v vi

Transcription

1 CAPO tangqiang

2 v vi i

3 ii

4 iii

5 iv

6 L A TEX CAPO CAPO tangqiang v

7 17 20 vi

8 vii (Niels Bohr) 100

9 (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz) 30 (Hermann von Helmholtz). (Carl Benz) (LC ) 1

10 2 (Maxwell)?? 8

11 3 (Michael Faraday) 30 / ( ) (Guglielmo Marconi) (Aleksandr Popov)

12 ( )

13 5 (Empedocles) (Aphrodite) ( ) (Lucretius) ( al-haytham) (Euclid) (Catoptrica) (Ptolemy) (Johannes Kepler) (W.Snell) 1621 (Pierre de Fermat)

14 6 (Des Cartes) (Francesco Maria Grimaldi) ( )

15 7 (Aether) 17 ********* (Aether)

16 8 ( ) (Ether) (Ethernet)

17 9 (Robert Boyle ) 1663 (Robert Hooke) 1665 (Micrographia) impressive

18 10 ( ) ( ) (Christiaan Huygens) 1665 ( ) 1669 (E.Bartholinus)

19 11 ( ) 1690 (Traite de la Lumiere). ( ) 1704 (Opticks) ( 1695 )

20 12 ********* ( my supposition is that the Attraction always is in a duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocal) ( ) 30 ( ) ( )

21 (Milverton). (Thomas Young)

22 14 ( ). ( ) ( ) / /

23 15 20 (Etienne Louis Malus)

24 16 (J.B.Biot) (Pierre Simon de Laplace) (S.D.Poission) (Augustin Fresnel 31 ) ( ) ( ) (Franois Arago) (Grand Prix) ( ) 19

25 (Foucault ) / (. ) ( )

26 ********* Dominique Franois Jean Arago.

27 19 X γ (Ludwig Boltzmann). (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) Superb

28 ( ) (Rudolph Clausius) (J.D. Van der Waals) (Josiah Willard Gibbs) ( ) ( )

29 ( ) (Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen) X 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) 1897 (Marie Curie).

30 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) 1899 (Ernest Rutherford)

31 (Royal Institution, Albemarle Street). (Sir Humphry Davy) (Lord Kelvin) ( The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two 23

32 24 clouds. )

33 25 (George FitzGerald) (Hendrik Antoon Lorentz) ( 6 ) ( )

34 26 ********* AL Laroisier 1774

35 (J.W.S Rayleigh) (William Ramsay) (Ar) 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) X X X

36 28

37 29 19 ( ) ( ) (Samuel Pierpont Langley) (Gustav Robert Kirchhoff) (Josef Stefan) (Wilhelm Wien) 1887 (Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt PTR)

38 u = bλ 5 e a/λt ( u λ T a b ) (F.Paschen) (PTR) (Otto Richard Lummer) (Ernst Pringsheim) K PTR (Heinrich Rubens) (Ferdinand Kurlbaum) 19 PTR

39 31 ( ) u T (J.H.Jeans) u = 8π(v 2 )kt/c 3 - (Rayleigh-Jeans) v k c u T - λ 0 v ( ) -

40 32 -. Dilemma. 20 (Max Carl Ernst Ludwig Planck) 1858 (Kiel) 1867

41 33 (Philipp von Jolly)

42 34 u T (Heinrich Rubens ) (1894 ) 10 Bingo Moment

43 (Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft) 6. (Letter to R. W. Wood,

44 ) 1900 ********* ( ) (Daniel Bernoulli) (J.R.d Alembert) (Andre Marie Ampere) (Nicolas Carnot) 19 (Friedrich Wohler).

45 (until after some weeks of the most intense work of my life clearness began to dawn upon me, and an unexpected

46 38 view revealed itself in the distance) 200. ( ) A B C /2 29 3/4 29 9/

47 39 1 penny N U n U n

48 40. (die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu finden, dass die N Resonatoren ingesamt Schwingungsenergie Un besitzen, Un nicht als eine unbeschrankt teilbare, sondern al seine ganzen Zahl von endlichen gleichen Teilen aufzufassen) (Energieelement) (Elementarquantum) quantum quantus 1 1/2 1 1/ * * h

49 41. ********* (Parmenides) (Zeno)

50 /10 ( )

51 h 1915 (Hercules)

52

53 (Albert Einstein) (ETH) (Minkowski) 15. (Niels Bohr) (conclusion) In conclusion, I would

