2

Transcription

1 Microhard L A TEX 2ε October 20, 2005

2 2

3 Contents

4 4 CONTENTS

5 CONTENTS

6 6 CONTENTS

7 Chapter ?? (Heinrich Rudolf Hertz) 30 (Hermann von Helmholtz)? (Carl Benz) (LC ) 7

8 8 CHAPTER 1. (Maxwell) 8 (Michael Faraday) 30 / ( )

9 ? (Guglielmo Marconi) (Aleksandr Popov) ( ) (Empedocles) (Aphrodite) ( )

10 10 CHAPTER 1. (Lucretius) 1000? (al-haytham) (Euclid) (Catoptrica) (Ptolemy) (Johannes Kepler) (W.Snell) 1621 (Pierre de Fermat) (Des Cartes) (Francesco Maria Grimaldi)

11 ( ) (Aether) 17 ******** (Aether) ( ) (Ether) (Ethernet)

12 12 CHAPTER (Robert Boyle ) 1663 (Robert Hooke) 1665 (Micrographia) 1672? 30 impressive

13 ( ) ( ) (Christiaan Huygens) 1665 ( ) 1669 (E.Bartholinus) ( ) 1690 (Traite de la Lumiere)? ( ) 1704 (Opticks)

14 14 CHAPTER 1. ( 1695 ) ********* ( my supposition is that the Attraction always is in a. duplicate proportion to the distance from the center reciprocal) ( ) 30 ( ) ( )

15 (Milverton)? (Thomas Young) ( )? ( ) ( ) / /60000

16 16 CHAPTER ( ) 20 (Etienne Louis Malus) (J.B.Biot) (Pierre Simon de Laplace) (S.D.Poission)

17 (Augustin Fresnel 31 ) ( ) ( ) (Fran?ois Arago) (Grand Prix) ( ) (Foucault ) / (? ) ( )

18 18 CHAPTER ********* (Dominique Fran?ois Jean Arago)? 1.5

19 X (Ludwig Boltzmann)? (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) Superb ( ) (Rudolph Clausius) (J.D. Van der Waals) (Josiah Willard Gibbs) ( ) ( )

20 20 CHAPTER ( ) (Wilhelm Konrad Rontgen) X 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) 1897 (Marie Curie)? 1897 J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) 1899 (Ernest Rutherford)

21

22 22 CHAPTER 1.

23 Chapter (Royal Institution, Albemarle Street)? (Sir Humphry Davy) (Lord Kelvin) ( The beauty and clearness of the dynamical theory, which asserts heat and light to be modes of motion, is at present obscured by two clouds. ) 23

24 24 CHAPTER (George FitzGerald) (Hendrik Antoon Lorentz) ( 6 )

25 ( ) ********* - (AL Laroisier) 1774

26 26 CHAPTER (J.W.S Rayleigh) (William Ramsay) (Ar) 1896 (Antoine Herni Becquerel) X X X

27 ( ) ( ) (Samuel Pierpont Langley) (Gustav Robert Kirchhoff) (Josef Stefan) 19 80? (Wilhelm Wien) 1887 (Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstalt PTR)

28 28 CHAPTER u = b(λ 5 )(e a /λt ) ( λ 5 e a /λt λ -5 e a/λt u λ T a,b ) (F.Paschen) (PTR) (Otto Richard Lummer) (Ernst Pringsheim) K PTR (Heinrich Rubens) (Ferdinand Kurlbaum) 19 PTR ( ) u T (J.H.Jeans) u = 8Π(Ψ 2 )kt/c 3 - (Rayleigh-Jeans) k c

29 u T - λ 0 ( ) - -? 2.3 Dilemma? 20 (Max Carl Ernst Ludwig Planck) 1858 (Kiel) 1867

30 30 CHAPTER 2. (Philipp von Jolly) u T (Heinrich Rubens ) (1894 ) 10

31 Bingo Moment (Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft) 6

32 32 CHAPTER 2. (Letter to R. W. Wood, 1931) 1900 ********* ( ) (Daniel Bernoulli) (J.R.d Alembert) (Andre Marie Ampere) (Nicolas Carnot) 19 (Friedrich Wohler)

33 ( until after some weeks of the most intense work of my life clearness began to dawn upon me, and an unexpected view revealed itself in the distance) 200? ( ) A B C

34 34 CHAPTER /2 29 3/4 29 9/ penny N Un Un (die Wahrscheinlichkeit zu finden, dass die NResonatoren ingesamt Schwingungsenergie Un besitzen, Un nicht als eine unbeschr?nkt teilbare, sondern al seine ganzen Zahl von endlichen gleichen Teilen aufzufassen )

35 (Energieelement) (Elementarquantum) quantum quantus 1 1/2 1 1/2 6.55@10 27 * 6.626@10 34 * h ? ********* (Parmenides)

36 36 CHAPTER 2. (Zeno) /10 ( ) 2.5

37 h 1915 (Hercules)

38 38 CHAPTER ? (Albert Einstein) (ETH) (Minkowski) 15? (Niels Bohr) (conclusion) In conclusion, Iwould like to mention uranium( )

39 ? (Erwin Schrodinger) Akademisches Gymnasium (Arthur Schnitzler) (Stefanie Zweig) 8 3? (Max Born) ( )? (Louis de Broglie) 8?? (Wolfgang Ernst Pauli) 8 middle name Ernst? (Ernst Mach) 12 (Wurzberg) (Werner Karl Heisenberg)? (Enrico Fermi) 20? (Paul Dirac)

40 40 CHAPTER 2.

