談科學論文的寫作

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "談科學論文的寫作"

耀僖尹
7 years ago
Views:

1 ext

3 Watson Crick 3

4 60% [1] ( ) [2] 4

5 ( ) 浜 5

6 (emotion) (feeling) (delights) (ideas) (facts) (clear) (precise) (concise) (fluid) (familiar) (forthright) [3] Huth Good writing is hard work even for an experienced writer. [4] (learning by doing) [3-10] [11-15] 6

7 (thinking) (doing) (talking) (writing) (original article) (originality) 7

8 (me-too study) 1965 Hill (The Reasons for Writing)? (Why did you start?)? (What did you do?)? (What did you find?)? (What does it mean?)[16] IMRAD (Introduction) (Materials and Methods) (Results) (And) (Discussion) ( ) (text) (Title) (Abstract) (Acknowledgments) (References) (title page) 8

)[16] IMRAD (Introduction) (Materials and Methods) (Results) (And)

9 (Title) ( ) (simple) (short) (informative) ( ) (short or brief communication) (indicative or descriptive title) (informative title) Role of M in X-Induced Disease in Rats M Receptor Blockade Blunts X-Induced Disease in Rats 9

(informative title) Role of M in X-Induced Disease in

10 [6] [17] ( ) A study of, An investigation into, A case report of, Studies on.. [6] (subtitle) [18] (title page) (institutional affiliation) (reprint) ( (running or short title) 10

11 (Abstract) (informative) (descriptive) (Background) (Objective) (Methods) (Designs) (Results) (Conclusion) (Writing abstract is not abstract writing.) (summary) 1976 Warren [19] Arch Surg abstract 11

12 3-10 (index term) The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) List of Index Medicus MeSH MeSH MeSH [20] MEDLINE( ) MeSH (space) (will be discussed) 12

13 (Introduction) (rationale) (justification) ( ) ( ) GFR (glomerular filtration rate) 13

14 (Materials and Methods) (methods) ( ) (the smallest detail) (informed consent) 14

15 (Results) ( ) 0 9 (legends) 15

16 ( ) (footnotes) (primary data) (secondary (derived data) GFR, cardiac output 16

17 ( ) ( ) ( ) The blood pressure of Mr. A was higher than that (the blood pressure) of Mr. B. The blood pressure of Mr. A was higher than Mr. B. The blood pressure was higher in group A than in group B. Fig 1 shows.. Fig 2 shows.. Drug A increased.. Drugs A and B increased.. shows, demonstrates, depicts, illustrates, presents.. increase, augment, elevate, enhance.. (Discussion) 17

The blood pressure was higher in group A than in group B. Fig 1 shows.. Fig 2 shows.

18 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) This seems to suggest.. (idea thought) 18

19 (subheading) Word 97 ( ) ± (. is or are expressed as Mean ± SEM).(shows.) (summarizes.) indicate(s) suggest (s) ( 19

20 ) The sample was weighed and several fractions(were)taken for examination were 3. Fig 1 shows As (is) shown in Fig 1 We believe It is thought 4. (dangling infinitives) To apply this form of treatment, the patient had to be admitted. patient To apply this form of treatment, we had to admit the patient to hospital. In order To., admission to hospital is necessary (dangling participles) (C J Fraser) [11] 20

(dangling infinitives) To apply this form of treatment, the patient had to be admitted.

21 (Acknowledgments) ( ) ( ) [3-15, 21] (Mr.) (Ms.) (References) (citation) (reward system)[22] 21

22 1) 2) 3) 4) (relevant) (specific) (clear) (primary publications) (review articles) Smith P(1832). Cited by Adams BK in :... (in press) (forthcoming) (personal communication) (unpublished observations) 22

23 30 ( Harvard style) (Vancouver style) ( et al.) 1978 (Uniform Requirements for 23

24 Manuscript Submitted to Biomedical Journals) ( ) 1981 (The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) [21] ( ) ( ) (Index Medicus) (List of Journals Indexed in Index Medicus) Endocrinology 24

25 There is no good medical writing, just good rewriting. The difference between a first class manuscript and a second class one comes from the revision. (Authorship) ( 25

