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1 37 2 Vol. 37, No ACTA HYDROBIOLOGICA SINICA Mar., doi: / 孙瑞健张文兵徐玮麦康森 (,,, ) : (13.64±0.18)g ( Pseudosciaena crocea R.), 3 2, (40% 45% 50%) (2 /d 1 /d), 8 : (WGR)(SGR)(FCR) (P<0.05) 40% 45%, 1 /d WGR SGR 2 /d, FCR 2 /d, 45% SGR 40%, 50% (P>0.05) 1 /d, 50% SGR 40% 45%,,, (P<0.05) (HSI) (VSI)(ALT) (AST)(P>0.05) ALT AST (P>0.05), ALT AST (P<0.05) FCR (P<0.05), ALT AST HSI VSI (CF) : ; ; ; ; 中图分类号 : S963 文献标识码 : A 文章编号 : (2013) ,,,, [1, 2],, [3],,, [4],, [5] ;,, [6 10] (Pseudosciaena crocea R.),,,,, [11],,,, 收稿日期 : ; 修订日期 : 基金项目 : ( ) : ( ) 作者简介 : (1986 ),, ; sunruijian11@163.com 通信作者 :, ; wzhang@ouc.edu.cn

05) (HSI) (VSI)(ALT) (AST)(P>0.05) ALT AST (P>0.05), ALT AST (P<0.05) FCR (P<0.

2 Duan, et al. [12], 0.57 g 47%,, 2 /d, 1 /d,, 1 /d, Li, et al. [13], 1 /d, 24% 28% 32% 36% ; 1 /2d, 24%,, (1 /d),,,,, 1 1.1,,, 40% 45% 50% 3, ( 1), 320 µm,,, Tab. 1 Ingredient 表 1 实验饲料配方及营养组成 (% 干物质 ) Formulation and proximate composition of experimental diets (% dry matter) Dietary protein level(% dry matter) Fish meal Soybean meal Beer yeast Fish oil Wheat meal Lecithin Vitamin premix Mineral premix Ethoxyquin Betaine calcium propionate Y 2 O Proximate composition Dry matter Crude protein (DM%) Crude lipid (DM%) : 1 : 65.90%, 7.35%; : 51.04%, 3.03%; : 15.53%, 2.81%; 2 (mg/kg diet),, 25 mg; B 2, 45 mg;, 20 mg; B 12, 0.1 mg; K 3, 10 mg;, 800 mg;, 60 mg;, 200 mg;, 20 mg;, 1.20 mg; A, 32 mg; D, 5 mg; E, 120 mg; C, 2000 mg;, 2000 mg;, g; 3 (mg or g/kg diet),, 2 mg;, 0.8 mg; (1%), 50 mg;, 10 mg;, 80 mg;, 50 mg;, 60 mg;, 1200 mg;, 3000 mg;, 15.55g Note: 1 Fish meal: crude protein 65.90% dry matter, crude lipid 7.35% dry matter; Soy bean: crude protein 51.04% dry matter, crude lipid 3.03% dry matter; Wheat meal: crude protein 15.53% dry matter, crude lipid 2.81% dry matter; 2 Vitamin premix (mg or g/kg diet), thiamin, 25 mg; riboflavin, 45 mg; pyridoxine-hcl, 20 mg; vitamin B 12, 0.1 mg; vitamin K 3, 10 mg; inositol, 800 mg; pantothenic acid, 60 mg; niacin acid, 200mg; folic acid, 20 mg; biotin, 1.20 mg; retinol acetate, 32 mg; cholecalciferol, 5 mg; alpha-tocopherol,120 mg; ascorbic acid, 2000 mg; choline chloride, 2000 mg; microcrystalline cellulose, g; 3 Mineral premix (mg or g/kg diet), NaF, 2 mg; KI, 0.8 mg; CoCl 2 6H 2 O(1%), 50 mg; CuSO 4 5H 2 O, 10 mg; FeSO 4 H 2 O, 80 mg; ZnSO 4 H 2 O, 50 mg; MnSO 4 H 2 O, 60 mg; MgSO 4 7H 2 O, 1200 mg; Ca (H 2 PO 4 ) 2 H 2 O, 3000 mg; zoelite, g

00 59.00 Soybean meal 1 11.00 13.00 15.00 Beer yeast 3.00 3.00 3.00 Fish oil 5.00 4.60 4.20 Wheat meal 1 30.95 21.35 11.75 Lecithin 2.50 2.50 2.50 Vitamin premix 2 2.00 2.00 2.00 Mineral premix 3 2.

