Microsoft Word - 8杜彧胡清芬jz10-436_new_.doc

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Microsoft Word - 8杜彧胡清芬jz10-436_new_.doc"

日匡
7 years ago
Views:

1 2011, Vol. 19, No. 7, Advances in Psychological Science DOI: /SP.J 婴儿关于物体支撑的直觉性物理知识彧 1 2 ( 1 ; 2, ) 支撑问题是儿童朴素物理理论知识结构中的重要部分, 是指关于一个物体放在固体平面上是否稳定以及如何才能稳定的问题支撑问题目前有两种主要实验方法此领域中的主要实验研究使用这两种方法, 探索了婴儿获得与支撑相关的直觉性物理知识的发展过程及先建立核心性的初始概念, 再以此为基础增加各类变量的规律目前研究中存在范式单一缺乏各类研究相互印证的问题, 有待未来的研究进一步发展物体支撑 ; 直觉性物理知识 ; 朴素理论 B844 1 直觉性物理知识与物体支撑问题,,,, 1, (Piaget, 1954),, 30,, (Wellman & Gelman, 1992) (intuitive physical knowledge) : :, cara1235@sina.com,,, (Krist, 2010) 1) ( ) ; 2) (Baillargeon, 2002),, (Spelke, Breinlinger, Macomber, & Jacobson, 1992a; Spelke, 1994),, (Spelke et al., 1992a; Baillargeon, Li, NG, & Yuan, 2009),, 1003

概念, 再以此为基础增加各类变量的规律目前研究中存在范式单一缺乏各类研究相互印证的问题, 有待未来的研究进一步发展物体支撑 ; 直觉性物理知识 ; 朴素理论 B844 1 直觉性物理知识与物体支撑问题,,,, 1, (Piaget,

2 (occlusion)(support)(collision), Baillargeon,, (initial concept),,, (Baillargeon, 2002) Baillargeon,,, (Baillargeon, 1994) 2 有关婴儿理解物体支撑的研究方法,,, ( ) (Piaget, 1954),,,, () (),,, (looking-time), (Spelke et al., 1992a), (violation-of-expectation, VOE, ),,, (), ( ), (),,,,, VOE, VOE Schilling (2000) Baillargeon (1987), Spelke, 1), 2), ( )(Spelke, 1985) VOE (Hepos & Baillargeon, 2008),, (

3 7 彧 : 1005 ),,, ( ),,,, (, ) (Krist, 2010),,,, 3~4,, ( ),,,, VOE, 3 婴儿理解物体支撑的过程, (Needham & Baillargeon, 1993a; Baillargeon, Needham, & DeVos, 1992), (Baillargeon, Kotovsky, & Needham, 1995) 3.1 理解支撑的前提重力和固体不可穿越规则, (gravity)(solidity) (Spelke et al., 1992a),, 1992, Spelke 4 VOE, (Spelke et al., 1992a),, 2~4 (Hofsten, 1980; Prechtl, 1989) Spelke,, 4~6, (Spelke, Simmons, Breinlinger, Jacobson, Keller, & Macomer, 1992b),,,, Baillargeon VOE, 4 3, (Baillargeon, 1987) 3 4,, VOE, Hood (1995), 2~4,, 3~4, Hood (1995),,,,,,

1 理解支撑的前提重力和固体不可穿越规则, (gravity)(solidity) (Spelke et al., 1992a),, 1992, Spelke 4 VOE, (Spelke et al.

4 ,, 3 4, 3.2 支撑规则的获得 Baillargeon,,,,,,, ( A ), ( A B )(Baillargeon, 1994),,,,,, (), (1) 物体需与平面接触才能保持稳定 (all-ornothing), Needham Baillargeon (1993a) VOE 4.5 ( Baillargeon et al., 1995) 1,,, Needham Baillargeon (1993b), 3, ( Baillargeon et al., 1995) 1 Needham Baillargeon (1993a, 1), 3,, (Needham & Baillargeon, 1993a), (2) 物体需与水平的支撑面接触才能保持稳定,, (type of contact), Baillargeon, (Baillargeon et al., 1995) Baillargeon VOE, 4.5, 5.5 ( Baillargeon et al., 1995) 2008, Hepos Baillargeon, 2 (retrievable),

Baillargeon (1993a) VOE 4.5 ( Baillargeon et al., 1995) 1,,, Needham Baillargeon (1993b), 3, ( Baillargeon et al.

