Established Volume III, No. I TAWK HPRUT DAWDAN LET SHADIK SHATUP SA GA JJ Lum Dau 26 February, 2017 Hkungga Kamhpa ai, Nu Wa Hpu Nau Ji Nb

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1 2017 Volume III, No. I TAWK HPRUT DAWDAN LET SHADIK SHATUP SA GA JJ Lum Dau 26 February, 2017 Hkungga Kamhpa ai, Nu Wa Hpu Nau Ji Nban ni yawng hpang de tang lajin dat nngai. Panglung myit hkrum lam gaw bumnga masha ni yawng a shawnglam matu, nachying ahkyak ai hpe tai wa atsawm chye tawn nga ai ning hta Panglung myit hkrum lam zuphpawng ngut ai hte Kachin Basic Education Curriculum (ucsiftajcchynmoif&kd;ngef;wrf;) Bawngban Hpawng Galaw K Hparat Panglai Reporter achin mungdan, Kachin Shanglawt Shadip Magam - Hpaji Magam Dap kawq nna numdawq 3rd lang nah Kachin Ningpawt Ninghpang Hpaji Sharin Matsun (Kachin Basic Education Curriculum) bawngban hpawng hpe 2017, February 9,10,11 yaq ni htaq, Amyusha Hpaji Dakkasu gawknu (Maija Yang) e galaw lah lu masai. Hpaji machyoi ni marai 40 shanglawm, bawngban nna ra ang ai sawk dinglik (research) bungli yiqngam ni hpe mung, chyawm garan gunhpai lah lu manuq ai. Shanglawm ai malawng magah ni gaw, educational hpaji bungli kungkyang ai machyoi ni hkrai, rai nga maq ai. Kachin amyusha wuhpawng labau e mi-moi galoi mung, n nga yu ai snr n galaw yu shi ai bungli bungsi kaba hpe Hpaji Magam Dap ni gaw ningshawng shawq galaw shakut hpang wa ai, rai nga sai. Majan kaba langai hpe htim kasat na matu, hpyen jaubu kaba ni gaw majan ladat masing (operation planning) hpe shawng sawn buklik shaprawq ka tawn nhtawm, dai hkrang masa hku nshut nshai htim kasat nut Laikaman (10) de Gen. Aung San a asak hpe dawm kau ai shaloi, Panglung myit hkrum lam hpe mung kalangta dawm kau na matu, manu ai lam n nga ai majaw atsang langai a hpang langai n dum shami jahten shamyit kau lu na matu, kade shakut wa masai hpe myitsu salang ni yawng jawm chye nga shajang sai re. Ndai lang na tsaban 21st Panglung zuphpawng gaw, 1947 ning na Gen. Aung San woi myit hkrum tawn ai hpe shamyit kau nna myusha ni yawng hpe shabyawng kau lu na matu, mahkrun lajang tawn magang sai hpe mung jawm mu chye shajang sai. Dai majaw, myutsaw mungtsaw rawtmalan hpung ningbaw ningla ni gaw, du na ra ai tai wa woi awn na zuphpawng kaw n sa shanglawm na matu, Pang Sang zuphpawng kaw awngdang ai Laikaman (15) de Hparat Panglai Research Center Laika Hti Hpawng Galaw (pmwrf;zwfyjg) Manmaw Hkawn 14-15/12/2016 ya laman hta Kachin Shata Hti Laika Sumtang Hti Hpawng hpe Kachin Madun Htingnu, Hparat Panglai Research Center hta galaw la lu sai. Ndai laika hti hpawng lamang hpe Du Kaba Sumlut Gun Maw woiawn nna, Sr. Kaba Maran Brang Di, Sr. Kareng Tu Ja, Sr. Dumsa Lawt Awng, Srn. Hkangda Hkam Nyoi, Sumlut Roi Seng, Srn. Sumlut Bawk Hkawn ni tatut hkrang shapraw galaw la lu sai ya jahpawt hkying 9:00 Am kaw nna Rev. David Karai Kasang kaw kyuhpyi apnawng ai hte hpawng hpang wa sai. Hpawng hpaawn rai nga ai Sr. Kaba Maran Brang Di kaw nna, ndai hpawng gaw Kachin shingwang kata hta grai tawq ai hte shawng ningnan galaw hpang ai lamang langai mung rai nga ai nga nna tsun sanglang ai. Mungdan, buga, magam dap, makan dap n bung ai shara shagu na myit-su salang ni jahpan lu la ai marai 63 hte jahpan n lu la ai ni hte yawng 70+ shang lawm ai hte zuphpawng hpe galaw la lu sai. Hpawng hpaw mungga hpe Dkb. Sumlut Gun Maw kaw nna tsun shaga la ai. Laikaman (3) de 1