3 2 : 283 F(II)-26 (, ) (2.5 mm 3.0 mm), 55 10%,, , 1.1 3, 2 /d(5: 00, 17: 00) 1 /d(5: 00), 3, (3.0 m 3.0 m 3.0 m),, 2, 24h,, 1 m 1 m 1.5 m (13.64±0.18) g, , 29 33, 7 mg/l 1.3 8, 24h, ( ),, 6, ;, ;,, 5 20, AOAC(1993) 105, ( 6.25), ( ), (550 ) 12h (AST) (ALT), 1.4 (Weight gain rate, WGR)(%) = 100 (W t W 0 )/ W 0 (Special growth rate, SGR)(%/d)= 100 (LnW t LnW 0 )/ t; (Survival rate, SR)(%)=100 N t / N 0 (Feed conversion ratio, FCR)(%)= 100 (W t W 0 )/ D d (Hepatosomatic index, HSI)(%)=100 W L / W t (Viscerosomatic index, VSI)(%)= 100 W V / W t (Condition factor, CF)(%)= 100 W t / L 3, W t W 0, W L, W V, ; t ; N 0 N t ; D d (g); L (cm) SPSS17.0 (Two-way ANOVA), (P<0.05), Tukey ;,, Tukey , 8, (90.00% 94.00% ) (P>0.05), (WGR)(SGR) (FCR)(P<0.05); WGR SGR FCR (P<0.05) 1, 40% 45%, 2 /d SGR 1 /d (P<0.05), 50%, 2 /d SGR 1 /d (P>0.05), 2 /d FCR 1 /d (P<0.05) 2 /d,, SGR, 45% SGR 40%(P<0.05), 50% (P>0.05) 1 /d, SGR (P<0.05), 50%, 40% 45% (P<0.05) 2 /d, FCR (P> 0.05), 1 /d, 50% FCR 40% (P<0.05), 45% (P>0.05) 2.2 3,

4 (Weight gain rate, WGR)(%) = 100 (W t W 0 )/ W 0 (Special growth rate, SGR)(%/d)= 100 (LnW t LnW 0 )/ t; (Survival rate, SR)(%)=100 N t / N 0 (Feed conversion ratio, FCR)(%)= 100 (W t W 0 )/ D d

4 表 2 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼增重率特定生长率饲料转化率和存活率的影响 Tab. 2 Weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and survival of juvenile large yellow croakers fed with the experimental diets with different dietary protein levels and feeding frequencies Protein level (%) Feeding frequency (meal/d) WGR (%) SGR (%/d) FCR (%) SR (%) P Feeding frequency Protein level Interactions (P>0.05) (P<0.05), (P>0.05) 2 /d 1 /d (P< 0.05) (P<0.05) 2 /d 1 /d,, 1 (SGR) (FCR) Fig. 1 Effects of dietary protein level and feeding frequency on the specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of juvenile large yellow croaker, (P<0.05), 2 /d, 1 /d, * For each feeding frequency, values denoted with different letters are significantly different. Uppercase or lowercase letters correspond to 1 meal/d or 2 meals/d, respectively. Within each protein level, the significant differences between 2 meals/d and 1 meal/d values are marked with an asterisk, 50% 40% (P<0.05), 45%(P>0.05), (P>0.05),, 50% 40% (P<0.05), 45% (P>0.05) 2.3 4, (CF) (P<0.05), (HSI) (VSI)(P>0.05) CF HSI VSI (P>0.05) CF HSI VSI (P>0.05) 2.4 5, (ALT)(AST) (P>0.05), ALT AST (P<0.05), 2 /d, 50% ALT AST 40% (P<0.05), 45% ALT 40% (P<0.05), 45% AST 40% (P>0.05) 1 /d,, ALT AST (P<0.05),