5 7 彧 : 1007,, 5.5, 6.5, ( Baillargeon et al., 1995) Hepos Baillargeon(2008) Hepos Baillargeon (2008)( ), (3) 支撑接触面积比例影响物体的稳定性,, Baillargeon (Baillargeon et al., 1995), 50%, Baillargeon Hanko-Summers (1990) VOE, 3, 8, 50%, (adequate support), (inadequate support) 8 Baillargeon (1992) , 100% () 70% () 15% ( ), %, Baillargeon Hanko-Summers (1990, b) (4) 物体重心位置的影响,, 1) ; 2),, 50%,, T, 50,, Dan, Omori Tomiyasu (2000) T , 10, T, Huettel Needham (2000), 8,,

, 1995), 50%, Baillargeon Hanko-Summers (1990) VOE, 3, 8, 50%, (adequate support), (inadequate support) 8 Baillargeon (1992) 5.

6 ,,, 4 Dan, Omori Tomiyasu (2000, 1), T,,, Baillargeon Hanko-Summers (1990), ( 5),, 8, 5 Baillargeon Hanko-Summers (1990, c) Baillargeon L, 1992 (Baillargeon et al., 1992),, 12.5,, 13, (Baillargeon et al., 1992; Baillargeon, 2002) Baillargeon, 3.3 支撑规则的进一步发展 1,,, (1) 多个物体的支撑关系 Keil (1979) 18 24,, (support alone), (balance plus support), 6, 18, 24 Keil Baillargeon, (Baillargeon & Hanko-Summers, 1990) (2) 幼儿研究中出现的相反结果 Krist (2010) 3~6,, (, ) Baillargeon,, 3~4,,, 3~6, 5~6 3

3 支撑规则的进一步发展 1,,, (1) 多个物体的支撑关系 Keil (1979) 18 24,, (support alone), (balance plus support), 6, 18, 24 Keil

7 7 彧 : Keil (1979),, Krist,, (12.5, Baillargeon et al., 1992), 4 有关物体支撑研究的总结与展望, 30,,,,, VOE, VOE (Hepos & Baillargeon, 2008),,, Krist, 3 (Krist, 2010),,,,,,,,,, Baillargeon, R. (1987). Object permanence in 3 1/2-and 4 1/2-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), Baillargeon, R. (1994). How do infants learn about the physical world? Current Directions In Psychological Science, 3(5), Baillargeon, R. (2002). The acquisition of physical

Baillargeon, R. (1987). Object permanence in 3 1/2-and 4 1/2-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 23(5), 655 664.