2 Volume III, No. I 2017 Editorial Nsen Ndai lang nah Hparat Panglai Journal Vol.III, No.I gaw 2017 ning aq ningshawng lang pruwa ai, rai sai. HPJ hpe lah htih nga ai Kachin shawa masha yawng hpe chyeju dum let, shaning ningnan wunlih wun-gau hteq rau, shakram salaam dat gaq ai. Yaq, 21 st century Panglong zuphpawng numdawq lahkawng lang bai du nga sai ning, February shata (12) yaq nah Panglong myit hkrum mungga makyit gaw, 1958 ning e, dawqhten agrawp mat sai. Asak n rawng mat sai. Si mat sai. N grin mat sai, rai nga ai. Ndai 21 st tsaban Panglong zuphpawng ginjang aten hpatwat e, dawqhten agrawp nna asak n rawng, si mat sai Panglong mungga makyit hpe asak bai chyawm jahkrung sharawt lah ra nga sai. Panglong myit hkrum gawngshingyan hkrang yawshada lam hpe lachyum garawt shawq ra sai. Bumnga masha (highlander) laknak hpai amyu ni 21 st tsaban Panglong zuphpawng pinra e, galaw ging, galaw lah ra ai, bawngban gamung dup ging ai lit kaba gaw, dai nan rai sai. Leq naq, grau naq shin-gran katsi maumwi tai, kawp matwa wa na gaw jasawnsha, rai nga sai. Myen mung, shiq amyusha gawgap (national building) bungli bungsi hpe shakut galaw kri nga ai ahkying aten ni mung, nawq rai nga ai. Rawt galu kaba mat sai amyu ni, mungdan ni gaw, shanhte aq amyusha hpji hparat hpe galaishai wa ai mungkan masa hteq shingdaw nna byenggram galai galaw lang matwa ai ni hkrai, rai nga ai. I.T gaw lawan ladan rawt tsaw lung matwa, Globalization gaw shinggrup hkrawnshang hkriqdun shachyup gyit matwa, amyusha hpaji mung dai htaq hkan nna shachyut kagat gumpyeq jahtuk lawmnang ra nga sai. Dai n rai yang, amyusha ting (generation ting) hpanghkrat ai prat, htingnut mat ai mungh, matsan jamjau ai satlawat hkaqleng e lup dat, waw dat, ka-nawng dat, yawng dat, chyai dat, maraq dat, galup dat, dagup dat, rai hkaqyawng yawng mat maq ai ni mung, byin nga ai. Miwa mungh pyi gaw, amyusha hpaji hteq seng nna shanhte amyusha rapdawq e hpaji lawnglam 200 jan hpe tarah upadi hku nna shagrin dawqdan tawn nhtawm, hkrang shawq galaw hkawm nga maq ai, re. 2 Sawk dinglik (research) galaw ai gaw, rawt galu kaba ai snr bungli galaw shakut nga ai amyu ni aq makar kumlar rai nga ai. Laika htih hpawng (pmwrf;zwfyjg) galaw ai, debate galaw ai ni gaw research bungli bungsi aq adaw achyen yiqngam ni, rai nga ai. Kachin amyusha ni, ndai bungli bungsi hkrang hpe lawq lawq galaw ra nga sai. Hparat Panglai Research Centre e galaw matwa ai Kachin shata htih laika sumtang htih hpawng hteq debate ni mung, Kachin amyusha ni htaq, ra rawng ai (galaw ra ai) hpe galaw ai amyusha bungli bungsi ni rai nga ai. Kadeq ndeq hpaji machyoi ni aq ningmu ni hpe sawk dinglik kahkyin mahtai shaprawq ai mung, rai nga ai. Amyusha gawgap bungli galaw ngut mat sai Miwa hpe bai asoi yu gaq. Shanhte galaw ai Shan-ing Ningnan (Gaw-nyen) hteq Muk Shah Poi (Baq Yeq Shi Wu) ni gaw, amyusha masa ni lawm ai amyusha htunghking lamang hpawng ni, rai nga ai. Grai shatang dudu rai nga manuq ai. Tinang tinggyeng gumhpraw hteq, mungh shawa masha hkumdek shagu (langai mi mung, n ngam hkra) shanglawm galaw jahproi lah lu ai hkrang satlawat mung, rai nga ai. Miwa shadip magam gaw, dai hpe wuwu didi byin wa na matu, manu shadan ya ai; dawqdan shagrin masat ya ai; makawp maga ya ai; akyu hkamsha sha-ngun ya ai;... ni, rai nga maq ai. Cartoon Kachin amyusha htaq, galaw nga ai amyusha makar kumlar langai gaw Manau Htunghking rai nga ai. Ndai gaw, shadip magam ni snr wuhpung langai ngai jagumhpraw alawq alam shawq nna shara mi e, nkau achyen majawq chyawm galaw ai bawq hkrang satlawat, rai