41 Chapter (The Photoelectric Effect) 41

42 42 CHAPTER 3. ( ) ( )

43 ? 3.2

44 44 CHAPTER ? 1905? (Mileva Marec) (1903) (Annalen der Physik) (A Heuristic Interpretation of the Radiation and Transformation of Light) 1905 ( 1901 ) h : E =h E h h6.6@ @10 19

45 E =h (energy quanta) (light quanta) 1926 (G.N.Lewis) (photon) (E =h ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

46 46 CHAPTER 3. ( ) ( ) ( ) 1/2mv 2 = hθ P 1/2mv 2 h P *********

47 ( ) annus mirabilis ( 1667 ) E=mc

48 48 CHAPTER 3. (C.Habicht)? (R.A.Millikan) 1923 (A.H.Compton) X X X X h

49 E =h E over ( X )? 30 20

50 50 CHAPTER ? J.J. (Joseph John Thomson) J.J. J.J. J.J. project? (Ernest Rutherford) J.J J.J ( )

51 (1911) ( )?

52 52 CHAPTER (Paul Dirac) 1933 ( J.J. ) 31? (James Chadwick) 1935 (Patrick M. S. Blackett) (E.T.S Walton) (John Cockcroft) 1951

53 (Frederick Soddy) 1921 (Georg von Hevesy) 1943 (Otto Habn) 1944 (Cecil Frank Powell) 1950 (Hans Bethe) 1967 (P.L.Kapitsa) 1978 case 10 ( )? (Hans Geiger )? (Henry Mosely )? (Ernest Marsden ) h

54 54 CHAPTER (Hans Marius Hansen) (Ion) (Johann Balmer) ΘR(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Rydberg) n 2 (3 4 5 )

55 n 2 n E =h ( ) (J.Stark) (J.W.Nicholson) / /3 1/ ( 1000 ) /2

56 56 CHAPTER 3. ( ) E =h? Acknowledgements E =mc2 E =h E =mc2 E h ( ) W3 ( W1) W3-W1 W3-W1 =h ( ) (On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules) (Systems Containing Only a. Single Nucleus) (Systems Containing Several Nuclei) (Philosophical Magazine)

57

58 58 CHAPTER 3.

59 Chapter ( - ) J.J. W2-W1 =h Θr(1/2 2 1/n 2 ) R (Pickering line series)? ( ) X 59

60 60 CHAPTER 4. ( ) ( ) (A.Sommerfeld) E1 E2 E1 E2 E2 E1 E2-E1 E2-E1 =h E2 E1 E2 E

61 (3122) (wing) 1922

62 62 CHAPTER 4. h 1918 ********* ( ) 99%? (William Blake) To see a. world in a. grain of sand. * And a. heaven in a. wild flower * Hold infinity in the palm of your hand * And eternity in an hour * ( )

63 ( ) (Fractal Universe) 4.2 ( )

64 64 CHAPTER 4. 1/2 (Lande) (Kramers) (Werner Heisenberg) (Erwin Schrodinger) 13

65 ? (Georg von Hevesy) (Otto Frisch) (Nevill Mott) (Lev D.Landau) (George Gamov) 4.3????? (Prince Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie) (Prince ) (Viscount) (Baron)

66 66 CHAPTER 4. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1789) (1848) (Francis II )? (Louis Philippe ) ( Duc Duke)?? (Maurice de Broglie) 1960 duc de Broglie Jacques Victor Albert, duc de Broglie (Histoire de l glise et de l empire romain) 18 (1910)? ( ) 1911?? (Paul Langevin) ( )

67 m E = mc 2 E =h mc 2 =E =h Θ = mc 2 /h v0 c 2 /v 0 c 2 /v 0 (phase wave) λ = (c 2 /v 0 )/(mc 2 /h) = h/mv

68 68 CHAPTER (C.J.Davisson) (L. H. Germer) (nickel) X X X 1927 G.P. J.J GP JJ

69 ********* JJ GP? 1903 ( 1911 )? (Irene Joliot-Curie) 1935 Henry R. Labouisse 1965 (UNICEF) 1915 William Henry Bragg William Lawrence Bragg X? 1922? (Aage Bohr) 1975? (Karl Siegbahn)? (Kai Siegbahn)

70 70 CHAPTER 4. (C.T.R.Wilson) Hey 1924 (Kramers) (Slater) ( BSK )

71 ? (Werner Heisenberg) 1901 (W rzburg) 9 ( Maximilians Gymnasium ) 1919 (Ferdinand von Lindemann) ( )?

