572 40,,,, [ 14 ],, [ 15 ], [ 16 ] 1. 2 Kagan, [ 17 ],,, ( ) [ 5, 18 ],, ( ) [ 19 ] 3,,, ( ), [ 4 ] 311, 6 [ 20 ],, 2 4 [ 21 ],, 1. 3,,,, [ 21 ] Belsk

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骅游池
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1 2008, 40 (5) : A cta Psychologica S in ica : 1, ( 1, ) ( 2, ) 81, :, ;,,,,,,,, B ,,, [ 13 ],,, [ 47 ],,, 1. 1 MastenGarmezy, [ 8 ] 2861,,, [ 9 ],,/, [ 10 ],,, [ 11 ], /, [ 12 ], 10% 15% [ 13 ],,, MastenGarmezy, [ 8 ], [ 1 ],,, [ 2 ], [ 3 ],, : :, E2mail: chenhc@ chenhc. com, : ;, E2mail: xiao@hku. hk 571

2 572 40,,,, [ 14 ],, [ 15 ], [ 16 ] 1. 2 Kagan, [ 17 ],,, ( ) [ 5, 18 ],, ( ) [ 19 ] 3,,, ( ), [ 4 ] 311, 6 [ 20 ],, 2 4 [ 21 ],, 1. 3,,,, [ 21 ] Belsky Sameroff ( transactional model) [ 22 ], [ 22, 23 ] ( dynam ic recip rocal effects) [ 22 ], [ 22 ],,,,,, [ 23 ],, [ 22 ],,,, Bell( control system s model) [ 6 ],, :,, [ 6, 7 ] [ 7, 19, 24 ],:,, 7-10 ADHD,, ADHD, [ 24 ], [ 24 ] [ 19 ],,Belsky3 [ 4 ], 24,,

3 5 : : 573 ;,,,, 2 4;,, [ 22 ] Sameroff,,,, ( ),, [ 22 ] Sameroff,, [ 22 ],,,,, / :, ;,,,, 2 120, , 94. 2%95. 8%, , 56( 47. 5% ) , 76. 3% ; ,79. 7% (M o = 2000) 9, 106 ( 12 ) 106, , 86( 20 ) 86, , 81 t,,, 2. 2 ( 23 ),,,,, ; 4, 23,,, Pianta, 26, L ikert, 2. 1 ( ) ( ( ),) ( ), 408 L isrel 8. 70

4 574 40, 4,, ( 9 9 4), : 2 / df = 2102, NNF I = 0. 90, CF I = 0. 91, GF I = 0. 92, RMSEA = ,, Pianta ( ),, 400 L isrel 8. 70,,, , : 2 / df = 1. 92, NNF I = 0. 92, CF I = 0. 93, GF I = 0. 90, RMSEA = , Achenbach (23 ),3,0 ()2 (), [ 25 ] ; 81, 41,,,, ,,,,,,,, , , [ 19, 24 ], ( 1 4 ), ( 58 ) Amos , 8, (, ) 18,, CF I,, RMSEA, RMSEA 0. 08, 1, : T1 T2 (= , p < 0. 05), T1 T2(= 0. 23, p < 0. 05) 2,,T1 T2 (= 0. 26, p < 0105) 3, : T1 T2 (= , p < 0. 05), T2 T3 (= , p < 0105)T3(= 0. 21, p < 0. 05) 4, : T1 T2(= , p < 0. 05)T2

5 5 : : 575

6 576 40

7 5 : : 577

8 (= 0. 28, p < 0. 01), T2 T3(= , p < 0. 05) T3(= 0. 20, p < 0. 05) 5, 6,,T1 T2 (= 0. 21, p < 0. 05) 7, : T1 T2 (= 0116, p < 0. 1), T1T2 (= 0. 19, p < 0. 05) 8, : T1 T2 (= 0. 16, p < 0. 1), T1 T2(= 0. 17, p < 0. 05)T2 (= 0. 23, p < 0. 01), 8 T1 T3,, T1T2 T3, T1,T1T3,T1, T1T3 (= 0. 23, p < 0. 05) ;T1 T3, 18,,, (s = , ps < 0. 01), 4,, ;, ;, 4. 1,, [ 8 ],,,, ;,,, ;,, [ 3, 9, 10 ] [ 11, 12 ] [ 13 ],,, [ 26 ] ;,,, [ 26 ],, ( ),,( ), [ 9, 16 ],, [ 1, 3, 13 ],,,, [ 27 ],

