 22.452 χ 2 1.627 χ 2 1.627 χ 1.955 -.011.895.132.955.952 χ 1 η 1 1.000.037.782.016.015 -.016.817.424.683 -.362 χ 2.269 η 2 -.443.691.895.817.782.683 117
η 1.000 1 χ.424 η.691.443 2 2 118
2.50 2.5 2.70 2.63 119
6-10 16 6-10 11-15 16 120
叁 121
122
2.83 2.5 123
124
125
126
127
128
叁 129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
倂 141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
1.4540.9620 23.4406.9621 2.5281.9617 24.2896.9627 3.7177.9608 25.5040.9618 4.7407.9606 26.6362.9612 5.7243.9607 27.6975.9609 6.6751.9610 28.7184.9608 7.4901.9618 29.5865.9614 8.5741.9615 30.8044.9604 9.7180.9608 31.5994.9614 10.3388.9625 32.6905.9610 11.5955.9614 33.7435.9607 12.6642.9611 34.6871.9610 13.4542.9620 35.6319.9612 14.5945.9614 36.6710.9611 15.5441.9616 37.6645.9611 16.6674.9611 38.7026.9609 17.3851.9624 39.7139.9608 18.6296.9613 40.0052.9642 19.7560.9606 41.6319.9612 20.6332.9612 42.6351.9612 21.6731.9610 43.1436.9633 22.7221.9608 44.6314 Cronbach.9612 163
164
1.3885.8670 21.5817.8620 2.3539.8679 22.5604.8633 3.4983.8653 23.3414.8701 4.5130.8643 24.1736.8719 5.4643.8649 25.4762.8646 6.5305.8640 26.3917.8669 7.6414.8617 27.3852.8670 8.6231.8626 28 -.0388.8772 9.4012.8666 29.3000.8726 10.3404.8690 11.3973.8671 12.3668.8676 13.5518.8632 14.5927.8637 15.4188.8662 16.6827.8587 17.6002.8619 18.0942.8762 19.2949.8698 20.5197.8643 Cronbach 165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
塡 175