and feeding frequencies Protein level (%) Feeding frequency (meal/d) WGR (%) SGR (%/d) FCR (%) SR (%) 40 2 213.25 2.05 81.07 90.00 45 2 240.69 2.20 88.95 92.67 50 2 215.56 2.06 84.31 92.67 40 1 136.

5 2 : 285 表 3 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼体成分的影响 Tab. 3 Body composition of juvenile large yellow croakers fed with the experimental diets with different dietary protein levels and feeding frequencies Protein level (%) Feeding frequency (meal/d) Moisture (%) Crude protein (%) Crude lipid (%) Ash (%) a a 7.42 c ab abc 7.06 bc ab bc 6.55 ab ab a 7.60 c ab abc 6.18 ab b c 5.69 a 3.50 P Feeding frequency Protein level Interactions : 3 (P<0.05); Note: Data are the means of triplicate. Values with different superscripts have significant differences (P<0.05); the same bellow 表 4 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼肝脏指数 (HSI) 内脏指数 (VSI) 和肥满度 (CF) 的影响 Tab. 4 Hepatosomatic (HSI), viscerosomatic (VSI) index and condition factor (CF) of juvenile large yellow croakes fed with the experimental diets with different dietary protein levels and feeding frequencies Protein level (%) Feeding frequency (meal/d) HSI (%) VSI (%) CF (%) ab b ab ab a ab P Feeding frequency Protein level Interactions 表 5 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼血清肝脏中谷丙转氨酶 (ALT) 和谷草转氨酶 (AST) 活力的影响 Tab. 5 Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum and liver of juvenile large yellow croakers fed with the experimental diets with different dietary protein levels and feeding frequencies Protein level (%) Feeding frequency (meal/d) Serum AST (U/mL) Serum ALT (U/mL) Liver AST (U/mg pro) Liver ALT (U/mg pro) a ab ab c bc c a a bc bc c c P Feeding frequency Protein level Interactions

Moisture (%) Crude protein (%) Crude lipid (%) Ash (%) 40 2 73.14 a 15.50 a 7.42 c 3.42 45 2 74.22 ab 16.00 abc 7.06 bc 3.33 50 2 74.45 ab 16.31 bc 6.55 ab 3.37 40 1 73.95 ab 15.36 a 7.60 c 3.

6 % ALT AST 40% (P<0.05) ALT AST, ALT AST (P>0.05) 3 [14, 15],,,, 50%, 2 /d 1 /d, 1 /d (Epinephlus tauvina) [16] (Salmo gairdnerii) [17] (Dicentrarchus labrax) [18],, Liu Liao [19],,,, 2 /d,, 45% 40%, 50%, 2 /d 45%, (50%),,,, [20] 1 /d, 50% 40% 45%, 50% 40%,,, 50%,,,, Li Lovell [21], Li [12],, (Sparus macrocephalus) [22] (Salvelinus alpinus) [22] (Salmo trutta) [24], ( ),, [25],,,,, [26],,, [27 29],,,,,, [30, 31] [25], [32],,,, (Sparus aurata) [9] (Puntius gonionotus) [28],,,,,, (Puntius gonionotus) [28] ; 2 /d 1 /d Barakat, et al. [33],,,, ALT AST,,,, ALT AST [34, 35] AST ALT

45% 40%, 50%, 2 /d 45%, (50%),,,, [20] 1 /d, 50% 40% 45%, 50% 40%,,, 50%,,,, Li Lovell [21], Li [12],, (Sparus macrocephalus) [22] (Salvelinus

