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1 Linkage between Education and the Labor Market: Analysis of Market Value of Professional Certificates in Taiwan

3 % ,389 46, certification license 2005 Weeden,

4 , ,312 CFP CFP % 59.0% 39.0% 61.0% 56.9% 43.1% 51.4% 48.6% 50%

5 43 50% 70.0% 60.0% 50.0% 40.0% 30.0% 20.0% 10.0% 0.0% 41.0% 39.0% 56.9% 51.4% 59.0% 61.0% 43.1% 48.6% more-474

6 labor market Bloemen, 2005; Carbonaro, 2006; Heil and Robertson, 1991; Hotchkiss and Pitts, 2007; Koeniger, Winfried and Nunziata, 2007; Yakubovich, 2005 segmented labor market dual labor market Borjas, 2006; Dickens and Lang, 1985; Doeringer and Piore, 1971; Neuman and Ziderman, 1986; Sakamoto and Chen, 1991 Berg, 1971; Piore, 1971 Tolbert, 1982; Rosenfeld, 1992 Baron and Bielby, 1980; Hodson and Kaufman, 1982 Sakamoto and Powers Neuman and Ziderman 1986

7 45 internal labor market job ladder 2001a Kerckhoff, 1995 Rosenfeld, 1992 firm internal labor market Althauser and Kalleberg, 1981: 130; Jacobs, 1983; Kalleberg and Buren, p

8 p.106 occupational internal labor market Althauser and Kalleberg, 1981: p p a 2001b

9 a b b 9X9 log-linear model logit model 2005 probit logit model 2001a

10 certification

12 p logistic t 2003 MANOVA 2008

13 51 Taiwan Higher Education Data System , % 36,781 23, Hallinan and Sorensen, 1987 Rosenbaum, 1976 Rowan and Miracle, 1983 Shavit and Blossfeld,

14 a 2001b

15 (1) (2) (3)

16 (4) (5) (6) ITE a, 2001b Hodson and Kaufman, 1982 Jacobs, 1983 Sakamoto and Powers, a, 2001b Mangum, Mayall and Nelson, 1985 McNabb and Psacharopoulos, 1981 Sakamoto and Powers, 1995

17 % 23.5% 11.8% 9% 8.4% 7% 2.8% % 31,012 29,974 *** 7.0% 40,485 29,751 *** 23.5% 28,708 31,059 *** 8.4% 30,398 30,516 p > % 35,506 30,363 *** 9.0% 30,018 30,554 * 11.8% 28,251 30,807 *** *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p < ,012 29,974 1,038

18 ,751 28,708 31,059 35,506 2, (1) β. =.229 β. = %

19 57 (2).01 p <.001 β % (3) 1 (3) β =.209 β =.185 β =.179 β =.155 (3) 26.6% (1) 2.3% 2 () () () B β B β B β *** *** *** *** *** *** * ** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** ** * *** *** *** *** ***

20 () () () B β B β B β *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Constant R Square N 22,458 22,458 22,458 *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001.

21 ,076 36,327 *** 31,341 29,444 36,574 42,083 *** 30,380 29,898 27,771 32,971 *** 31,153 30,382 29,417 34,322 *** 30,584 30,441 32,409 38,742 ** 30,478 30,392 29,322 35,331 *** 30,609 30,455 27,533 31,510 *** 30,826 30,484 *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. *** *** *** *** ** *** p> ,076 31,341 36,327 29,444 6,000 2,000 3, ,083 8,000

22 , (1) β = p <.05 β =.118 p <.001 (2) 12 β (2) β =.155 p <

23 61 p () () B β B β *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** * ** *** *** *** *** *** * *** *** *** ** * *** *** ***

24 () () B β B β *** *** *** *** Constant R Square N 22,458 22,458 *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. N = 22, a 2001b Hodson and Kaufman, 1982 Sakamoto and Powers,

25 (1) β =.134 p <.001 β =.101 p <.05 (2) β =.205 p <.001 β =.205>.138 (3) (3) β =.148 p <.001 (4) β =.167 p <.001 (5) (4) β =.150 p <.001