8 knowledge in infancy: a summary in eight Llessons. In U. Goswami (Ed.), Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development (pp ). Malden: Blackwell Publishing. Baillargeon, R., & Hanko-Summers, S. (1990). Is the top object adequately supported by the bottom object? Young infants understanding of support relations. Cognitive Development, 5, Baillargeon, R., Kotovsky, L., & Needham, A. (1995). The acquisition of physical knowledge in infancy. In D. Sperber, D. Premack & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: a multidisciplinary debate. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Baillargeon, R., Needham, A., & DeVos, J. (1992). The development of young infants intuitions about support. Early Development and Parenting, 1(2), Baillargeon, R., Li, J., NG, W., & Yuan, S. (2009). An account of infants physical reasoning. In A. Woodward & A. Needham (Eds.), Learning and the infant mind. New York: Oxford University Press. Dan, N., Omori, T., & Tomiyasu, Y. (2000). Development of infants intuitions about support relations: sensitivity to stability. Developmental Science, 3(2), Hespos, S. J., & Baillargeon, R. (2008). Young infants actions reveal their developing knowledge of support variables: Converging evidence for violation-of-expectation findings. Cognition, 107, Hofsten, C. Von (1980). Predictive reaching for moving objects by human infants. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 30, Hood, B. M., (1995). Gravity Rrules for 2-to 4-year olds? Cognitive Development, 10, Huettel, S., & Needham, A. (2000). Effects of balance relations between objects on infants object segregation. Developmental Science, 3(4), Keil, F. (1979). The development of the young child s ability to anticipate the outcomes of simple causal events. Child Development, 50(2), Krist, H. (2010). Development of intuitions about support beyond infancy. Developmental Psychology, 46(1), Needham, A., & Baillargeon, R. (1993a). Intuitions about support in 4.5-month-old infants. Cognition, 47, Needham, A., & Baillargeon, R. (1993b). Reasoning about support in 3-month-old infants. ( 未发表转引自 Baillargeon, R., Kotovsky, L., & Needham, A. (1995). The acquisition of physical knowledge in infancy. In D. Sperber, D. Premack & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: a multidisciplinary debate. Oxford: Clarendon Press.) Piaget, (1954). The construction of reality in the child. New York: Basic Books. Prechtl, (1989). The development of postural control in infancy. In C. von Euler, T. Forssberg, & H. Lagercrantz (Eds.), Neurobiology of early infant behavior (pp ). London: Macmillan. ( 转引自 Spelke, E., Breinlinger, K., Macomber, J., & Jacobson, K. (1992a). Origins of knowledge. Psychological Review, 99(4), ) Schilling, T. (2000). Infants looking at possible and impossible screen rotations: The Role of Familiarization. Infancy, 1(4), Spelke, E. (1985). Prenferential-looking methods as tools for the study of cognition in infancy. In G. Gottlieb & N. Krasnegor (Eds.), Measurement of audition and vision in the first year of postnatal life (pp ). Norwood, NJ: Ablex. Spelke, E. (1994). Initial knowledge: six suggestions. Cognition, 50, Spelke, E., Breinlinger, K., Macomber, J., & Jacobson, K. (1992a). Origins of knowledge. Psychological Review, 99(4), Spelke, E., Simmons, A., Breinlinger, K., Jacobson, K., Keller, M., & Macomber, J. (1992b). Development sensitivity to effects of gravity on object motion. ( 未发表转引自 Needham, A., & Baillargeon, R. (1993). Intuitions about support in 4.5-month-old infants. Cognition, 47, ) Wellman, H. M., & Gelman, S. A. (1992). Cognitive development: foundational theories of core domains. Annual Review of Psychology, 43, Infants Intuitive Physical Knowledge of Support DU Yu 1 ; HU Qing-Fen 2 ( 1 School of Psychology; 2 Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing , China) Abstract: Young infants intuitive knowledge about physical support relations between objects enables them to infer whether and when an object resting on a solid platform will remain stable, and constitutes an important part of their naïve physics. Previous experiments have adopted two primary methods, and have focused on how intuitive physical knowledge related to support relations develops, exploring the thesis that various common sense knowledge of physical objects develops around an initial set of core concepts. However more research work is needed since paradigms in the area are unitary and researches fail to provide support or validation to each other. Key words: support; intuitive physical knowledge; naive theory

, Kotovsky, L., & Needham, A. (1995). The acquisition of physical knowledge in infancy. In D. Sperber, D. Premack & A. J. Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: a multidisciplinary debate.

何秋琳张立春视觉学习研究进展视觉注意视觉感知

何秋琳张立春视觉学习研究进展视觉注意视觉感知第卷第期年月开放教育研究何秋琳张立春华南师范大学未来教育研究中心广东广州随着图像化技术和电子媒体的发展视觉学习也逐步发展为学习科学的一个研究分支得到研究人员和教育工作者的广泛关注基于此作者试图对视觉学习