7 2 : 287, ALT AST, / [36],, [37],, ALT AST,, 50% ALT AST 40%,,, Melo [38] Ballantyne, et al. [39],, 2 /d, 45% ; 1 /d, 50%, 1 /d,,,, ( 8 ) 50% : [1] Kubitza F, Lovshin L L. Formulated diets, feeding strategies, and cannibalism control during intensive culture of juvenile carnivorous fishes [J]. Reviews in Fisheries Science, 1999, 7 (1): 1 22 [2] Wang W, Zhou X X, Ma X Z, et al. Effect of feeding frequency on the growth and protease activities of Pelteobagrus vachelli [J]. Journal of Shanghai Fisheries University, 2007, 16(3): [,,,.., 2007, 16(3) : ] [3] Jobling M Effect of feeding frequency on food intake and growth of Arctic eharr. Salvelinus alpinus L. [J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 1983, (23): [4] NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Fishes [M]. National Academic Press, Washington, DC. 1993, [5] Lee S M, Park C S, Bang I C. Dietary protein requirement of young Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus fed isocaloric diets [J]. Fisheries Science, 2002, 68(1): [6] Catacutan M R, Coloso R M. Effect of dietary protein to energy ratios on growth, survival, and body composition of juvenile Asian seabass, Lates calcarifer [J]. Aquaculture, 1995, 131(1 2): [7] Tibbetts S M, Lall S P, Anderson D M. Dietary protein requirement of juvenile American eel (Anguilla rostrata) fed practical diets [J]. Aquaculture, 2000, 186(1 2): [8] Cho C Y, Cowey C B, Watanabe T. Methodological approaches to research and development [J]. Finfish Nutrition in Asia, 1985, [9] Santinha P J M, Gomes E F S, Coimbra J O. Effects of protein level of the diet on digestibility and growth of gilthead sea bream, Sparus auratus L. [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1996, 2(2): [10] Kim K W, Wang X J, Bai S C. Optimum dietary protein level for maximum growth of juvenile olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (Temminck et Schlegel) [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2002, 33(9): [11] Yu H R, Mai K S, Ma H M, et al. Evaluation of microdiets versus frozen copepods on growth, survival and selected chemical composition of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea larvae [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2012, 36(1): [,,,.., 2012, 36(1): 49 56] [12] Duan Q, Mai K, Zhong H. Studies on the nutrition of the large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea R. I. Growth response to graded levels of dietary protein and lipid [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2001, 32(suppl, 1): [13] Li M H. Effects of dietary protein concentration and feeding regimen on channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus [J]. Production Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2006, 37(4): [14] Jobling M. Some observations on the effects of feeding frequency on the food intake and growth of plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. [J]. Journal of Fish Biology, 1982, 20(4): [15] Sveier H, Lied E. The effect of feeding regime on growth, feed utilisation and weight dispersion in large Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reared in seawater [J]. Aquaculture, 1998, 165(3 4): [16] Chua T E, Teng S K. Effects of feeding frequency on the growth of young Estuary grouper, Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal), cultured in floating net-cages [J]. Aquaculture, 1978, 14(1): [17] Grayton B D, Beamish F W H. Effects of feeding frequency on food intake, growth and body composition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) [J]. Aquaculture, 1977, 11(2): [18] Tsevis N, Klaoudatos S. Food conversion budget in sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, fingerlings under two different feeding frequency patterns [J]. Aquaculture, 1992, 101(3 4): [19] Liu F G, Liao C I. Effect of feeding regimen on the food consumption, growth and body composition in hybrid striped

Reviews in Fisheries Science, 1999, 7 (1): 1 22 [2] Wang W, Zhou X X, Ma X Z, et al. Effect of feeding frequency on the growth and protease activities of Pelteobagrus vachelli [J].