nga ai. Amyusha masa makar lawm sai raitim, Kachin amyu masha hkumdek shagu (kaji kaba yawng), dai aten ni e shanglawm ka-manawt galaw na, n loi nga ai. N mai nga ai. Masha amyu ni hkan e, Amyusha Ninghtoi (National Day) ngu ai nga tim, Kachin amyu ni htaq e dainih du hkra, n nga shi nga ai. Mungh masa hpanghkrat ai kumlar ngu tim, n shut nga ai. Galaw lah, masat lah, shagrin lah ra nga gaq ai. Ndai gaw myit hkrum kahkin gumdin ai satlawat mung, rai nga sai. Bai laga magah mi hku tsun yang, amyusha gawgap bungli bungsi langai mi mung, rai nga ai. Adviser JJ Lum Dau (Bangkok) Wang Hkang Awng Editor-in-Chief B.D. Maran Managing Editor Kareng Tu Ja Deputy Editor Dumsa Lawt Awng Contributing Editor Pungga Ja Li Foreign Correspondence A Naw (Chiangmai) Computer Section Sumlut Roi Seng Sumlut Bawk Hkawn Layout hte Design Gumring Zau Mai (Hkaq Shang) Website Master Hkangda Brang San Awng (California) Manager for Finance and Distribution Hkangda Hkam Nyoi Columnists All staff members of HPLN Contact Information Hparat Panglai Laika Naura Lawk - V, Munglai Mazup, Laiza Mare, Kachinland hparatlaika@yahoo.com Website : Hparat Panglai Journal hpe laning mi htaq, kruq lang shaprawq ai. (1 Vol., 6 Issues)

3 2017 Volume III, No. I YEHOWA KAW, SHANING NINGNAN ( ) WUNLI KYU HPYI DINGYAWM AI MARAWN JAHTAU NSEN JJ Lum Dau Hpan wa madu Karai Kasang a tsawra matsan dum ai shawang myit hte laiwa sai ten ni hta anhte myusha ni hpe jahten shamyit kau lu hkra shakut nga ai Satan wa a myit hta shada tsawra ai myit bang ya nna yawng a matu ngwipyaw simsa ai mungdan jawm gaw-gap sa wa lu na matu aten galu hta kyu jawm hpyi wa saga ai. Raitimung, Satan a myit hta galaishai ai hkamla lam n nga wa ai re majaw, daini na ten hta dai zawn re ai mara ni kahtap tawtlai lu na atsam yawng hte hpe tsepkawp shamyit kau ya na matu akroi anoi matut hpyi mayu ga ai law. Yehowa gaw mungkan hpe kade tsawra ai lam, shi a kasha shingtai hpe jaw kau ai kaw du hkra, sakse madun wa sai. Raitimung, Satan wa gaw dumhprang ai shing-ran n nga ai rai nna, gat hkai ai hte maren shu la lu na marin dai, nga nna hkang da ai hta hkan nna, mara n rawng ai ma kaji mahkawn shabrang gumgai dingla ni hpe rim la nhtawm, wanmang kaw kabai bang hkrum ai ni kade hkam sharang yak ai hte nkri nni si htan wa masai zawn, satan wa hpe mung hkamsha shangun ai marang e, shi gaw myit tau chye ai atsam rawng wa nna, shi hta mai kaja ai tsawra shawang myit rawng wa let, htingbu hpu-nau ni a ntsa myit tau chye wa na matu kyu hpyi ga ai law. Yehowa Karai Kasang gaw anhte bumnga masha ni hpe htaphtuk ai madang hku nna tinang a mungdan hpe tinang nan uphkang sa wa lu na matu lamuga masat ya sai. Raitimung, anhte bumnga masha ni gaw, kahkyin gumdin ai n-gun hpe rai n chye lang ai ni rai nna, tinang a mungdan hpe makawp maga tawn lu ai atsam rai n rawng ga ai majaw, Satan wa e, kashun madu la wa sai. Anhte hpe Wa Karai Kasang lam madun la ai marang e, daini na ten hta dumhprang shajang wa sai rai nna, tinang a mungdan hpe manu shadan chye ai ni rai wa saga ai. Shing-re ai shing-ran hpe Satan wa mu chye ai majaw aten dep anhte a mungdan hpe zing madu la lu na matu, atsam htum hte shakut sa ai hta anhte shada dumbru dumbra ninghkap hkat shangun ai ladat hte yawng hpe zing la lu na matu shakut nga sai. Shing re ai ten hta anhte hpe woiawn ningbaw ai ni hpe lam woi shaman chyeju jaw ai hte Mawshe gaw Israela amyu masha ni hpe Hkanan mung du hkra, woiawn shalawt la ai zawn, anhte a ningbaw