9 5 : : 579, 4. 2, [ 6, 7, 22, 23 ],,, [ 24 ] [ 19 ], [ 28 ] ;, 24 [ 21 ] [ 5 ],,, [ 23 ],,, [ 27 ],,, 4. 3, ,, [ 24 ] [ 19 ], [ 4 ],,, [ 22 ],,,,,,,,,,, : T1 T2, T2 T3 ( [ 21 ] Johnston [ 24 ] ) ,, :,,,, ;, : () (),,,, , [ 22 ],,

10 580 40,, ( deviation amp lif2 ying) [ 22 ], :, ;,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, [ 22, 23 ],, [ 22, 23 ],,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,,T1 T2 T3, [ 22, 23 ],,,,,, 4. 4,,,,,,, (method effect),,,q,,,,,,,,, 5 (1) (s = , ps < 0. 01) ; (2)

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12 A L ong itud ina l Study of Paren t - Ch ild Rela tion sh ips and Problem Behav iors in Early Ch ildhood: Tran sactiona l M odels, 2, 2, 2, ( 1 D epartm ent of Psychology, The U niversity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China) ( 2 School of Psychology, B eijing N orm al U niversity, B eijing , China) Abstract The relation between parent - child relationship s and children s p roblem behaviors is comp lex, with some evidence supporting the influences of parent - child relationship s on p roblem behaviors, and other evidence supporting p roblem behaviors as an influence on parent - child relationship s. W hile decades of research exam ined single - directional influences, transactional model, which emphasizes recip rocal influences between children and their surrounding environment, has gradually dom inated developmental p sychopathology in recent years. However, most transactional analyses of the relations between parent - child relationship s and children s p roblem behaviors have p redom inately focused on m iddle childhood and adolescence, and little attention has been devoted to early childhood. The aim of the p resent research was to exam ine the transactional models of parent - child relationship s and children s p roblem behaviors in their early childhood. Based on a two - year and three - wave longitudinal study on a samp le of 81 p reschoolers and their parents, p resent research exam ined the relations of children s relationship s with fathers and mothers to their p roblem behaviors by using Parent - Child Relationship Scale and Child Behavior Checklist/23. investigate the transactional models of parent - child relationship s and p roblem behaviors. the Structural equation modeling was app lied to The results showed a moderate continuity of mother - child relationship s, father - child relationship s, and child withdrawal, anxiety, aggression, and delinquency behaviors across the three waves, s = , ps < recip rocal relations between mother - child relationship s and children s w ithdrawal and aggression behaviors, and between father - child relationship s and childrens aggression and delinquency behaviors were all supported. Structural equation modeling indicated the model fit indexes showed a good fit. The Specifically, on the one hand, mother - child closeness negatively p redicted children s later w ithdrawal and aggression, and father - child conflict positively p redicted children s later aggression and delinquency; on the other hand, children s closeness w ith their mothers were negatively p redicted by their p rior aggression and delinquency, their conflict w ith mothers positively p redicted by their p rior w ithdrawal, their conflict w ith mothers as well as w ith fathers positively p redicted by their p rior anxiety, aggression and delinquency, and their closeness w ith fathers also positively p redicted by their p rior delinquency. These findings highlight the importance of exam ining the transactional p rocesses underlying the development of children s p roblem behaviors, and expand the existing research on developmental p sychopathology by underlying the transactional models of children s p roblem behaviors and their relationship s w ith parents in early childhood. Key wordstransactionalmodel, father - child relationship, mother - child relationship, p roblem behaviors, early childhood.

度身體活動量 ; 芬蘭幼兒呈現中度身體活動量之比例高於臺灣幼兒 (5) 幼兒在投入度方面亦達顯著差異 (χ²=185.35, p <.001), 芬蘭與臺灣幼兒多半表現出中度投入與高度

度身體活動量 ; 芬蘭幼兒呈現中度身體活動量之比例高於臺灣幼兒 (5) 幼兒在投入度方面亦達顯著差異 (χ²=185.35, p <.001), 芬蘭與臺灣幼兒多半表現出中度投入與高度臺灣與芬蘭幼兒園室內自由遊戲內涵之探討林昭溶毛萬儀經國管理暨健康學院幼兒保育系副教授 joyce@ems.cku.edu.tw 吳敏而國家教育研究院研究員 rozwu@mail.naer.edu.tw wanyi@ems.cku.edu.tw 摘要自由遊戲被視為是幼兒的