8 bass Morone saxitilis M. chrysops [J]. Fisheries Science, 1999, 64(4): [20] Parazo M M. Effects of dietary protein and energy level on growth, protein utilization and carcass composition of rabbitfish, Siganus guttatus [J]. Aquaculture, 1990, 86(1): [21] Li M, R T Lovell. Growth, feed efficiency and body composition of second- and third-year channel catfish fed various concentrations of dietary protein to satiety in production ponds [J]. Aquaculture, 1992, 103(2): [22] Lou B, Mao G M, Luo J A, et al. Effects of feeding frequency on growth and body biochemical composition of Sparus macrocephalus [J]. Marine Fisheries Research, 2006, 27(6): [,,,.., 2006, 27(6): 19 24] [23] Jobling M, Miglavs I. The size of lipid depots a factor contributing to the control of food intake in Arctic charr, Salvelinus alpinus [J]? Journal of Fish Biology, 1993, 43(3): [24] Pirhonen J, Forsman L. Effect of prolonged feed restriction on size variation, feed consumption, body composition, growth and smolting of brown trout, Salmo trutta [J]. Aquaculture, 1998, 162(3 4): [25] Shearer K D. Factors affecting the proximate composition of cultured fishes with emphasis on salmonids [J]. Aquaculture, 1994, 119(1): [26] Cho S H, Lim Y S, Lee J H, et al. Effects of feeding rate and feeding frequency on survival, growth, and body composition of Ayu post-larvae Plecoglossus altivelis [J]. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 2003, 34(1): [27] Martinez Palaclos C A, Harfush-Melendez M, Chavez- Sanchez C, et al. The optimum dietary protein level for the Mexican cichlid Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Günther): a comparison of estimates derived from experiments using fixed-rate feeding and satiation feeding [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 1996, 2(1): [28] Mohanta N K, Mohanty S N, Jena J K, et al. Protein requirement of silver barb, Puntius gonionotus fingerlings [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2008, 14(2): [29] Shiau S Y, Huang S L. Optimal dietary protein level for hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus O. aureus) reared in seawater [J]. Aquaculture, 1989, 81(2): [30] Winfree R A, Stickney R R. Effects of dietary protein and energy on growth, feed conversion efficiency and body composition of Tilapia aurea [J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 1981, 111(6): [31] Shi Y, Leng X J, Li X Q, et al. Effect of dietary protein levels on growth performance, whole body composition and intestinal digestive enzyme activities of Cichlasoma SP. Juvenile [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2009, 33(5): [,,,.., 2009, 33(5): ] [32] Peres H, Oliva-Teles A. Effect of dietary lipid level on growth performance and feed utilization by European seabass juveniles Dicentrarchus labrax [J]. Aquaculture, 1999, 179(1 4): [33] Barakat A, Roumieh R, Abdel M N E. Feed regimen affects growth, condition index, proximate analysis and myocyte ultrastructure of juvenile spinefoot rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus [J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2011, 17(3): [34] Barcellos L J G, Kreutz L C, de Souza C, et al. Hematological changes in jundiá (Rhamida quelen Quoy and Gaimard Pimelodidae) after acute and chronic stress caused by usual aquacultural management, with emphasis on immunosuppressive effects [J]. Aquaculture, 2004, 237(1 4): [35] Barton B A, Iwama G K. Physiological changes in fish from stress in aquaculture with emphasis on the response and effects of corticosteroids [J]. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 1991, 10(1): 3 26 [36] Meton I, Mediavilla D, Caseras A, Effect of diet composition and ration size on key enzyme activities of glycolysis gluconeogenesis, the pentose phosphate pathway and amino acid metabolism in liver of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) [J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1999, 82(3): [37] Melo J F B, Lundstedt LM, Metón I. Effects of dietary levels of protein on nitrogenous metabolism of Rhamdia quelen (Teleostei Pimelodidae) [J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology-Part A, 2006, 145(2): [38] Ballantyne J S. Amino acid metabolism [J]. Fish Physiology, 2001, 20: [39] Stone D A, Allan G L, Anderson A J. Carbohydrate utilization by juvenile silver perch, Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell). III. The protein-sparing effect of wheat starch based carbohydrates [J]. Aquaculture Research, 2003, 34(2):

Growth, feed efficiency and body composition of second- and third-year channel catfish fed various concentrations of dietary protein to satiety in production ponds [J].