ningla ni hpe mung lam woi madun la rit law. Wa Karai Kasang e, ndai shaning ningnan nhtoi hta, ning ngu hpyi marawn dat ai nsen hpe na ya nna, Wa Karai Kasang ra sharawng awng ai mungdan maden zinghka wa hkra shadik shatup lu ai kashu kasha ni byin tai shangun ya rit. Hpang jahtum shani, Madu Yesu mungkan ga de yu sa ai shaloi, Wa a kashu kasha ni yawng ahkum ara sumsing lamu mungdan de woila hkrum ai shaman chyeju hkamla lu ai ni rai u ga matu, aja awa marawn kyu hpyi dat ai nsen hpe na ya rit law. AMEN. Laikaman (1) Hparat Panglang Research Center Laika Hti Hpawng Galaw" matut Dkb. Sumlut Gun Maw aq hpawng hpawq mungga Daw I. 1. Ngwipyaw ai manap hta sa du ai kahpu kanau kanu kana ni yawng hpe hkaptau la ai. Ndai zawn re ai aten ahkying hpe lu la ai majaw Karai Kasang a chyeju hpe shakawn ai. 2. Ndai zawn re bungli galaw ra ai ngu nna anhte hpe machye machyang jaw woi jasu ai hpushawng hpuba ni, htunghking salang ni, n nga mat ai kahpu kawa ni, anhte hpe lam tam da ya ai kahpu kawa ni hpe mung chyeju dum ai hku re. Daini anhte ndai kaw yawshada lam gaw Kachin shata hti laika hte seng ai lam rai nga ai. Ndai hpe galaw ga ngu na jawm dawdan nna galaw wa ai gabaw rai sai. Galaw ai shaloi Hparat Panglai Research Center kaw nna galaw la wa na re. Ndai lang gaw ten ni tin shapun rai mat ai majaw, saw shaga ai lam hta yawng hpe n lu hkyawm mat ai. Hpang e shata 6 daram hta kalang bai galaw na ngu myit ai, dai shaloi gaw Arunacha ga de na hpunau Singhpo ni hte Pan-Kachin ni hpe mung shaga lu hkra galaw la na ngu myit ai. Hpa majaw ndai galaw ra ai i? ngu yang, anhte Wunpawng sha ni mungdan lu ra ai ngu na tsun ai, raitim anhte bungli hta lakung lakap rai n hkum nga ai. Rawtmalan magam bungli hpe gaw KIO/KIA woi galaw nga ai. Raitim kaga ra ai magam bungli ni hpe anhte masha shagu gaw tinang chye ai machyoi hpaji hpe arang tawn nna jahkum shatsup la ra ai lam ni law law nga ai hku re. Ndai shata hti laika hpe wa yu ai shaloi n bung ai hku nna tsun shaga jai lang taw ai hpe wa mu ai. N bung ai ngu ai gaw mying kaw na pyi n bung ai hpe mu ai shata htih laika, ladawq shanan, nhtoi laika ngu nna tsun lang nga ai. Bai nna galoi kaw nna hpang ai ngu ai Maji ta, Maga ta i? Hkru ta, Ra ta i? ngu ai n bung ai. Dusat du-myeng shamying ai n bung ai. Ndai ni hpe shabung la lu ai hpang pyi naw galoi kaw nna hti hpang na, Chyanun Woishun kaw nna kun? Ninggawn wa Magam kaw nna kun? Gara majoi kaw nna la na ngu ai rai n nga ai hku re. Anhte amyusha ni galoi kaw na hpang ai ngu ai rai n nga shi ai hku re. Rai yang daini anhte gaw mungkan a man hta amyu langai mi re ngu ai hku nna tsap mayu ai ni rai nga ai majaw ndai ni jahkum shatsup ra ai hku re. Galoi kaw nna hpang ai ngu ai hpe myitmang jahkrum la nna masat kau ra ai ngu ai hpe myit ai re. Dai majaw anhte Hparat Panglai kaw nna gaw lahkawng ning hta shawng de tsawmra sit lu hkra galaw ngut jang gaw seng ang ai Mungdan Shadip Magam hte Wunpawng Rapdaw zawn re ni, Pan-Kachin zawn re ni, mungshawa hte bawngban la nna 2019 ning ram hta gaw masat masa lu galaw kau lu hkra ngu yawshada ai lam re. Sumtang htih na machyoi ninghkring ni mung hpang na lang gaw ndai hta grau jahkum shatsup nna, shanglawm ga. Seng ang ai Htunghking Ginjaw de mung, Wunpawng Mungdan Shanglawt Hpung de mung, Wunpawng Rapdaw hte Pan-Kachin zawn re wuhpung wuhpawng ni hpe mung tang madun lam tam la rai, 2019 ning hkan nna hkrak rai anhte na shata hti laika ndai pru wa lu hkra ngu yawshada ai lam re. Anhte ndai kaw mying jaw ai shaloi Kachin Shata Hti Laika ngu na tsun ai gaw English ni Kachin ngu nna 3