26 () () () B β B β B β ** *** *** *** *** * *** * ** *** *** * *** * * * Constant R Square N 657 1,168 3,543 (4) (5) (6) (7) B β B β B β B β *** *** ** * *** ** *** *** *** *** ** ** ** *** *** * *** *** *** *** ***

27 65 (4) (5) (6) (7) B β B β B β B β *** *** Constant R Square N 8,340 7, *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. (3) (5) 21.8% 10.9% 16.1% 27.2% (6) (7) β =.145 p < a 363Kerckhoff, 1995 Rosenfeld, 1992 β =.072 p <.001

28 (1) (2) β (3) β =.069 p <.001 β =.109 p <.001 β =.104 (4) β =.184 p <.001 (3) (3)(4) 6 () () () (4) B β B β B β B β *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ** *** *** * ** ** * ** ***

29 67 () () () (4) B β B β B β B β * *** *** * *** *** *** *** *** Constant R Square N 4,798 2,686 5,917 6,451 4 *p <.05. **p <.01. ***p <.001. β

30 ,000 12,000 3,000 word 5

33 a 2001b % certification license qualification p.101

34 % 40% signaling theory signal Bills, 1992; Brown, 2001 Rosenbaum, 1996; Sorensen, 1977; 6

35 73 Thurow, 1975 Feltovich, Harbaugh and To 2002 countersignalling

37 NSC H MY

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41 Althauser, Robert. P. and Kalleberg, Arne, L Firms, occupations, and the structure of labor markets: a conceptual analysis, in Berg, Ivar ed., Sociological Perspectives on Labor Markets (New York: Academic Press), pp. 119~149. Baron, James N. and Bielby, William T Bringing the firms back in: Stratification, segmentation, and the organization of work, American Sociological Review, no. 45, pp. 737~765. Berg, Ivar Education and Jobs (Boston: Beacon Press). Bills, David B The Mutability of Educational Credentials as Hiring Criteria, Work and Occupations, no. 19, pp. 79~95. Bloemen, Hans G Job Search, Search Intensity, and Labor Market Transitions an Empirical Analysis, The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 231~269. Borjas, George J Native Internal Migration and the Labor Market Impact of Immigration, The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 221~258. Brown, David K The Social Sources of Educational Credentialism, Sociology of Education, Extra Issue, pp. 19~34.

42 Carbonaro, William Cross-National Differences in the Skills-Earnings Relationship: The Role of Labor Market Institutions, Social Forces, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 1819~1842. Dickens, William T. and Lang, Kevin A Test of Dual Labor Market Theory, American Economic Review, vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 792~805. Doeringer, P. and Piore, M Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis (New York: M. E. Sharp. Inc). Feltovich, Nick, Harbaugh, Richmond and To, Ted Too Cool for School- Signalling and Countersignalling, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 630~649. Hallinan, Maureen T. and Aage B. Sorensen Ability Grouping and Sex Differences in Mathematics Achievement, Sociology of Education, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 63~72. Heil, Oliver and Robertson, Thomas S Toward a Theory of Competitive Market Signaling: A Research Agenda, Strategic Management Journal, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 403~418. Hodson, Randy and Kaufman, Robert L Economic dualism: A critical review, American Sociological Review, no. 47, pp. 727~739. Hotchkiss, Julie L. and Pitts, M. Melinda The Role of Labor Market Intermittency in Explaining Gender Wage Differentials, The American Economic Review, vol. 97, no. 2, pp. 417~421. Jacobs, J Industrial sector and career mobility reconsidered, American Sociological Review, no. 48, pp. 415~421. Kalleberg, Arne L. and Van Buren, Mark E Is bigger better? Explaining the relationship between organization size and job rewards, American Sociological Review, no. 61, pp. 47~66. Kerckhoff, Alan C Institutional arrangements and stratification processes in industrial societies, Annual Review of Sociology, no. 21, pp. 323~347. Koeniger, Winfried, Leonardi, Marco, and Nunziata, Luca Labor Market