54 46 like to mention uranium. (Erwin Schrodinger) Akademisches Gymnasium (Arthur Schnitzler) (Stefanie Zweig) 8 3. (Max Born) ( ). (Louis de Broglie) 8.. (Wolfgang Ernst Pauli) 8 middle name Ernst. (Ernst Mach) 12 (Wurzberg) (Werner Karl Heisenberg). (Enrico Fermi) 20. (Paul Dirac)

55 47

56 48 (The Photoelectric Effect) ( ) ( )

57

58

59 (Mileva Marec) (1903) (Annalen der Physik) (A Heuristic Interpretation of the Radiation and Transformation of Light)

60 ( 1901 ) h E = hv E h v h

61 53 E = hv (energy quanta) (light quanta) 1926 (G.N.Lewis) (photon) (E = hv) ( ) ( ) ( )

62 54 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1/2mv 2 = hv P 1/2mv 2 hv P

63 55 ********* ( )

64 56 annus mirabilis ( 1667 ) E = mc

65 57 (C.Habicht)

66 58 (R.A.Millikan) 1923 (A.H.Compton) X X X X hv E = hv E v over ( X )

67

68 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) J.J. J.J. J.J.

69 61 project. (Ernest Rutherford) J.J J.J α ( ) α 90

70 62 α α (1911) ( ). α

71 *********

72 (Paul Dirac) 1933 ( J.J. ) 31. (James Chadwick) 1935 (Patrick M. S. Blackett) (E.T.S Walton) (John Cockcroft) 1951 (Frederick Soddy) 1921 (Georg von Hevesy) 1943 (Otto Hahn) 1944 (Cecil Frank Powell) 1950 (Hans Bethe) 1967

73 65 (P.L.Kapitsa) 1978 case 10 ( ). (Hans Geiger ). (Henry Mosley ). (Ernest Marsden α )

74 66 h 1913 (Hans Marius Hansen) (Ion) 1954

75 (Johann Balmer) v = R(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Rydberg) n 2 (3 4 5 ) n 2 n

76 68 E = hv ( ) (J.Stark) (J.W.Nicholson) / /3 1/

77 /2 ( ) E = hv. Acknowledgements E = mc 2 E = hv E = mc 2 E h v

78 70 ( ) W 3 ( W 1 ) W 3 W 1 W 3 W 1 = hv v ( ) (On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules) (Systems Containing Only a Single Nucleus) (Systems Containing Several Nuclei) (Philosophical Magazine)

79 ( - ) J.J. W 2 W 1 = hv v v = R(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Pickering line series). ( ) X 71

80 72 ( ) ( ) (A.Sommerfeld) E 1 E 2 E 1

81 73 E 2 E 2 E 1 E 2 E 1 v E 2 E 1 = hv E 2 E 1 E 2 E

82 (3122) (wing)

83 h 1918 *********

84 76 ( ) 99. (William Blake) To see a world in a grain of sand. * And a heaven in a wild flower * Hold infinity in the palm of your hand * And eternity in an hour * ( ) ( ) (Fractal Universe)

85 77 ( )

86 78 1/2 (Lande) (Kramers) 1923

87 (Werner Heisenberg) (Erwin Schrodinger) 13

88 (Georg von Hevesy) (Otto Frisch) (Nevill Mott) (Lev D.Landau) (George Gamov)

89 (Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie) (Prince ) (Viscount) (Baron) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1789) (1848) (Francis II ). (Louis Philippe ) ( Duc Duke).. (Maurice de Broglie) 1960 duc de Broglie Jacques Victor Albert, duc de Broglie (Histoire de l glise et de l empire romain)

90 82 18 (1910). ( ) (Paul Langevin) ( )

91 83 m E = mc 2 E = hv mc 2 = E = hv v = mc 2 /h v 0 c 2 /v 0 c 2 /v 0

92 84 (phase wave) λ = (c 2 /v 0 )/(mc 2 /h) = h/mv (C.J.Davisson) (L.H.Germer)

93 85 (nickel) X X X 1927 G.P. J.J GP JJ ********* JJ

94 86 GP ( 1911 ). (Irene Joliot-Curie) 1935 Henry R.Labouisse 1965 (UNICEF) 1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X (Aage Bohr) (Karl Siegbahn). (Kai Siegbahn)

95 87 (C.T.R.Wilson) Hey

96 88 α 1924 (Kramers) (Slater) ( BSK )

97 (Werner Heisenberg) 1901 (Wurzburg) 9 ( Maximilians Gymnasium ) 1919 (Ferdinand von Lindemann)

98 90 ( ). ********* (If I have seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants) 12 (Bernard of Chartres ) Nos esse quasi nanos gigantium humeris insidientes 1676 ( )

99 91 ( ). Joseph Spence. ( )