4 Volume III, No. I 2017 tsun ai hpe la ai lam re. Hpang de gara hku ngu shamying na gaw anhte yawng a myit hkrum ai lam she rai na re. Amyu lakung ni yawng lawm ai English hku Kachin ngu tsun ai hpe madung tawn ai lam re. Ya ndai kaw shata hti laika nkau mi hpe anhte tawn da ai, Gsd. Laban bat langai ya lahkawng ya ngu nna masat tawn da ai lam ni nga ai. Lai wa sai ten anhte sharin ai lam ni nga ai. Sr. kb. Gumse, Sr. Hprup La San ni lawm ai. Raitim damlada ai hku nna n lu lang ai hku re. Ndai zawn re ni hpe ganing di na ngu ai ni hpe anhte myit yu na re. Shaloi anhte kaw gasan langai mi gaw shata hti laika ndai hpa baw galaw na? ngu ai gasan kaba rai na re. Shawa nkau mi gaw ndai hpe n chyena na re. Shata hti laika ngu ai gaw anhte a htunghking lailen, anhte a sari sadang, anhte a makam masham lailen ndai kaw rawng ai ngu ai hpe shawa hpe tsun dan ra ai hku rai nga ai. Gsd. Dusat dumyeng hpe la na shamying ai shaloi hpa baw hpe la nna shamying na? Aten hpe shamying ai shaloi hpa baw hte shamying na, tinang a shata hti laika kaw tinang a amyu a makam lawm ai, amyu a lailen lawm ai. Ahkying hpe tsun ai shaloi lailen lawm ai, kaga amyu ni shana hkying 6:00 kaw nna hpang shana 6:00 kaw hkyinghkum 24 ngu na masat ai. Nkau mi jahpawt hkying 6:00 kaw na la ai. Anhte amyu ni galoi kaw nna la na? Ndai zawn re ni nga ra ai hku rai nga ai. Rai yang gaw ndai makam, lailen ndai hpe la nna anhte chye jang she tinang amyu a matu nganggrin ai lam hpe ndai masa gyin shalat ai ni gaw gyin shalat lu ai lam re ngu shawa hpe anhte htawng madun lu ra ai lam rai nga ai. Gsd. Miwa mung gawnyen zawn re ni, muk sha ai lamang zawn re ni hpe tinang amyusha ni gara kaw du tim galaw nga ma ai. Myen ni mung hka jaw poi ndai hpe galaw nga ma ai. Lang ai gaw mungkan a calendar lang na ma ai. Daini anhte mung tinang a masat masa galaw ra ai masat ninghtoi ni hpe anhte a shata hti laika kaw ka shakap da masat da nna, yawng myithkrum manu shadan hkungga rai jang she masha ni mung anhte hpe manu shadan na, hkungga na ngu ai lam rai nga ai. Dai majaw anhte ndai zawn re ai Kachin shata hti laika law law hpe yawshada ai lam re. Daini ndai kaw du sa ai Shata hti laika hte seng nna sawk sagawn da ai kahpu kawa ni kanu kana ni hpe anhte grai kam ai hte hpang ai lam rai sai. Anhte Hparat Panglai ni gaw di dun ai, yawng hte jawm galaw na, n-gun kaba ai hte ndai hpe awngdang hkra galaw na, lahkawng ning hta gade ram lahkam lu na ngu ai re. Sawk sagawn da ai laika ni grai nga ai re majaw grai wa n yak na re. Anhte myit ra ai gaw gara myit jahkrum la na, masat la na, hte shawa hte shagrin la na daw hpe n-gun kaba hte jawm shakut yang gaw n yak na re ngu nna myit lu ai. Daw II. Anhte Hparat Panglai a yawshada ai lam ni gaw Htunghking ningli hpe sawk sagawn nna Hparat Panglai Sawkgyin Gindai kaw e tawn da na, akyu jashawn na ni hpe jaw lu na, sawkgyin mayu ai ni mung maibyin ai daram ta gindun nna sawk gyin na ngu ai re. Anhte a Htunghking lailen hpe anhte a jawng kaw sharin na kaw madung garum lu hkra ngu na myit yawshada ai lam re ngu na tsun mayu ai. Ya ten hta Jinghpaw laika hku na ka tawn da ai sharin laika ni nga chyalu re hpe bai jahkum shatsup na, anhte a lam, anhte a mabyin ni hpe dai kaw ka bang lu na matu re. Gsd. Hpun kawa mying ni mahkawng na, dusat dumyeng mying ni mahkawng na, anhte amyu ni a htinggaw mying ni hpe mahkawng