语篇中指代词的分布规律与心理机制*

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1 ~ 705 Advances in Psychological Science * B844 1 executive functionef PFCprefrontal cortex inhibitory control [1~3] [4, 5] [6] Cognitive Complexity and Control theory, CCC [7,8] [9] * DBA lihong1@swnu.edu.cn 693

2 Zelazo Zelazo [10] orbitofrontal cortex, OFC hot dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DL-PFC cool decontextualized Cool EF Hot EF [10] A B A not B task Hide-and-Seek Task A B Hunter [11] delayed response A B A B B B [12] Zelazo 3~ Multilocation Search Task A B [13,14] 3 4 A

3 B B A Forced-choice Deductive Card Sorting 10 Zelazo [15] Ramp Causality Task Two-to-two Ramp Task Frye [7] 3~ Handgame Luria [16]

4 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST Grant Berg [17] WCST WCST Flexible Item Selection Task FIST FIST Feldman Drasgow [18] - visual- verbal test Jacques Zelazo [19] FIST WCST WCST

5 ~ Dimensional Change Card Sorting DCCS DCCS Frye [7] DCCS 3~5 8 DCCS DCCS [20] DCCS 3~ Stop-Signal Task Logan1994 [21] inhibitory control X OX O X X O O WCST FIST ( DCCS) Stroop Stroop Test Stroop Color-Word Task Stroop Stroop [22]

6 Stroop StroopDay-Night Stroop Stroop GerstadtHong Diamond [23] Stroop Stroop Stroop 2.5 Tower of Hanoi Tower of London 19 3 n 3 n Klahr Robinson1981 [24] Shallice [25] Luciana Nelson [26] 2.6 Self-Ordered PointingSOP SOPT SOP [27,28] Archibald Kerns [29]

7 False Belief Task Wimmer Perner [30] False belief unexpected location task 3~5 Maxi A B Maxi Maxi Maxi 4 Maxi B Maxi B 4 ToM 3~ Representational Change Task Gopnik Astington [31] 3~5

8 Zelazo Bosevski [32] Zelazo Windows Task RussellMauthnerSharpe Tidswell [33] 3~6 3.2 Delay of Gratification Mischel, Ebbesen Zeiss [34] [35,36] research assistant

9 future-oriented Moore 3.3 Children s Gambling Task Kerr Zelazo [37] Bechara [38] Iowa Gambling Task ~ Object Reversal Overman [39] A B A B reinforcement value extinction 4

10 Zelazo Zelazo [10]

11 [1] Luria A R. Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books, 1966 [2] Carlson S M, Moses L J, Hix H R. The role of inhibitory processes in young children s difficulties with deception and false belief. Child Development, 1998, 69: 672~691 [3] Dempster F N. The rise and fall of the inhibitory mechanism: Toward a unified theory of cognitive development and aging. Developmental Review, 1992, 12: 45~75 [4] Case R. Intellectual development: Birth to adulthood. Orlando, FL: Academic Press, 1985 [5] Roberts R J, Pennington B F. An interactive framework for examining prefrontal cognitive processes. Developmental Neuropsychology, 1996, 12: 105~126 [6] Diamond A. Neuropsychological insights into the meaning of object concept development. In: S Carey, R Gelman (Eds.). The epigenesis of mind: Essays on biology and cognition ~110 [7] Frye D, Zelazo P D, Palfai T. Theory of mind and rule-based reasoning. Cognitive Development, 1991, 10: 483~527 [8] Zelazo P D, Frye D. Cognitive complexity and control: A theory of the development of deliberate reasoning and intentional action. In: M Stamenov (Ed.). Language structure, discourse, and the access to consciousness. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, ~153 [9] Zelazo P D, Carter A, Reznick J S, Frye D. Early Development of Executive Function: A Problem-Solvng Framework.. Review of General Psychology, 1999, 1 (2): 198~226 [10] Zelazo P D, Müller U. Executive function in typical and atypical development. In: Goswami U. Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Cognitive Development. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, ~469 [11] Hunter W S. The delayed reaction in a child. Psychological Review, 1917, 24: 74~87 [12] Zelazo PD, Sommerville JA, Nichols S. Age-related changes in children's use of external representations. Developmental Psychology, 1999, 35: 1059~1071 [13] Marcovitch S. The effect of number of pre-switch trials on 2-year-olds perseveration in a multi-step multi-location search. Unpublished master s thesis,. University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [14] Zelazo P D, Reznick J S, Spinazzola J. Representational flexibility and response control in a multistep Multilocation search task. Developmental Psychology, 1998, 34: 203~214 [15] Zelazo P D, Reznick J S, Pinon D E. Response control and the execution of verbal rules. Developmental Psychology, 1995, 31: 508~517 [16] Hughes C. Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1998, 16: 233~253 [17] Grant D A, Berg E A. A behavioral analysis of degree of reinforcement and ease of shifting to new responses in a Weigl-type card-sorting problem. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1994, 38: 404~411 [18] Feldman M J, Drasgow J. A visual-verbal test for schizophrenia. Psychiatric Quarterly Supplement, 1951, 25: 55~64 [19] Jacques S, Zelazo P D. The Flexible Item Selection Task (FIST): A measure of executive function in preschoolers. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2001, 20: 573~591 [20] Zelazo P D, Frye D, Rapus T. An age-related dissociation between knowing rules and using them. Cognitive Development, 1996, 11:

