33 :,,,,, :, ;,, :, (
34 2003 2 720 ) : (2 ) (2 ) (3 ) (2 ) (1 ) (96 ) (31 ) 607, ( ), 696 ( 663 ),,,, 3 (607),,,,,,, (199,, 5340 ),,,,,, 894 10,, 9 13,,,,,
35 (1118 1181),,, (1192 1333),,,, (1333 1573),,,1373,,,,,,, 15 16,,, ( ) ( ) ( ),,,,,
36 2003 2 16,,,,, 1616 ; 16 30 1641,, ; ; ; 16 17,,, 1644 1717, 18,, 18 19,,,
37 19, 1871, =,, :, =, =,, (orient),, ( ),,,,
38 2003 2,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,,,, orient occident,,,,,,,,,,, ;,,,
39,,,,,, (1868 1912), 19,,,,,,, = = = = = =,,,, : westernization, ( ) westernization,,,
40 2003 2,,,, ( ) (, ),, ( ),,, 1886, L1 (riess), 1890,, 1894,,, 1909 8,44,, 1918,,
41, 1930,,,,, 20 30,, 20 30,,, ;, ;,,,, ( ),,,
42 2003 2 20 30,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ) gλυ,,, gλϖ,,, gλω,,,, 60
43,, 10,, 20 80! :,,,,,, 40, 40, gλξ,,,, 19 80 ( ), 50,, 1961, 80,,, ( ),,, ( ),
44 2003 2,,,,, 2002 11 28,, 32 21 : (1) ; (2) ; (3), : (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4), 21 : 11, 150,, 21,,,
45,,,, 21 :,,,?,,,,,,,,,,, 31,,,,,,,,,,,,
46 2003 2,, 41,,,, ;,,,,, 21,,,,,,,,,,
47,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),, ( ),,, ( : )