72 72 CHAPTER 4. ********* (If Ihave seen further it is by standing on ye shoulders of Giants) 12 (Bernard of Chartres ) Nos esse quasi nanos gigantium humeris insidientes 1676 ( ) ( )? Joseph Spence? ( )

73

74 74 CHAPTER 4.

75 Chapter (Rockefeller) (IEB) IEB (King) (Kramers) (Slater) BKS 75

76 76 CHAPTER 5. BKS (virtual oscillator) ( ) BKS BKS BKS (torture) BKS? ( ) BKS

77 ( fans ) Matrix Matrix Enigma ( ) Matrix MatLab MM? Matrix 2*2 2* *

78 78 CHAPTER E1-E2 =h

79 A BCD E 2 A B 1 B C 0.5 C D 1 D E 2 B E =3.5 D A =2.5 A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5 ( ) A 0 B 1 C 1.5 D 2.5 E 4.5

80 80 CHAPTER 5. C D C 1.5 D 2.5 C D 1 A BC DE A B C D E A A C C A C 1.5 A B B A A B 1 B A 1.5 B A

81 CD p q p q p q I II I II A B I ( I) A B A 12 B 31 II ( II) A B A 13

82 82 CHAPTER 5. B 41 I 1 I A A 1 ( 1 1 ) I 2 I A B 2 B A B A 3 II I II I II boys and girls *********

83 I I II II I 2 2 II a b c d abcd I II I II I II a a A A a I A II A I II a

84 84 CHAPTER 5. a I A II A I A B B II B A A I A II a I A B I A B 2 2 B II A II A I II A A a a b b I II A B A I A II B 1 ( I ) 3 ( II ) I A B 2 ( I ) B II 1 ( II ) b c d c d II I

85 a b c d a II I A II I 1 1 II B B I A a a 10 a 9 a a A A II A A ( II ) 1 I A A ( I ) II A B ( II ) 3 B I B A ( II ) a a I II II I 9 5 I II II I 7 9

86 86 CHAPTER 5. I II II I I II II I I II II I F ma F am 1925 (Helgoland)

87 this is the moment ********* I II II I 1858 Arthur Cayley (determinant ) ( ) Cayley? (One, Two, Three Infinity) ( ) 5.4 (Zeitschrift fur Physik), 7 29

88 88 CHAPTER (Pascual Jordan, 101 ) (Zur Quantenmechanik) p q p q q p p q q p pq -qp =(h/2 i) I h i -1 I II II (Dreimannerarbeit) (Ralph Laer Kronig)

89 p q q p 1925???? (Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac) ( ) geeky

90 90 CHAPTER (P.L.Kapitsa) (William Alfred Fowler) p q q p *********?? (Ernst Pascual Jordan) I II

91 p q q p q (q ) q c (c ) xy-yx [x,y] c q q 3

92 92 CHAPTER 5. 1/ (Ralph Kronig) 1925 (George Eugene Uhlenbeck) (Somul Abraham Goudsmit) (Paul Ehrenfest) 10 Nature /2 1928

93 (Leiden) (Stern)

94 94 CHAPTER 5.

95 Chapter 6 6.1? (Erwin Schrodinger)

96 96 CHAPTER 6. (Arosa)? (Annemarie Bertel) Ψ[8(Π 2 )m/h 2 ](E V )Ψ = 0 20 h E V e 2 /r E sin(x) 0 x 0 Π 2Π, nπ sin(x) n E n

97 (Eigenfunction) (Eigenvalue) Mist Mist bullshit crap

98 98 CHAPTER ? ( )

99 ( psai) (Utrecht) 9

100 100 CHAPTER ********* Matthew Wells (Schrodinger s Girfriend) Fort Mason Center 1926 (2003 ) Michael Frayn 1912 ( ) 4 Walter Moore

101 ? (Hermann Weyl) ( ) - - (Hilde March) ( ) OL to have and to hold, in sickness and in health, till death parts us 41 Alpbach? ?

102 102 CHAPTER 6. ( psai) F a m F=ma F F ma F

103

104 104 CHAPTER 6.

105 ,

106 106 CHAPTER % 10% 19 (Pierre Simon de Laplace)

107 air ball (determinism) 19 90% 10% t (Hier erhebt sich der ganze Problematik des Determinismus.)