na. Laiwa sai lahkawng ning ram kaw e ndai kaw sharin hpawng langai galaw nna npawt hpang wa ai re. Raitim grai wa n-gun n lu ai, ya Research Center hku na matut galaw na re. Daw III. Anhte ndai zawn rai galaw la wa ai hta hpang daw de kaga htunghking lailen ni hpe sawk sagawn la rai nna, shamat kau n mai ai anhte lailen ni hpe gara hku kyem da nna, kaji ai anhte a ma ni hpe gara hku sharin na ngu ai daw hpe myit ai lam re. Jawng kaw, Jawng kaji kaw nna tsang 10 du hkra tsang hte tsang sharin matwa na ngu ai re. Manau shadung ngu ai hpabaw re, htawngka ngu ai hpabaw re ngu ai ni sharin na. Lapran tsang madang kaw gaw myit sawn sumru ai zawn re ni, tsang 10 du hkra sharin ngut jang gaw anhte ni Jawng kaba langai ngai kaw hkyinghkum masum mali tsa sharin la ngut nna Diploma jaw lu ai madang de myit ai re. Daw IV. Htunghking hte seng ai bungli nkau mi lamang nkau mi hpe Jawng kaw (snr) wuhpung wuhpawng kaw sharin n manu ai lam ni nga ai. Makam masham hku nna, ya prat na lailen hku nna mung sharin n manu mat ai lam ni nga ai. Raitim n mai shamat kau ai lailen ni nga ai. Dai zawn re ni hpe anhte htunghking a masat masa ninghtoi ni galaw ra ai, jawng pat ninghtoi ni amyusha ni a matu nga wa ra ai. Gsd. Miwa mung kaw muk sha ai lamang jawng kaw sharin ai n sharin kun n chye ai. Raitim shanhte yawng galaw nga ai lam nga ai. Myen mung kaw anhte yawng chye ai တ ဆ င တ င galaw nga ai. Jinghpaw ma ni gaw U lagu sha ai ngu chye ai re. Dai zawn re ai bungli ni hpe gaw jawng de n mai sharin nga ai zawn n mai shamat kau ai mung rai nga ai. Dai majaw anhte mung ndai gaw jawng de sharin ga ndai gaw htunghking poi galaw ga ngu ai hku na nga ra ai. Gsd. Shat nnan sha poi hpe daini na makam masham hta chyeju dum poi ngu na galaw ai gara shata, gara shani galaw na i? ganing di galaw na ngu ai shabung ra ai hku re. Ndai zawn re lam ni hpe shata hti laika kaw Rung pat ninghtoi ni nga wa na, KIO masat nhtoi, Amyu shayi masat nhtoi, nanghpam masat nhtoi, Mungdaw nhtoi zawn re ni amyu myu nga wa na. Hpang de anhte ndai zawn re law law yu ra ai hku re ai. Ndai zawn rai tsang hte tsang galaw wa na htunghking lailen ningli ni hpe anhte galaw wa lu na matu yawshada da ai ngu nna Hparat Panglai a lam ni hpe mung ntsa lam shachyen ya mayu ai. Dai majaw anhte ni daini hte hpawtni lahkawng ya galaw na rai nga ai lamang hpe gaw Kachin Shata Hti laika hpe kaning di na, gara hku jawm chyena na ngu ai hpe madung tawn nna galaw la wa na re. Shata kru ram kaw kalang bai Gala mung de na Singhpo ni hte buga ginra shara shagu de na n lawm n mai re ai kanu kawa ni hpe wuhpung wuhpawng ni hpe jinghkum galaw la na. Ya du nga ai sumtang hti na rai nga ai kanu kawa ni kaw nna mung hpang na lang gaw grau hkumtsup ai hku jahkum shatsup nna jawm galaw sa wa na matu lajin ai. Anhte a Kachin shata hti laika n nga n mai, n galaw n mai ai lam nga ai. Wunpawng mungdan Shanglawt hpung kaw nna ndai hpe bungli madung hku nna woi-awn galaw na matu gaw ahkying aten jaw na lam, machyoi hpaji hta hkan nna galaw ra ai ngu tim nau wa n lu galaw ai hku re. Dai majaw yawng a n-gun kaba hte jawm galaw sa wa ga ngu ga saw ai lam re nga nna hpawng hpaw mungga tsun ai. 4