100 (Rockefeller) (IEB) IEB (King)

101 93 (Kramers) (Slater) BKS BKS (virtual oscillator) ( ) BKS BKS BKS (torture) BKS

102 94. ( ) BKS

103 95 ( fans ) Matrix Matrix Enigma ( ) Matrix MatLab MM. Matrix

104 96

105 97 E1 E2 = hv A BCD E 2 A B 1 B C 0.5 C D 1 D E 2

106 98 B E = 3.5 D A = 2.5 A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5 ( ) A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5 C D C 1.5 D 2.5

107 99 C D 1 A B C D E A B C D E A A C C A C 1.5 A B B A A B 1 B A 1.5 B A

108 100 CD p q p q p q

109 101 I II I II A B A B I ( I) A 1 2 B 3 1 A B II ( II) A 1 3 B 4 1 I 1 I A A 1 ( ) I 2 I A B 2 B A B A 3 II I II I II

110 102 boys and girls *********

111 =? I I II II I 2 2 II b 4 1 = a c d abcd I II I II I II a a A A a I A II A I II a a I A II A I A B B II B A

112 104 A I A II a I A B I A B 2 2 B II A II = 8 A I II A A 1 1 = 1 a a = = 9 b b I II A B A I A II B 1 ( I ) 3 ( II ) 1 3 = 3 I A B 2 ( I ) B II 1 ( II ) 2 1 = 1 b = = 5 c d c = = 7 d = = =

113 105 II I b = a c d a II I A II I 1 1 II B B I A 3 3 = 9 a = = 10 a = 10 a = 9 a = = 9 a A A II A A ( II ) 1 I A A ( I ) = 1 II A B ( II ) 3 B I B A ( II ) = 9 a = = 10 a = = 9 I II II I

114 106 5 I II = II I = I II II I I II II I I II II I F ma F am 1925 (Helgoland)

115 this is the moment ********* I II II I

116 Arthur Cayley (determinant ) ( ) Cayley. (One, Two, Three...Infinity) ( )

117 109 (Zeitschrift fur Physik), (Pascual Jordan 101 ) (Zur Quantenmechanik) p q p q q p p q q p pq qp = (h/2πi)i h i 1 I

118 II II (Dreimannerarbeit) (Ralph Laer Kronig)

119 111 p q q p (Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac) ( ) geeky

120 (P.L.Kapitsa) (William Alfred Fowler) p q q p *********

121 113.. Ernst Pascual Jordan I II p q q p

122 114 q (q ) q c (c ) xy yx [x, y] c q

123 115 q 3 1/ (Ralph Kronig)

124 (George Eugene Uhlenbeck) (Somul Abraham Goudsmit) (Paul Ehrenfest) 10 Nature /2 1928

125 (Leiden) (Stern)

126 118

127 . (Erwin Schrodinger)

128 (Arosa). (Annemarie Bertel)

129 121 - Ψ h2 8π 2 µ 2 Ψ = (E V )Ψ 20 h E V e 2 /r E sin(x) = 0 x 0 π 2π, nπ sin(x) n E n

130 (Eigenfunction) (Eigenvalue) Mist Mist bullshit crap

131 123.

132 124 ( )

133 125 Ψ( psai) Ψ

134 126 (Utrecht) 9 300

135 127 ********* Matthew Wells (Schrodinger s Girfriend) Fort Mason Center 1926 (2003 ) Michael Frayn 1912 ( ) 4 Walter Moore

136 128. (Hermann Weyl) ( ) (Hilde March) ( ) OL to have and to hold, in sickness and in health, till death parts us 41

137 129 Alpbach Ψ( psai) Ψ

138 130 F a m F = ma F F = ma F Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ

139 131 Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ

140

141 133

142 Ψ Ψ Ψ Ψ

143

144 (Pierre Simon de Laplace)

145 137 air ball (determinism)

146 138 t (Hier erhebt sich der ganze Problematik des Determinismus.)

147 ********* (Sir James Lighthill 1969 )

148 140 (We are all deeply conscious today that the enthusiasm of our forebears for the marvelous achievements of Newtonian mechanics led them to make generalizations in this area of predictability which, indeed, we may have generally tended to believe before 1960, but which we now recognize were false. We collectively wish to apologize for having misled the general educated public by spreading ideas about the determinism of systems satisfying Newton s laws of motion that, after 1960,were to be proved incorrect.) (metaphysics) (metaquantum) Ian Stewart

149 ? ( )

150 Ψ

151 143 Ψ? Ψ

152 144! (Hevesy)

153 (Oskar Klein)... BKS ( )