108 108 CHAPTER ********* % 1986? (Sir James Lighthill 1969 )

109 (We are all deeply conscious today that the enthusiasm of our forebears for the marvelous achievements of Newtonian mechanics led them to make generalizations in this area of predictability which, indeed, we may have generally tended to believe before 1960, but which we now recognize were false. We collectively wish to apologize for having misled the general educated public by spreading ideas about the determinism of systems satisfying Newton s laws of motion that, after 1960,were to be proved incorrect.) (metaphysics) (metaquantum) Ian Stewart

110 110 CHAPTER 6.? ( ) 90% 10%

111

112 112 CHAPTER (Hevesy) 1926? (Oskar Klein)

113 BKS ( )

114 114 CHAPTER 6.

115 Chapter

116 116 CHAPTER 7. forget him

117 Faelled p q q p p q q p I II I II p q p q p q q p p q q p p q q p p q p q q p p q p q p q q p t 10 5 / t 10 5 /

118 118 CHAPTER 7. p q p q h p q p p q q q p p 100% p=0 q p q p q q p p q p q Uncertainty Principle

119 p q p q (Gedanken-experiment) X E =h

120 120 CHAPTER p q h 2Π h 6.626@10 34 p q

121 p q E t E t t E t E t t E

122 122 CHAPTER 7. ( ) ********* 60 ( 0 ) 0 MIT? (Alan Guth) (Inflation) 1998

123 λ = h/mv mv p p = h/λ p E-t E= h

124 124 CHAPTER ? (? ) ( )

125 shining

126 126 CHAPTER 7. (Complementary Principle) 7.4

127

128 128 CHAPTER 7. H H

129 ? (Karl Sagan) p q p q

130 130 CHAPTER 7. p q p q p q ********* p q - p q (Occam s Razor) 14

131 p q 1 p q (150 ) 1? Ghirardi-Rimini-Weber (Spontaneous Localization) Griffiths-Omn s-gellmann-hartle (Decoherent Histories, or Consistent Histories) ( )

132 132 CHAPTER 7. (being) x λ = h/p λp = h h h

133 % (collapse) ( )

134 134 CHAPTER 7. ( ) -

135 (Como) ( ) 1745? (Alessandro Volta) (volt) ( ) case S.N D.M. Nature 8 -

136 136 CHAPTER 7. (Rosenfeld)? (Eugene Wigner) ( ) A B B C C D 1924

137 ********* ( ) % ( )? (Otto Hahn)? (Fritz Strassmann) (1914 ) (Bothe 1954 ) ( ) (Karl von Weizsacker) (Erich Bagge) (Kurt Diebner) (Walther Gerlach) (Karl Wirtz) (Albert Speer)

138 138 CHAPTER Ernest Solvay ( -photon 1926 )? X (pivot wave)

139 ( ) and so on and so on - II I I II / ( ) 1967

140 140 CHAPTER 7. (ob der liebe Gott w rfelt) ( )

141 ********* ( ) ( ) (Urfeld) (Farm Hall) (* % 235 ) 235

142 142 CHAPTER ( ) ( ) ALSOS Nature Kaempffert ALSOS (Schuman)

143 (Hydra) t m m E = mc 2 E ( ) ( )

144 144 CHAPTER 7. m T m E T

145 ? (Pandemonium)? (Abraham Pais) 1925 ********* ( )

146 146 CHAPTER (critical mass)

147 Robert Jungk (Brighter Than a. Thousand Sunds 1956) 1967 David Irving (The German Atomic Bomb) Irving Margaret Gowing ( ) (Physics and Beyond) 1989 ( )

148 148 CHAPTER (Boris Podolsky) (Nathan Rosen) (Physics Review) A B / 50%

149 A B A B A B A A A B A B t A B A B EPR EPR

150 150 CHAPTER 7. A B EPR 1962 EPR EPR ********* ( ) 1976 Jones (Most Secret War:British Scientific Intelligentce) Mark Walker

151 (German National Socialism and the Quest for Nubclear Power 1989 ) Walker Hofstra? (David Cassidy) 1993 Thomas Powers (Heisenberg s War) Powers 607 Powers 1992 Farm Hall 1992 Farm Hall Transcript Powers Michael Frayn 1941 Michael Frayn Powers

152 152 CHAPTER 7. ( ) 17 Michael Frayn Powers Farm Hall Transcript ( ) 7.10

153 EPR 1935 (Die gegenwartige Situation in der Quantenmechanik) 5 / / / / EPR

154 154 CHAPTER 7. (George Berkeley) ( Esse Est Percipi)? (diabolische diabolical Diablo ) /

155 / Garfield Tom (Tears for Fears) 80 ********* ( ) (Evening Standard) 1941 PBS

156 156 CHAPTER 7. Thomas Powers Farm Hall Transcript Powers Cassidy Nature (Nature V363) Science (Science V259) Paul Forman ( ) 3/5 Powers 1/5 1/ Paul Rose Powers (entirely bogus) (fantasy) (scholarly disaster) (elephantine) OK ( )