9 2 : 289 EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL AND FEEDING FREQUENCY ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE, BODY COMPOSITION AND PROTEIN METABOLISM OF JUVENILE LARGE YELLOW CROAKERS, PSEUDOSCIAENA CROCEA R. SUN Rui-Jian, ZHANG Wen-Bing, XU Wei and MAI Kang-Sen (Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao , China) Abstract: An 8-week 3 2 two-factorial experiment was conducted to examine effects of dietary protein level (40%, 45% and 50%) and feeding regimen (twice daily and once daily) on the growth, body composition and protein metabolism of juvenile large yellow croakers [initial average weight of (13.64±0.18) g] cultured in floating net cages. Three isolipidic (crude lipid 12%) practical diets were formulated to provide three dietary protein levels of 40%, 45% and 50%. Feeding frequencies were twice daily (05:00 and 17:00) and once daily (05:00). Three cages (replicates) were randomly allotted to one treatment with combination of dietary protein level and feeding frequency in a complete randomized design. Each cage was stocked with 50 juvenile large yellow croakers. Fish were carefully fed to apparent satiation by the same person during the feeding trial. The temperature ranged from 26.5 to 30.5 C, salinity from 29 to 33, and the dissolved oxygen was approximately 7 mg/l during the experiment period. At the termination of the feeding experiment, the total number and mean body weight of the fish in each cage were measured. Five fish were randomly sampled from each cage for individual proximate composition analysis. Activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum and liver were determined. The results showed that survival rates, ranging from 90.00% to 94.00%, were not significantly affected by feeding frequency or dietary protein level (P >0.05). Compared with fish fed twice daily, fish fed once daily had significantly lower final weight and specific growth rate (SGR), but significantly higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) at 40% and 45% dietary protein level (P<0.05). The specific growth rate of fish fed the diet with 45% protein was significantly higher than that fed 40% dietary protein (P<0.05), but had no significant difference with that in group with 50% dietary protein when the feeding regimen was two times daily (P>0.05). However, for the regimen of once daily, SGR of fish fed the 50% protein diet was significantly higher than those with 40% and 45% dietary protein (P<0.05). Regardless of feeding frequency, higher dietary protein level lead to higher whole body moisture, body protein contents, and significantly lower body lipid contents. Dietary protein level and feeding frequency both had no significant effect on Hepatosomatic index (HSI), Viscerosomatic index (VSI), activities of ALT and AST of serum (P>0.05). Higher activity of liver ALT and AST were observed in higher dietary protein level at each feeding frequency. Feeding frequency had no significant effect on liver ALT and AST (P>0.05). Regardless of feeding frequency, higher dietary protein level lead to higher liver ALT and AST. Significant interactions between dietary protein level and feeding frequency were found on the growth and FCR of juvenile large yellow croakers (P<0.05), but not on the HSI, VSI, condition factor (CF), body composition and the activity of ALT and AST in serum and liver (P>0.05). This research indicated that 45% of dietary protein level should be used for juvenile large yellow croakers fed two times daily. However, when the feeding regimen was once daily, dietary protein level should be increased to 50% in order to obtain the maximum growth rate. Key words: Large yellow croaker; Protein; Feeding frequency; Growth; Nutrition

University of China, Qingdao 266003, China) Abstract: An 8-week 3 2 two-factorial experiment was conducted to examine effects of dietary protein level (40%, 45% and 50%) and feeding regimen (twice

Microsoft Word - 22 栗志民.doc

Microsoft Word - 22 栗志民.doc 44 6 Vol.44, No.6 2013 11 OCEANOLOGIA ET LIMNOLOGIA SINICA Nov., 2013 (Argopecten irradians concentricus) * 1 1 2 2 (1. 524025; 2. 524022) 2011 10 2012 4 (Argopecten irradians concentricus),,,,,,,, (P