5 2017 Volume III, No. I Kachin Shata Hti Laika Hte Seng Nna Ka Tang La Ai Machyoi Ninghkring Ni Laksan shaw shaga ai machyoi ninghkring ni 1. Du kb Manam Tawng (Miwa mung, ginru ginsa hpaji machyoi ninghkring) 2. Srn. Maji Bawk (Miwa mung, laili laika machyoi ninghkring) 3. Srn. Nding Taw Ra (Laiza Sr. Kb. Ja Li a malai hti ai) 4. Sr. kb. Wawn Awng (Myitkyina, laili laika machyoi ninghkring) 5. Sr. kb. Maju Tu Ja (Myitkyina, laili laika machyoi ninghkring) 6. Sr. Maran Brang Awng (Putao, Sr. Kb Htingse Htingbe a malai hti ai) 7. Sr. Hprup La San (Myitkyina) ni rai ma ai. Ndau laika shiga na lu ai majaw laika ngau shagun jaw ai hte shanglawm ai ni 1. Rev. Ndau Tang Gun (Mali Nmai) 2. Zai Balen 3. Slg. Petru Lawng Gam (SS.37) 4. Tsa Magawng. (Myitkyina) (Ndai lahtaq nah sumtang laika pmwrf;zwfyjg ni hpe htaphtuk ai aten e, Hparat Panglai Journal hku nna bai bang shalawm matwa na ga ai Laikaman (24) matut of order, collective violence also indicates movement towards political order on a new scale. Widespread political violence was not an indicator of political decay but a movement towards political order. They considered the movement as the process of primitive accumulation of power. Following the same logic, the most vocal one among them was Mohammed Ayoob. Ayoob (1997: ) contended that unlike the developed countries the third world countries cannot take State as granted. They are yet to build credible states of their own. For that they need lots of time and a relatively freehand to persuade and coerce. But these two conditions are not met in the third world context. First, they have to complete the statebuilding process within a ridiculously short duration. Second, they have to do it in a humane manner, as expected by the international system. Along the line of this argument, recently Emizet F. Kisangani and Jefferey Rickering (2014) have overstretched the argument by saying that interstate rivalry, instead of war, drives statebuilding. In a nutshell, the crux of this position can be summed up as a violence/time nexus: a relatively free condition for coercion is a must in state-making process, and duration matters in state-formation. The Problem with this line of thought is twofold: first, there is no evidence that third world state builders are less coercive than the European state-builders; in Africa alone four millions people had perished in domestic political violence from 1960 to But no viable state came out of such unparalleled political violence. Second, if duration is the case, then why some states, such as South Korea and Taiwan, can manage to build strong states within a short period of time. (Sorensen 2001:344) Thus, the inadequacy in the logic of the first position begot the emergence of the second position. Second Position Supporters of the second position posit that war is not a must in stateformation. The type of war these countries are fighting against and the nature of capital accumulation matter. Their focus is not on the state s capability of generating coercion rather on the capability of generating consensus or legitimacy. The war is no longer relevant due to internationally recognized sovereignty (Jackson 1990), fixed border (Atzili 2006), and conquest and occupation no longer exist after 1945 (Fazal 2004). Sorensen (2001) emphasised on the nature of war these developing countries are fighting against. The war in the developing world is internal in nature; they do not seriously face external threat as the European states faced. Domestic conflict, wrote Sorensen, in post-colonial states takes place in a context of having a certified life insurance, deposited with the United Nations, which guarantees the absence of external mortal danger, no matter how bad things may look in the