157 Chapter 8 8.1? (John Von Neumann)

158 158 CHAPTER 8. / B A A B (infinite regression) game over (Consciousness) / /

159 ? (Eugene Wigner) ( ) ( )AND( ) (Remarks on the mind-body question) 1967 (Peter Coveney) (Roger Highfield) (The arrow of time)

160 160 CHAPTER 8. ********* ( ) ( 1 ) 80 ( ) ( 1939 )

161 Farm Hall ( ) ( ) ( 235 ) 9 BBC 54 ( ) ( ) 8.2 (John B.Watson) (B.F.Skinner)

162 162 CHAPTER 8. ( ) ( ) (Holism) A B C

163 YES (no cloning theorem 1982 Wootters Zurek Dieks ) cut paste copy paste VCD LD DVD VCD Matrix Matrix RGB CMY HSI YUV YIQ Huffman 0 1 VCD

164 164 CHAPTER 8.?? (Alan Turin) 1950 ( ) ( ) 10

165 ( ) ( ) ( ) (Francis Crick) ( )? (Roger Penrose) (The Emperor s New Mind) ********* 8.3

166 166 CHAPTER ? (John Wheeler) (delayed choice experiment) ( )

167 ( ) ( ) 5? (Carroll OAlley) ( ) (The Prticipatory Universe) (anthropic principle) ( 300 ) 10 30

168 168 CHAPTER 8. 1 / (selfexciting)? (John Bell )? (Henry Stapp) 1993 (Mind, Matter, and Quantum Mechanics) ( stapp/stappfiles.html ) 2003 ( Dick J. Bierman)

169 ********* ( ) 200 ( ) ( ) (Paul Rose) 2000 (Jeremy Bernstein) ( 50 ) 1941 ( ) ( Robert Jungk ( )

170 170 CHAPTER 8. Jungk Cassidy 2000 Physics Today ( ) Cassidy ( ) Klaus Gottstein Rice Duck Texas Sudarshan 10% ( ) 8.4

171 (Kurt Gottfried) ( ) / nothing to lose /

172 172 CHAPTER 8. (Many Worlds Interpretation MWI) MWI (Hugh Everett III Hugh Everett ) Aage Peterson 1954 ( -Everettism ) (splitting)

173 (Parallel Universes) MWI (Bryce S. DeWitt) MWI 100 MWI (

174 174 CHAPTER 8. ) ( ) Lambda MWI MWI MWI ( Tegmark1998) x y (x, y) (1, 2) (4.3, 5.4) x y 2 3 (1, 2, 3) (1, 2, 3, 4) 4 4 n n

175 n n n t (q1, q2, q3) p p 3 p1 p2 p3 3 t t n 6n 6n ( ) 6n MWI R U MWI n n

176 176 CHAPTER 8. MWI (1, 2) x 1 y 2 A B A x B y A x 1 B y 2 A B A B ( ) A B x y x y A B B A (coherent) B A ( )

177 ( n ) (decoherence) (AND) ( )

178 178 CHAPTER 8.

179 Chapter Jabberwocky MWI R ( ) MWI MWI t R 179

180 180 CHAPTER 9. U (* MWI (World) (Universe) (Multiverse) David Deutsch ) MWI ( ) MWI MWI ( ) MWI 1969 (Murray Gell-Mann) (consistent history) MWI MWI (Stein) (Kent)

181 (Karl Popper) ( ) ( ) MWI (Dieter Zeh) (Wojciech HZurek) (decoherence) MWI MWI (Desity Matrix)

182 182 CHAPTER 9. ( ) MWI MWI size ( 1994 ) ( ) alternatives MWI ********* F=ma ( )

183 ( ) ( ) (Carl GHempel) ( ) Hans Moravec Bruno Marchal 1998 Max Tegmark MWI

184 184 CHAPTER 9. MWI 50% 50% ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( n 1/2 n )

185 n ( ) n 100% 100% MWI 100% Tegmark 0 MWI % (quantum immortality) MWI ( ) Tegmark MWI

186 186 CHAPTER 9. MWI ( ) MWI % Shikhovtsev ( ) (Liz) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1977 (David Deutsch)

187 PC 1946 ENIAC Konrad Zuse 1941 Z3 ABC(Atanasoff-Berry Computer) Collosus PC (Alan Turing) (The Turing Machine) ( )

188 188 CHAPTER 9. (bit binary digit ) bits 8 bits 1 byte 1024 bytes 1K 1024K=1M 1024M 1G 1 bit bits 10 2 ( ) 0 1 bit ( ) 0 1( ) 0 1 bit (qubit) 10bits 10 bit bits Bennett Benioff 1982 (Richard Feynman)

189 (universal machine) ( ) (Boolean Logic Gate) AND OR NOT XOR (Deterministic Turing Machine, DTM) (NDTM) (complexity) 10bits = ( The Fabric of Reality) 3

