2001 8 Aug. 2001 3 Studies in Qing History No13 1886 1894 3 [] 1886-1894, : ; ; ( ),, [ ] [] K25619 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2001) 03-0072 - 11 The Impact of Modern Science on Late Qing Intellectuals from1886 to1894 : A Case Study on the Natural Science Section of the Essay Contests of Shanghai Polytechnic Institute The essay contests of Shanghai Polytechnic Institute were models for late Qing intellectuals from 1886 to 1894. The natural sciences section of the essay contests revealed the impact of modern science on the late Qing intellectuals. This arti2 cle analyzes the participants in the contest, the contents of the questions, and the discussion of the similarities and differ2 ences between Chinese traditional science and modern science. The author concludes : 1) modern science influenced a va2 riety of late Qing intellectuals ; 2) these intellectuals had some basic knowledge of modern science ; 3) they had gradually learned the norms of modern science (its subject, research methods, and style of expression). Based on these conclusions, the author argues that their scholarly focus had shifted from traditional Chinese science to modern science.,, ;,, : () [ ] 2000 10 15 [ ] (1967 ),, ; 100871 3 China - Portugal Center for History of Swece, 72
, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 1840-1894, 1876, :,,, 1884,,,, :, ;,,, 1886, 1894, 1889, 1893,,,,,, :,,,, 1898 :,,,,,, 1894 1889,,,,,,, 73
,,,,,,,,, ;, :,, gλϖ,,,,,,,,, 17,,, 17,, 1840, 46, 92 1 33 74, 36 % ; 24, 26 % ; 57, 62 %,,,, 2 : 1) 5, ;, 2), 1887,, 1894, 1886-1894,,, 3) 5 4, 15 11 gλω,, :,,,,,
3 8, : 1) (),,, 1889-1893,, 9 2) 8, 8, 3), 8 :,, 4, 36, : 1) 92 gλξ,, 36, 40 % 2) 36 10, 9, 2, 1, 7,,, :,, 3) 36 3 1 1, 31, 90 % ;, 1876,,, 1890, 4) 36 10, 28 % : 10, ;, 10, (), : 1) : gλψ ;, 0 1090 / ; ; ; ;, 192000 / ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;,, 20000 / ; : ; : 2) : gλζ : : ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 75
76
,,,, gλ :,,,, gλ},, :,,,,,,, gµω,,,,, ;,, ;, ;,,, gλ, : ;,,,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,,,, : gµυ, : (),,,,, gµϖ,,,,,,, gµξ,, :,,, gµψ,,, gµζ, :,,,,,,, gµ{ (),,,, gµ gµ},,,, 77
,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,,, gµ :,,,,,, gνυ,,, : 1886-1894,,,,, 1904,, 10,, : 1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71 5 : 1 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 19 2 7 6 2 3 3 15 1 6 3 4 3 7 1 2 1 2 : 1886-1893 ( ) 77, 1894 ( ) 15, 92 1886-1893 ( ) 74, 78 24 2 13 33 7 8 5 92
79
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: ; :, 385-386 ; :, 56-68 2) 8 3) 18, 46, 92 4 11 1 21 3 31 1 41 1 51 4 61 6 71 1 81 2 91 1 101 1 111 3 121 2 131 2 141 2 151 3 161 1 171 1 181 2 191 1 201 4 211 4 221 5 231 1 241 1 251 7 261 11 271 8 281 2 291 2 301 1 311 1 321 1, 1901,,,, 331 2,, 341 1 351 1 361 2 36 92 : 1), : :, 387-391 ; :, 69-72 2) 1886-1893 ( ) 81
, 1878, 92 :,,, 1985, 1 :,, 3-6 :,, 1996, 287-289 :, ;, :,, 4 (1875 10 ),,, 1992, 731-737 731 :,, 1994, 363, 1886-1894 1890 (), 1890,,, 1898 (),, 1886-1893 ( ) ;,, :, 750 :,, (1898 ), 1 (, ) :, (1898 ) :, (1902 ) :, (1901 ), 3, 8a gλϖ :,,,, 1993, 466-467 gλω :, 7 (1988 ), 2 gλξ :, 391 gλψ, gλζ, gλ{, 3, 12a gλ, 3, 8b gλ}, 3, 8a gλ, 3, 10a - 10b gµυ gµϖ, 3, 10b gµω gµξ, 3, 10b gµψ, 3, 11a gµζ1858 (Alexander Wylie, 1815-1887), 1890,, 1936, gµ{, 3, 11a, gµ, 3, 10a gµ} : () :,, 4 gµ, 12a 3, 11a gνυ, 3, 8a 82