154

155

156 148 forget him Faelled p q q p p q q p I II I II p q p q

157 p q q p p q q p... p q q p p q p q q p p q p q p q q p t 10 5 / t 10 5 /

158 150 p q > h/2π p q p q h p q p p q q q p p 100% p = 0 q p

159 151 q p q q p p q p q Uncertainty Principle p q p q

160 152 (Gedanken-experiment) X γ γ E = hv

161 p q

162 154 h 2π h p q

163 155 p q E t E t t E E t > h/2π t E t

164 156 t E ( ) ********* 60 ( 0 )

165 157 0 MIT. (Alan Guth) (Inflation) 1998

166 158 λ = h/mv mv p p = h/λ p E t E = hv v

167

168 160 (? )... ( ) - -

169 161 shining

170 162

171 163 (Complementary Principle) Ψ Ψ

172

173 165 H H

174 166

175 167. (Karl Sagan) p q p q

176 168 p q p q p q ********* p q - p q

177 (Occam s Razor) 14 p q 1 p q (150 ) 1.

178 Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber (Spontaneous Localization) Griffiths-Omn s-gellmann-hartle

179 171 (Decoherent Histories, or Consistent Histories) ( ) (being) Ψ x

180 172 λ = h/p λp = h h h 100% 0

181 (collapse) Ψ ( Ψ )

182 174 Ψ ( )

183 175 -

184 (Como) ( ) (Alessandro Volta) (volt) ( ) case 176

185 177 S.N D.M. Nature 8 -

186 178 (Rosenfeld). (Eugene Wigner) ( ) A B B C C D 1924

187 179 ********* ( ) % 27

188 ( ). (Otto Hahn). (Fritz Strassmann) (1914 ) (Bothe 1954 ) ( α ) (Karl von Weizsacker) (Erich Bagge) (Kurt Diebner) (Walther Gerlach) (Karl Wirtz) (Albert Speer)

189 Ernest Solvay ( -photon 1926 ). X

190 182 (pivot wave) ( ) and so on and so on.

191 183 - Ψ II I I II / ( ) 1967

192 184 (ob der liebe Gott w rfelt)

193 185 ( ) ********* ( ) ( )

194 186 (Urfeld) (Farm Hall) (*

195 ) ( ) ( ) 1942

196 ALSOS Nature Kaempffert ALSOS (Schuman)

197 189 (Hydra) t m m E = mc 2 E E t E t > h/2π ( )

198 190 ( ) m m q q T T > h/ mc 2 E = mc 2 T E > h m T m E T

199 191

200 192. (Pandemonium). (Abraham Pais) 1925

201 193 ********* ( )

202 (critical mass)

203 195 Robert Jungk (Brighter Than a Thousand Sunds 1956) 1967 David Irving (The German Atomic Bomb) Irving Margaret Gowing ( ) (Physics and Beyond) 1989

204

205 197 (Boris Podolsky) (Nathan Rosen) (Physics Review) A B

206 198 / 50% A B A B A B A A A B A B t A B A B

207 199 EPR EPR A B EPR

208 EPR EPR ********* ( ) 1976 Jones (Most Secret War:British Scientific Intelligentce) Mark Walker (German National

209 201 Socialism and the Quest for Nubclear Power 1989 ) Walker Hofstra. (David Cassidy) 1993 Thomas Powers (Heisenberg s War) Powers 607 Powers 1992 Farm Hall 1992 Farm Hall Transcript Powers Michael Frayn 1941

210 Michael Frayn Powers

211 Michael Frayn Powers Farm Hall Transcript

212 204 EPR 1935 (Die gegenwartige Situation in der Quantenmechanik) 5 / /

213 205 / / EPR (George Berkeley) ( Esse Est

214 206 Percipi).. (diabolische diabolical Diablo ) /

215 207 /

216 208 Garfield Tom (Tears for Fears) 80 ********* ( ) (Evening Standard) 1941 PBS Thomas Powers Farm Hall Transcript Powers Cassidy Nature (Nature V363) Science (Science V259) Paul Forman ( ) 3/5 Powers 1/5

217 209 1/ Paul Rose Powers (entirely bogus) (fantasy) (scholarly disaster) (elephantine) OK

218 210

219 . (John Von Neumann)

220 212 / B A A B (infinite regression)

221 213 game over (Consciousness) / /

222 214. (Eugene Wigner) ( ) ( )AND( )

223 215 (Remarks on the mind-body question) 1967 (Peter Coveney) (Roger Highfield) (The arrow of time)...