190 190 CHAPTER 9. ( GNFS) ( n n k ) 18 RSA 1994 (Peter Shor) ( ) (Lov Grover) n n/2 n DES RSA DES 2001 IBM

191 (quantum cryptography) MWI ( ) MWI ( ) n

192 192 CHAPTER 9. A B A B (path integral) 1927

193 (Hidden Variable Theory) ( ) X X Y

194 194 CHAPTER 9. H H H H H H H H =7 ABC A B C A B C A B C A 12 B C 1 A B C (David Bohm) ( ) David Mermin *********

195 ( ) 2000 ( ) 4 ( ) 180 (N. Lobatchevsky)

196 196 CHAPTER 9. n (quantum potential) (Locality)

197 (John Stewart Bell) (AERE) (CERN)

198 198 CHAPTER 9. EPR EPR 8-4 EPR EPR A B A B A B ( ) ( ) A B A ( ) B (-) A B A B - 100% (A B-) (correlation) 100% 1 A B A B - 1 B A A B (A B- ) -1 (A B ) 1 B A A B A 0 EPR (A B-) (A- B ) 1 x A y B x y z 3 8 ( 8 ) x yz + ++

199 A 8 A B 8 A B A ( -) B (- - ) A B H 1-8 N1 N2 N8 Ax Ay Az Bx By Bz N N N N N N N N8

200 200 CHAPTER 9. A x y z B 3 - N1 8 N1 N2 N8 1 x (Ax Bx-) x A B - A B - (Ax Bx-) x A B A - B - (Ax Bx-) 4 Ax Bx - 4 Ax Bx - 8 N1 N2 N8 1 (Ax Bx-) 1 (Ax Bx ) 8 -N1-N2- -N8-1 A x B y Ax By Ax By Pxy Pxy -N1-N2 N3 N4 N5 N6-N7-N8 Pxz Ax Bz Pxz -N1 N2-N3 N4 N5-N6 N7-N8 Pzy Az By Pzy -N1 N2 N3-N4-N5 N6 N7-N8 Pxz Pzy Pxz-Pzy -2N3 2N4 2N5-2N6 2 N3 N4-N5-N6 x-y x y

201 Pxz-Pzy 2 N3 N4-N5-N6 2( N3 N4 N5 N6 ) 2( N3 N4 N5 N6 ) 2(N3 N4 N5 N6) N1 N2...+N (N3 N4 N5 N6) 1 (-N1-N2 N3 N4 N5 N6-N7-N8) Pxy Pxz-Pzy 1 Pxy ( λ )

202 202 CHAPTER 9.

203 Chapter Pxz-Pzy 1 Pxy Pxy A x B y ( ) A B EPR a b 203

204 204 CHAPTER 10. A B EPR A A B B A 1 A B B A A B 100% 100% A B ( ) A B B A B A A B A B Bonnie&Clyde ( ) (entanglement) (inseparability) EPR ( ) EPR 1964 (Physics) EPR (On the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox) 20

205 (Brian D. Josephson) (Henry Stapp ) (the most profound discovery in science) (Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge 1987) (Reviews of Modern Physics) 1966 EPR

206 206 CHAPTER 10. ( 1-7) ********* (McCarthyism) (Joseph McCarthy) (Un-American Activities Committee) Birkbeck 2000 (Edward Teller) (

207 ) ( ) ( ) (SDI Defence) (2003 ) Clauser EPR EPR - EPR 80 (Institut d Optique Th orique et Appliqu e, Orsay C dex) EPR (Alain Aspect)

208 208 CHAPTER (ns) ( ) 10ns

209 (Physics Review Letters) EPR Malvern 4 ( ) 10ns (Innsbruck) Greenberger Horne Zeilinger ( ) GHZ ( ) 2000 Bouwmeester Daniell Nature Rowe Be Pittman Franson Hasegawa

210 210 CHAPTER 10. ( ) EPR ( ) ( ) ( )

211 ( ) ( ) (local realism) ( ) EPR ( ) ( ) MWI (local) Stapp ( Deutsch Tegmark Zeh) (Zeh Found. of Physics Letters p22) MWI MWI ( ) ( ) (

212 212 CHAPTER 10. ) EPR BBC (Julian Brown) (Paul Davies Macquarie ) (The Ghost in the Atom)

213 (Rudolf Peierls) ( ) MWI (Basil Hiley) (John Taylor) (the ensemble interpretation) John Gribbin (In Search of Schrodinger s Cat) 10 (Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality) MWI Edward Nelson ( ) (

214 214 CHAPTER 10. ) ********* EPR ( ) 100% ( ) (teleportation) 2000 Kuzmich Nature (Nature V406) c 2 /v

215 (individual) (ensemble) (the ensemble interpretation) John Taylor McGill B. C. Sanctuary ( ) ( Max Jammer )