12 ~63 [21] Logan G D. On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A user s guide to the stop signal paradigm. In: D Dagenbach, T H Carr (Eds.). Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language. San Diego: Academic Press, ~239 [22] Stroop J R. Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1935, 18: 643~662 [23] Gerstadt C L, Hong Y J, Diamond A. The relationship between cognition and action: Performance of children 3 1/2-7 years old on a Stroop-like dayight test. Cognition, 1994, 53: 129~153 [24] Klahr D, Robinson M. Formal assessment of problem solving and planning processes in preschooler children. Cognitive Psychology, 1981, 13: 113~148 [25] Shallice T. Specific impairments of planning. In: D E Broadbent, L Weiskrantz (Eds.). The neuropsychology of cognitive function. London: The Royal Society, ~209 [26] Luciana M, Nelson C A. The functional emergence of prefrontally-guided working memory systems in four- to eight-year-old children. Neuropsychologia, 1998, 36: 273~293 [27] Petrides M, Milner B. Deficits on subject-ordered tasks after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in man. Neuropsychologia, 1982, 20: 249~262 [28] Shimamura A P, Jurica P J. Memory interference effects and aging: Findings from a test of frontal lobe function. Neuropsychology, 1994, 8: 408~412 [29] Archibald S J, Kerns A K. Identification and description of new tests of executive function in children. Child Neuropsychology, 1999, 5: 115~129 [30] Wimmer H, Perner J. Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young children s understanding of deception. Cognition, 1983, 13: 103~128 [31] Gopnik A, Astington JW. Children s understanding of representational change and its relation to the understanding of false belief and the appearance-reality distinction. Child Development, 1988, 59: 26~37 [32] Philip David Zelazo, Janet J Bosevski. Video reminders in a representational change task: Memory for cues but not beliefs or statements. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 2001, 58: 107~129 [33] Russell J, Mauthner N, Sharpe S, Tidswell T. The windows task as a measure of strategic deception in preschoolers and autistic subjects. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 1991, 9: 331~349 [34] Mischel W, Ebbesen E B, Zeiss A M. Cognitive and attentional mechanism in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1972, 21: 204~218 [35] Moore C, Barresi J, Thompson C. The cognitive basis of future-oriented prosocial behavior. Social Development, 1998, 7: 198~218 [36] Thompson C, Barresi J, Moore C. The development of future oriented prudence and altruism in preschoolers. Cognitive Development, 1997, 12: 199~212 [37] Kerr A, Zelazo P D. The development of affective decision-making in preschoolers. Poster presented at the Biennial Conference of the Society for Research in Child Development, Minneapolis, MN [38] Bechara A, Damasio A, Damasio H, Anderson S. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 1994, 50: 7~15 [39] Overman W H, Bachevalier J, Schuhmann E, McDonough-Ryan P. Sexually dimorphic brain-behavior development: A comparative perspective. In: N A Krasnegor, G R Lyon (Eds.). Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., ~357

13 A Review on Research Methods of Executive Function Li Hong, Gao Shan, Wang Naiyi (Key Laboratory of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Southwest China Normal University, Beibei, Chongqing, ) Abstract: Researches about Executive Function (EF) have been based on neuropsychology for a long time. However, recently a lot of researches appeared in the field of developmental psychology, and new research methods appeared constantly. This essay analyzes common methods to research hot EF and cool EF from the view of developmental psychology, includes Search Tasks, Rule Use Tasks, Inhibit Dominant Response Tasks, Conflict tasks, Problem Solving Tasks, Picture Working Memory Tasks, Tasks of Theory of Mind, Delay of Gratification Task, Children s Gambling Task and Object Reversal Task. From these analyses, we find that the concept of EF has gradually extended to contain the whole cognitive processes. The existing theories emphasized one or several aspects of EF, yet there has not been a theory which can sum up all the aspects of EF researched by the above methods. The nature of EF has not been clear to us. Key words: executive function, research methods, inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive complexity.

言语理解中的知觉表征与命题表征*

言语理解中的知觉表征与命题表征* * (,510631) 96 t 1 2 3 1 propositional symbol system [1] [2] [3-5] Barsalou perceptual symbol system [6-8] arbitrary linguistic-like analogue perceptual [7] 1 * 30270477 t-a-b-l-e [ 9, 10 ] [11] Barsalou