43 81 Institutions and Wage Inequality, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 340~356. Mangum, Donald, Mayall, Donald and Nelson, Kristin The Temporary Help Industry: A Response to the Dual Internal Labor, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 599~611. McNabb, Robert and Psacharopoulos, George Further Evidence of the Relevance of the Dual Labor Market Hypothesis for the U. K., The Journal of Human Resources, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 442~448. Neuman S. and A. Ziderman Testing the Dual Labor Market Hypotheses: Evidence from the Israel Labor Mobility Survey, Journal of Human Resources, no. 21, pp. 230~237. Piore, M. J The Dual Labor Market: Theory and Implications. in D.M. Gordon ed., Problems in Political Economy: An Urban Perspective (Lexington, Mass: D. C. Heath). Rosenbaum, James E Making Inequality: The Hidden Curriculum of High School Tracking (New York: Wiley). Rosenbaum, James E Policy Uses of Research on the High School-to-Work Transition, Sociology of Education, vol. 69, pp. 102~122. Rosenfeld, Rachel A Job Mobility and Career Processes, Annual Review of Sociology, no. 18, pp. 39~61. Rowan, Brian and Andrew W. Miracle Systems of Ability Grouping and the Stratification of Achievement in Elementary Schools, Sociology of Education, no. 56, pp. 133~44. Sakamoto, Arthur and Powers, Daniel A Education and the Dual Labor Market for Japanese Men, American Sociological Review, no. 60, pp. 222~246. Sakamoto, Arthur and Chen, Meichu D Inequality and Attainment in a Dual Labor Market, American Sociological Review, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 295~308. Shavit, Yossi and Hans-Peter Blossfeld Persistent Inequality: Changing

44 Educational Attainment in Thirteen Countries (Colorado: Westview Press, Inc.). Sorensen, Aage B The Structure of Inequality and the Process of Attainment, American Sociological Review, no. 42, pp. 965~978. Thurow, L. C Generating Inequality: Mechanisms of Distribution in the U.S. Economy (NY: Basic Books). Tolbert, C Industrial Segmentation and Men Career Mobility, American Sociological Review, no. 40, pp. 645~665. Weeden, Kim A Why Do Some Occupations Pay More than Others?, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 108, no. 1, pp. 55~101. Yakubovich, Valery Weak Ties, Information, and Influence: How Workers Find Jobs in a Local Russian Labor Market, American Sociological Review, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 408~421.

45 83 Linkage between Education and the Labor Market: Analysis of Market Value of Professional Certificates in Taiwan Abstract Higher education in Taiwan becomes more universal in recent years. College education not only delivers knowledge, but also highly values the accomplishment of professional certificates. The study is to discuss how the professional certificates which college students achieve affect the market value. In addition, the study analyzes the database, which mainly focuses on 1-year duration of after graduation for postsecondary graduates of 94', from Taiwan Higher Education Data System. The first step is to analyze the distribution of graduates' achievement of the six types of professional certificates-national exams, technologists, licenses of securities and futures, the foreign language license, teacher certification and computer licenses. The next step is to discuss the relation between professional certificates and labor market, which is taken to analyze the effect of professional certificates upon salaries in different departments and industries. Generally speaking, the results indicated that the effect of certificate types on market value is not significant. A certificate in an advanced level, however, has greater effects on salaries increase as long as the levels of a certificate are discussed. A lower level certificate, on the other hand, may cause negative effects on salaries increase. Moreover, the study results in a further clarification of the relation between college education and labor market. Keywords: higher education, professional certificates, labor market, salaries

EJCUS1002_04.doc

EJCUS1002_04.doc 第 5 卷第 2 期中国城市研究 ( 电子期刊 ) Vol.5 No.2 2010 年 10 月 E-JOURNAL OF CHINA URBAN STUDIES Oct., 2010 企业行为与灵活性经营策略对劳动力市场分割的影响徐伟 1,2, 杨波,3 2, 陈真真 (1. Department of Geography