216 216 CHAPTER 10. (1/SQRT(2) 2 1 1) ( ) 50% 50% 50% 50% John Taylor

217 that s all ( ) ( ) Taylor

218 218 CHAPTER ( ) Ghirardi Rimini Weber GRW 70 Philip Pearle

219 (Unified dynamics for microscopic and macroscopic systems) GRW GRW (stochastic) ( ) (spontaneous localization) GRW Ghirardi 10 1 ( ) 0.1 / GRW E.Joos GRW GRW GRW

220 220 CHAPTER 10. ( ) GRW ( ) ( ) ( ) GRW ( ) BKS ( ) GRW Roland Omnes Ghirardi ( )

221 ( ) GRW ( ) GRW Zeilinger( GHZ ) 2000 Nature 100 OK GRW GRW GRW GRW GRW (Decoherent Histories)

222 222 CHAPTER 10.

223 Chapter (Murray Gell- Mann) (James BHartle) Zurek Zeh

224 224 CHAPTER (Robert Griffiths) ( DH) MWI (History) t0 t1 t2 tn tk Ak n k ( k) Ak(Ak 1:0 2:1 3:3 ) 1:2 2:3 1:1 4:1 2:0 0:0 1:3 ( ) 1:0 10% 1:2 20%

225 a b Pa Pb a b Pa Pb 2 P(2:0) P(3:1) P(4:2) D ( ) ( ) D( ) D( ) 0 1:0 2:0 1:0 10% 2:0 15% 1:0 2:0 25% 1:0 2:0 Ak 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:1

226 226 CHAPTER 11. (fine-grained history) (coarse-grained history) 3 30% 40% % ( ) 1:0 0:0 1:0 1:1 2:0 1:1 (path integral) A B ( ) 1:0 2:0

227 n m m (Roland Omn s) 11.2 (DH) ( )

228 228 CHAPTER 11. ( ) 50% 50% (maximally fine-grained histories) 1:0 2:0 (a decoherent family of histories) (consistent histories) DH (many histories) ( ) (consistency condition) / / n 1:0 2:0 2:1

229 DH DH DH DH GRW GianCarlo Ghirardi DH 5 Ghirardi DH DH (family) 4

230 230 CHAPTER 11. 1:0 2:1 2:0 3:0 2:0 2:1 2:2 2:3 1:0 1:0 DH DH 1:0 DH (reasoning) 1:0 ( ) (single family rule) DH DH DH

231 ( 4 ) DH DH 100 ********* t0 tn -tn tn -tn

232 232 CHAPTER 11. DH t0 tn DH DH DH (quantum Zeno effect) snapshot ( ) 11.3

233 GRW 6 ( ) (many-minds intepretation) ( ) 0 1 (John G Cramer) (The transactional model) (Theseus) (Ariadne) 1997 (UMBC) ( GRW) ( GRW)4 2 (MWI) (DH) ( ) MWI 58% 18%

234 234 CHAPTER Zeilinger (quantum field theory) ( )

235 Emc 2 (Carl Anderson) (Julian S Schwiger) (Freeman Dyson) (renormalization) (QED) 11 QED QED( 1993 ) 1965

236 236 CHAPTER 11. ( DH ) DNA (CERN) CERN www

237 Beatles 11.4

238 238 CHAPTER (meson) 1947 (Cecil Frank Powell) (QCD) (gluon) (Isaac Asimov) 60 (Sheldon Glashow) (Steven Weinberg) (Aldus Salam) (W W- Z0) 80 4

239 We hold the truth to be self-evident, that all forces are created equal (Grand Unified Theory GUT) 3 100% GUT

240 240 CHAPTER GUT (Theory of Everything TOE) ( ) 30 (Superstring) *********

241 X-1 80 (Kip Thorne) 1 (Penthouse) 4 (Private Eye) (Penthouse Playboy ) X both 1 (John Preskill) T T

242 242 CHAPTER 11. (Zel dovich) (2004 ) 2000 (Gordon Kane) 100 ( 1964 ) Nature (Nature 420, p354) (graviton) 2

243 CERN (Gabriel Veneziano) (Regge trajectory) 1771 (Edward Witten) (Yeshiva Univ) (Leonard Susskind) (Holger Nielsen) (John Schwarz) (Joel Scherk) 2 ( ) (tachyon) (Oskar Klein)

244 244 CHAPTER 11. (Theodor Kaluza) - (Kaluza-Klein Theory KK ) 4 (QCD) QCD 1971 (Pierre Ramond) ( ) ( ) 1980 (Michael Green)

245 (David Gross) 3 arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/ ( ) ( ) (3 1 ) ( ) 6 6 BBC 9 BBC 1988 ( ) ( )

246 246 CHAPTER (Brian Greene) 1999 ( ) 5 M 007 Q ( 1999 ) M (Mother) 5 (Mystery) (Matrix) (Membrane) M M M /M 1996 (Strominger) (Vafa)

247 M PBS

248 248 CHAPTER 11.