224 216 ********* ( ) ( 1 ) 80 ( ) ( 1939 ) Farm Hall

225 217 ( ) ( ) ( 235 ) 9 BBC 54 ( ) (John B.Watson) (B.F.Skinner)

226 218 ( )

227 219 ( ) (Holism) A B C

228 220 YES (no cloning theorem 1982 Wootters Zurek Dieks ) cut paste copy paste

229 221 VCD LD DVD VCD Matrix Matrix RGB CMY HSI YUV YIQ Huffman 0 1 VCD?. (Alan Turin) 1950

230 222 ( ) ( ) 10

231 223 ( ) ( ) ( ) (Francis Crick) ( )

232 224. (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) (John Wheeler) (delayed choice

233 225 experiment) ( )

234 226 ( ) ( ) 5. (Carroll O Alley) ( ) (The Prticipatory Universe) (anthropic principle)

235 ( 300 ) /

236 228 (self-exciting). (John Bell ). (Henry Stapp) 1993 (Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics) ( ) 2003 ( Dick

237 229 J. Bierman) ********* ( ) 200 ( ) ( )

238 (Paul Rose) 2000 (Jeremy Bernstein) ( 50 ) 1941 ( ) ( Robert Jungk ( ) Jungk

239 231 Cassidy 2000 Physics Today ( ) Cassidy ( ) Klaus Gottstein Rice Duck Texas Sudarshan 10

240 232. (Kurt Gottfried)

241 233 ( ) / nothing to lose / (Many Worlds Interpretation MWI) MWI. (Hugh Everett III Hugh Everett )

242 Aage Peterson ( -Everettism ) (splitting)

243 235 (Parallel Universes)

244 236 MWI. (Bryce S. DeWitt) MWI 100 MWI ( ) 2 2 = 5 ( ) Lambda

245 MWI 1982 MWI MWI ( Tegmark1998) x y (x, y) (1, 2) (4.3, 5.4) x y 2

246 (1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 3, 4) 4 4 n n n n n

247 239 t (q 1, q 2, q 3 ) p p 3 p 1 p 2 p 3 3 t t n 6n 6n ( ) 6n

248 240 > > MWI Ψ > a > +b > a 2 + b 2 = 1 a b 2 1 > + > U ( ) > > a > +b > U > > R R

249 241 MWI R U MWI n n MWI (1, 2)

250 242 x 1 y 2 A B A x B y A x 1 B y 2 A B A B ( ) A B x y x y A B B A (coherent) B A ( 9.1) 2

251 > > ( n ) (decoherence)

252 244 (a > +b >) > > (AND) (a > > +b > >) > > > > > > > ( )

253 10.1 Jabberwocky 245

254 246 MWI R ( ) MWI MWI t R U

255 247 (* MWI (World) (Universe) (Multiverse) David Deutsch ) MWI ( ) MWI MWI ( ) MWI 1969 (Murray Gell-Mann) (consistent history) MWI MWI (Stein) (Kent)

256 248. (Karl Popper) ( )

257 249 ( ) MWI (Dieter Zeh) (Wojciech H Zurek) (decoherence) MWI MWI

258 250 (Desity Matrix) ( 10.1) MWI MWI size ( 1994 ) ( ) alternatives MWI *********

259 251 F = ma ( ) ( )

260 252 ( ) (Carl G Hempel) ( ) 80 Hans Moravec Bruno Marchal 1998 Max Tegmark MWI MWI

261 253 50% 50% ( ) ( ) ( )

262 254 ( ) ( n 1/2 n ) n ( ) n 100% 100% MWI 100%

263 255 Tegmark 0 MWI % (quantum immortality) MWI ( ) Tegmark MWI

264 256 MWI ( ) MWI % Shikhovtsev ( ) (Liz) ( )

265 257 ( ) ( ) (David Deutsch) 20 PC..

266 ENIAC Konrad Zuse 1941 Z3 ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) Collosus PC. (Alan Turing) (The Turing Machine) ( ) 286

267 (bit binary digit ) bits 8 bits 1 byte 1024 bytes 1K 1024K=1M 1024M 1G 1 bit bits 10 2 ( ) 0 1 bit ( )

268 ( ) 0 1 bit (qubit) 10bits 10 bit bits Bennett Benioff (Richard Feynman) 1985.