26 ) ( ) (et al., et al. etc. ) et al. MEDLINE [3-9, 12-15] 26

27 [15] (group title) (corresponding author) 27

28 (The Institute for Scientific Information, ISI) (Science Citation Index, SCI) (impact factor, ) (rank) (citation of paper) SCI SCI 1997 SCI (J Formos Med Assoc, 28

29 ) SCI [23] SCI SCI SCI SCI SCI ( ) (multidisciplinary journals) (specific 29

30 SCI (draft) IMRAD I (hypothesis) (problem) M 30

31 R A D IMRAD (double-spaced) 31

32 (IMRAD) ( ) (top ) 2B ( ) 32

33 (accept without revision or accept as is) (minor or major revision) ( ) ( ) (print) ( ) 33

34 34

35 (Louis Pasteur) (Chance favors the prepared mind.) 35

36 ; 93 : S Alley M: The Craft of Scientific Writing. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag, 1996, pp Huth EJ: How to Write and Publish Papers in the Medical Sciences. 2 nd ed., Philadelpha: Williams and Wilkins, Day RA: How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper. 4 th ed.,cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Lin YC: Practical approaches to scientific writing. Chin J Physiol (Taipei)1989; 32: O Connor M: Writing Successfully in Science. London: Harper Collins Academic, Council of Biology Editors (CBE): Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers. 6 th ed., Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, Whimster WF: Biomedical Research : How to Plan, Publish and Present it. 36

37 London: Springer-Verlag, AMA Style Manual Committee: American Medical Association Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 9 th ed., Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, (Fraser CJ) rd ed., ; 87: Hill AB: The reason for writing. Br Med J 1965; ii: Roberts WC: The article s title. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56: Stickley GF. The human investigator or how to help the harassed editor. Ann Surg 1966; 164: Warren R. The good abstract. Arch Surg 1976; 111: Lowe HJ, Barnett GO. Understanding and using the medical subject headings (MeSH) vocabulary to perform literature searches. JAMA 1994; 271: International Committee of Medical Journal Editors: Uniform requirements for manuscript submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1997; 37

38 336: Garfield E. The ethics of scientific publication: Authorship attribution and citation amnesia. Current Content 1982; 25:

39 The Art of Medical Writing Wann-Chu Huang Department of Physiology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan The purpose of scientific writing is to convey ideas and facts about scientific work. Scientists understand and criticize each other s work through their articles. Thus, scientific writing should be intelligible to readers at the first reading. Medical articles, as in any other scientific writing, should be written in a clear, lucid and precise way. The format of experimental and observational articles in medical science includes title, abstract, text, acknowledgments and references. The title of article should be informative. A good abstract should concisely state the reasons for the investigation, the methods of study, the main findings and the conclusion. The text is usually divided into sections with the headings Introduction (I), Methods (M), Results (R), and Discussion (D). The I section indicates the aim and rationale for the investigation. The M section should provide sufficient detail that a competent researcher can repeat the investigation or assess the reliability of the methods and therefore the results. The 39

40 R section presents representative rather than repetitive data in a logical order. The D section describes the principles, relationships, generalizations and significance derived from the data, compares the results with previously published work and states the unsettled questions. In addition, authors need to briefly acknowledge the grant-giving bodies or individuals for their financial or intellectual aid, and direct the readers to the most relevant literature in an accepted style. This article introduces all steps that are necessary in medical writing and submission with emphasis on the type of information that should be allocated to each section of a medical article.(tzu Chi Med J 1999; 11:1-14) Key words: medical writing, original article, guidelines, manuscript preparation, paper submission. Address reprint requests and correspondence to: Dr. Wann-Chu Huang, Department of Physiology, Tzu Chi University, 701, Section 3, Chung Tang Road, Hualien, Taiwan 40

提纲 1. 概论 2. 科学论文各部分的写作 3. 科学论文写作经验点滴

提纲 1. 概论 2. 科学论文各部分的写作 3. 科学论文写作经验点滴浅谈英语科技论文写作王璐物理与光电工程学院大连理工大学提纲 1. 概论 2. 科学论文各部分的写作 3. 科学论文写作经验点滴提高英文读写能力的重要性英语是全球性的国际交流媒介 ; 英语是国际科学文化交流的语言, 科技论文有