249 Chapter 12 ( ) 4 5 WORD ( bugs ( ) ( 6 )

250 250 CHAPTER ( - ) ( ) castor v pollux@yahoo.com I. ( ) The Historical Development of Quantum Theory I-VI, Jagdish Mehra&Helmut Rechenberg, Springer An Introduction to Quantum Theory, Keith Hannabuss, Oxford 1997 Quantum Theory, David Bohm, Constable 1951 The Strange Story of the Quantum, Banesh Hoffmann, Dover 1959

251 Years of Planck s Quantum, Ian Duck&E.C.G. Sundarshan, World Scientific 2000 Beyond the Quantum, Michael Talbot, Bantam Books 1988 The Construction of Modern Science, R.S. Westfall, Cambridge 1977 Never at Rest, R.S. Westfall, Cambridge 1980 The Newton Handbook, Gerek Gjertsen, Routledge&Kegan Paul 1986 The Man Who Knew Too Much, Stephen Inwood, MacMilan 2002 Thomas Young, Natural Philosopher, Alexander Wood, Cambridge 1954 Niels Bohr: Gentle Genius of Denmark, Spangenburg&Moser, Facts on File 1995 Niels Bohr: The Man, His Science & The World They Changed, Ruth Moore, Knopf 1966 Niels Bohr s Times: in Physics, Philosophy and Polity, Abraham Pais, Oxford 1991

252 252 CHAPTER 12. Uncertainty: The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg, David Cassidy, Freeman 1992 Niels Bohr: A Centenary Volume, French & Kennedy, Harvard 1985, Heisenber, Schrodinger: Life and Thought, Walter Moore, Cambridge 1989 Dirac: A Scientific Biography, Helge Kragh, Cambridge 1990 In Search of Schrodinger s Cat, John Gribbin, Wildwood House 1984 Gribbin Schrodinger s Kittens and the Search for Reality, John Gribbin, Weidenfeld&Nicolson 1995 Copenhagen, Michael Frayn, Methuen 1998

253 253 Heisenberg and the Nazi Atomic Bomb Project, Paul Rose, UC Berkeley 1998 Hitler s Uranium Club, Jeremy Bernstein, AIP 1996 The Emperor s New Mind, Roger Penrose, Oxford 1989 Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, J.S. Bell, Cambridge 1987 The Ghost in the Atom, P.Davis&J.Brown, Cambridge 1986 BBC The Metaphysics of Quantum Theory, Henry Krips, Oxford 1987 Stapp The Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, Richard Healey, Cambridge 1989 The Intepretation of Quantum Mechanics, Roland Omn s, Princeton 1994 Omn s The Fabric of Reality, David Deutsch, Allen Lane 1997 The Quark and the Jaguar, Murray Gell-Mann, Freeman 1994

254 254 CHAPTER 12. (A Brief History of Time), S.Hawking Black Holes and Time Warps, Kip Thorne, W.W.Norton 1994 (The Arrow of Time), P.Coveney&R. Highfield Superstrings, A Theory of Everything? P.Davis&J.Brown, Cambridge 1988 BBC The Elegant Universe, Brian Greene, W.W. Norton , &, & 1993 II. D. Cassidy, Phys. Today July 2000, p Max Tegmark, Fortschr. Phys. 46 p855 Tegmark MWI

255 255 Aspect et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49 p91 A. Aspect, Nature 398 p189 Anton Zeilinger, Nature 408 p639 Tegmark&Wheeler, Scientific American Feb 2001, p68 Yurke&Stoler, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, p1251 Jennewein et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, Aerts et al, Found. Phys. 30, p1387 Rowe et al, Nature 409, p791 Z.Zhao et al, Phys. Rev. Lett Hasegawa et al, oai:arxiv.org:quant-ph/ Pittman&Franson, Physical Review J.W.Pan et al, Nature 403 p515 GHZ Ghirardi, Rimini&Weber, Phys. Rev. D34, 470 GRW Wojciech H. Zurek, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75 p715 Wojciech H. Zurek, Phys. Today 44 p36

256 256 CHAPTER 12. Zurek R.B. Griffiths, Phys. Lett. A 265 p12 Ghirardi, Phys.Lett. A265 p153 Bassi&Ghirardi, J.Statist.Phys. 98 p457 Bassi&Ghirardi, Phys.Lett. A257 p247 Ghirardi DH Jim Giles, Nature 420, p354 III. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/main Page arxiv.org/ www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/ history/index.html

257 home.earthlink.net/ johnfblanton/physics/epr.htm EPR www-physics.lbl.gov/ stapp/stappfiles.html max/everett/ FAQ superstringtheory.com/

258 258 CHAPTER J.J X q

259 G.P EPR

260 260 CHAPTER CP Z GRW 1993

261