269 261 (universal machine) ( ) (Boolean Logic Gate) AND OR NOT XOR (Deterministic Turing Machine, DTM) (NDTM) (complexity) 10bits 2 10

270 = ( The Fabric of Reality) 3 ( GNFS) ( n n k ) 18 RSA (Peter Shor)

271 263 ( ) (Lov Grover) n n/2 n DES RSA DES 2001 IBM

272 264 (quantum cryptography) MWI ( ) MWI ( )

273 265 n A B

274 266 A B (path integral) 1927

275 267 (Hidden Variable Theory)

276 ( ) Φ X X Y = + Φ H H H = +

277 269 H Φ H H H H = 7 ABC A B C A B C A B C A 12 B C ] 1 A B C. (David Bohm) ( ) 1952

278 David Mermin ********* ( ) 2000 ( ) 4 ( 4 1 2

279 ) 180 (N. Lobatchevsky) n

280 (quantum potential)

281 273 (Locality) (John Stewart Bell)

282 (AERE) (CERN) 1952

283 EPR EPR 8-4 EPR EPR A B A B A B ( ) ( ) A B A (+) B ( ) A B A + B 100% (A+, B ) (correlation) 100% 1 A B A + B 1 B

284 276 A A + B + (A+, B ) -1 (A+, B+) 1 B A A B A 0 EPR (A+, B ) (A, B+) 1 x A y B x y z 3 8 ( 8 ) x y z A 8 A B 8

285 277 A B A (+, +, ) B (,, +) A B H 1-8 N 1 N 2 N 8 A x A y A z B x B y B z N N N N N N N N 8 A x y z + B 3 N 1 8 N 1 + N N 8 = 1 x (A x +, B x ) x A + B A + B (A x +, B x )

286 278 x A + B + A B (A x +, B x ) 4 A x + B x 4 A x + B x 8 N 1 + N N 8 = 1 (A x +, B x ) 1 (A x +, B x +) 8 N 1 N 2 N 8 = 1 A x + B y + A x + B y + A x + B y + P xy P xy = N 1 N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 N 7 N 8 P xz A x + B z + P xz N 1 + N 2 N 3 + N 4 + N 5 N 6 + N 7 N 8 P zy A z + B y + P zy N 1 + N 2 + N 3 N 4 N 5 + N 6 + N 7 N 8 P xz P zy P xz P zy = 2N 3 + 2N 4 + 2N 5 2N 6 = 2 N 3 + N 4 N 5 N 6

287 279 x y x + y P xz P zy = 2 N 3 + N 4 N 5 N 6 2( N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 ) 2( N 3 +N 4 + N 5 +N 6 ) = 2(N 3 +N 4 +N 5 +N 6 ) N 1 + N N (N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 ) = 1 + ( N 1 N 2 + N 3 + N 4 + N 5 + N 6 N 7 N 8 ) P xy P xz P zy 1 + P xy ( λ )

288 P xz P zy 1 + P xy P xy A x + B y + ( ) A B 280

289 281 EPR a b θ A B EPR A A B B A 1 A B B A A B 100% 100% A B ( ) A B B A B A A B

290 282 A B Bonnie&Clyde ( ) (entanglement) (inseparability) EPR ( ) EPR 1964 (Physics) EPR (On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox) (Brian D. Josephson) (Henry Stapp ) (the most profound discovery in science)

291 283 (Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge 1987) (Reviews of Modern Physics) 1966 EPR...

292 284 ( 1-7) ********* (McCarthyism) (Joseph McCarthy) (Un-American Activities Committee)

293 285 Birkbeck (Edward Teller) ( ) ( ) ( ) (SDI Defence) (2003 )9 95.

294 Clauser EPR EPR + + EPR 80 (Institut d Optique Th orique et

295 287 Appliqu e, Orsay C dex) EPR. (Alain Aspect) (ns) ( ) 10ns 1982

296 (Physics Review Letters)

297 289 EPR Malvern 4 ( ) 10ns (Innsbruck) Greenberger Horne Zeilinger ( ) GHZ ( ) 2000 Bouwmeester Daniell Nature Rowe Be Pittman Franson Hasegawa

298 290 ( ) EPR 1982 ( )

299 291 ( ) ( ) (

300 292 ) ( ) (local realism) ( ) EPR ( ) ( ) MWI (local) Stapp ( Deutsch Tegmark Zeh) (Zeh Found. of Physics Letters p22) MWI MWI ( ) ( )... ( )

301 293 EPR BBC. (Julian Brown). (Paul Davies Macquarie ) 8

302 (The Ghost in the Atom). (Rudolf Peierls) ( ). MWI

303 295. (Basil Hiley). (John Taylor) (the ensemble interpretation) John Gribbin (In Search of Schrodinger s Cat) 10 (Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality) MWI Edward Nelson ( )

304 296 ( ) ********* EPR α ( )

305 % ( ) (teleportation) 2000 Kuzmich Nature (Nature V406) c 2 /v

306 298 (individual) (ensemble) (the ensemble interpretation) John Taylor McGill B. C. Sanctuary ( ) ( Max Jammer )

307 299 >= > + > > > MWI

308 300 >= 1/SQRT(2)[ > + >] (1/SQRT(2) 2 1 1) ( ) = + 50% 50% 50% 50%

309 301 John Taylor that s all (

310 302 ) ( ) Taylor

311 303 ( ) Ghirardi Rimini Weber GRW 70 Philip Pearle

312 (Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems) GRW GRW (stochastic) ( ) (spontaneous localization) GRW Ghirardi

313 ( ) 0.1 / GRW E.Joos GRW GRW GRW ( ) GRW

314 306 ( ) ( ) ( ) GRW ( ) BKS ( ) GRW

315 307 Roland Omnes Ghirardi ( ) ( ) GRW ( ) GRW Zeilinger( GHZ ) 2000 Nature 100 OK GRW

316 308 GRW GRW GRW GRW (Decoherent Histories)

317 1953. (Murray Gell-Mann) (James B Hartle)

318 310 Zurek Zeh (Robert Griffiths) ( DH) MWI (History) t 0 t 1 t 2

319 311 t n t k A k n k ( k) A k (A k 1:0 2:1 3:3... ) 1 : 2, 2 : 3, 1 : 1, 4 : 1, 2 : 0, 0 : 0, 1 : 3, ( ) 1:0 10% 1:2 20%... a b P a P b a b P a + P b 2 P (2 : 0) + P (3 : 1) + P (4 : 2) +

320 312 D ( ) ( ) D( ) D( ) 0 1:0 2:0 1:0 10% 2:0 15% 1:0 2:0 25% 1:0 2:0

321 A k 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:1... (fine-grained history) (coarse-grained history) 3 30% 40% = = 70% ( ) 1:0 0:0 1:0 1:1 2:0 1:1...

322 314 (path integral) A B ( ) 1:0 2:0..

323 n m m

324 (Roland Omn s) 12.1 (DH) ( ) ( )

325 317 50% 50%... (maximally fine-grained histories) 1:0 2:0 (a decoherent family of histories) (consistent histories) DH (many histories) ( )

326 318 (consistency condition) / / n 1:0 2:0 2: DH

327 319 DH DH DH GRW GianCarlo Ghirardi DH 5 Ghirardi DH DH (family) 4

328 320 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:0... 2:0 2:1 2:2 2:3... 1:0 1:0 DH DH 1:0 DH (reasoning) 1:0 ( ) (single family rule) DH 3

329 DH DH ( 4 ) DH DH

330 ********* t 0 t n t n t n t n

331 323 DH t 0 t n DH DH DH (quantum Zeno effect) snapshot ( )

332 324 GRW 6

333 325 ( ) (many-minds intepretation) ( ) 0 1 (John G Cramer) (The transactional model)... (Theseus) (Ariadne) 1997 (UMBC) ( GRW) ( GRW)4 2 (MWI) (DH)

334 326 ( ) MWI 58% 18%

335 327 Zeilinger (quantum field theory) ( )

336 E = mc 2 (Carl Anderson) (Julian S Schwiger) (Freeman Dyson) (renormalization) (QED) 11

337 329 QED QED( 1993 ) 1965

338 330. ( DH )... DNA (CERN) CERN www

339 Beatles...

340

341 333 4 (meson) µ π 1947 (Cecil Frank Powell)

342 334 (QCD) (gluon) (Isaac Asimov) 60 (Sheldon Glashow) (Steven Weinberg) (Aldus Salam) (W + W Z0) 80 4

343 335 We hold the truth to be self-evident, that all forces are created equal (Grand Unified Theory GUT) 3 100%

344 336 GUT 3 20

345 337 GUT (Theory of Everything TOE) ( ) 30 (Superstring) *********

346 X 1 80 (Kip Thorne) 1 (Penthouse) 4 (Private Eye) (Penthouse Playboy ) X both 1

347 339 (John Preskill) T T (Zel dovich) (2004 ) 2000 (Gordon Kane) 100 ( 1964 )

348 Nature (Nature 420, p354) (graviton) 2

349 CERN (Gabriel Veneziano) β (Regge trajectory) 1771 (Edward Witten) (Yeshiva Univ) (Leonard Susskind) (Holger Nielsen) (John Schwarz) (Joel Scherk) 2

350 342 ( ) (tachyon) (Oskar Klein) (Theodor Kaluza) - (Kaluza-Klein Theory KK ) 4 (QCD) QCD 1971 (Pierre Ramond) (

351 343 ) ( ) (Michael Green)

352 344 (David Gross) 3. arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/ ( ) (... ) (3 1 ) ( ) 6 6 BBC

353 345 9 BBC 1988 ( ) ( )

354 346 5 (Brian Greene) 1999 ( ) 5 M 007 Q ( 1999 ) M (Mother) 5 (Mystery) (Matrix) (Membrane) M M

355 347 M /M 1996 (Strominger) (Vafa) M PBS

356 ( ) 4 5 WORD ( ) bugs ( ) ( 6 348

357 349 ) ( - ) ( ) castor v pollux@yahoo.com CAPO

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359 351 [9] The Newton Handbook, Gerek Gjertsen, Routledge&Kegan Paul 1986 [10] The Man Who Knew Too Much, Stephen Inwood, MacMilan 2002 [11] Thomas Young, Natural Philosopher, Alexander Wood, Cambridge 1954 [12] Niels Bohr: Gentle Genius of Denmark, Spangenburg&Moser, Facts on File 1995 [13] Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science & The World They Changed, Ruth Moore, Knopf 1966 [14] Niels Bohr s Times: in Physics, Philosophy and Polity, Abraham Pais, Oxford 1991 [15] Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg, David Cassidy, Freeman 1992 [16] Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume, French & Kennedy, Harvard 1985 [17]. [18], Heisenber,

360 352 [19] Schrodinger: Life and Thought, Walter Moore, Cambridge 1989 [20] Dirac: A Scientific Biography, Helge Kragh, Cambridge 1990 [21] [22] In Search of Schrodinger s Cat, John Gribbin, Wildwood House 1984 Gribbin [23] Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality, John Gribbin, Weidenfeld&Nicolson 1995 [24] Copenhagen, Michael Frayn, Methuen 1998 [25] Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, Paul Rose, UC Berkeley 1998 [26] Hitler s Uranium Club, Jeremy Bernstein, AIP 1996 [27] The Emperor s New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford 1989 [28] Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, J.S. Bell, Cambridge 1987

361 353 [29] The Ghost in the Atom, P.Davis&J.Brown, Cambridge 1986 BBC [30] The Metaphysics of Quantum Theory, Henry Krips, Oxford 1987 Stapp [31] The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, Richard Healey, Cambridge 1989 [32] The Intepretation of Quantum Mechanics, Roland Omn s, Princeton 1994 Omn s [33] The Fabric of Reality, David Deutsch, Allen Lane 1997 [34] The Quark and the Jaguar, Murray Gell-Mann, Freeman 1994 [35] (A Brief History of Time), S.Hawking [36] Black Holes and Time Warps, Kip Thorne, W.W.Norton 1994 [37] (The Arrow of Time), P.Coveney&R. Highfield

362 354 [38] Superstrings, A Theory of Everything? P.Davis&J.Brown, Cambridge 1988 BBC [39] The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene, W.W. Norton 1999 [40] 20, &, [41] & 1993 [42] [43] D. Cassidy, Phys. Today July 2000, p [44] Max Tegmark, Fortschr. Phys. 46 p855 Tegmark MWI [45] Aspect et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 p91 [46] A. Aspect, Nature 398 p189 [47] Anton Zeilinger, Nature 408 p639

363 355 [48] Tegmark&Wheeler, Scientific American Feb 2001, p68 [49] Yurke&Stoler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, p1251 [50] Jennewein et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, [51] Aerts et al, Found. Phys. 30, p1387 [52] Rowe et al, Nature 409, p791 [53] Z.Zhao et al, Phys. Rev. Lett [54] Hasegawa et al, oai:arxiv.org:quant-ph/ [55] Pittman&Franson, Physical Review [56] J.W.Pan et al, Nature 403 p515 GHZ [57] Ghirardi, Rimini&Weber, Phys. Rev. D34, 470 GRW [58] Wojciech H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 p715 [59] Wojciech H. Zurek, Phys. Today 44 p36 Zurek [60] R.B. Griffiths, Phys. Lett. A 265 p12

364 356 [61] Ghirardi, Phys.Lett. A265 p153 [62] Bassi&Ghirardi, J.Statist.Phys. 98 p457 [63] Bassi&Ghirardi, Phys.Lett. A257 p247 Ghirardi DH [64] Jim Giles, Nature 420, p354 [65] [66] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/main Page [67] arxiv.org/ [68] [69] www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/index.html [70] [71]

365 357 [72] [73] home.earthlink.net/~johnfblanton/physics/epr.htm EPR [74] www-physics.lbl.gov/~stapp/stappfiles.html [75] [76] FAQ [77] superstringtheory.com/

366 J.J α

367 X q G.P. 1927

368 EPR

369 CP τ Z

370 GRW