domestic realm. (Sorensen 2001: 347) In the absence of life or death threat emanated from outside, the rulers of post-colonial states do not need to tie themselves organically with the population. Hence, they lack long-term considerations (i.e. to build a state that will last); instead their goal is the shortterm considerations (i.e. to get rich in a hurry). Centano (2002: 269), on the other hand, having studied the interrelation between war and state-formation in Latin America, pointed out that civil war did not generate state. If international war had any role in creating states, it would be limited in nature, thus it only generated limited states. Rosemary O Kane (2000) on the other hand, contended instead of war it was revolution which played an important role in building state in Iran, Ethiopia and Nicaragua. Doubting the very causal mechanism of Tilly s model, James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin (2003) questioned whether civil war per se (in the form of ethnic insurgency) is the cause of state-formation. They argued that it is rather the conditions (poverty, political instability etc.) prevalent in a weak-state cause civil war. In the same vein, Anna Leander (2004) questioned the role of capital accumulation in state- formation by arguing that now capital is raised not domestically but internationally. In short, supporters of this position problematise the role of war in stateformation. If war makes state then what kind of war is likely to create favourable conditions for stateformation? War per se is not the golden route to state-formation. They point out that the very conditions and context in which European state evolved are necessarily different from that of the post-colonial countries. 5

6 Volume III, No. I 2017 Third Position Out of the debate between the first and the second, the third position is taken up by some scholars. They safely took up the middle ground. Michael Barnett (1992) in his study on Arab regional cooperation acknowledged the role of external threat in the formation of Arab-states. At the same time he emphasized Arab leaders policy of dovetailing the independence of state with the interests of elites, and skilful manipulation of symbols viz. history, religion etc. Recently Brian D. Taylor and Roxana Botea (2008) argued that, having done comparative case study of Vietnam and Afghanistan, Tilly model would work in some case and not in others depending upon the conditions in which a particular state is in. Such conditions are mainly two: first, the existence of a core ethnic group, and two, the combination of war and revolution, which inspired state officials and facilitated the promulgation of a unifying national ideology. Fundamentally advocates of this position are non-committal. They adopt reconciliatory posture with regard to the on-going debate in the literature. There are two inherent pitfalls associated with this position. First, this position is not free from selection bias. Just by picking up one or two cases which definitely support one s claim will not bring justice to the whole enterprise of explaining the causal relationship between war and state-formation in different contexts. Second, by taking the conciliatory posture, it did not add more knowledge to the body of literature. Rather it ended up making the whole statement un-falsifiable. The statement: war will create state in some case and not in other cannot be refuted. In poperian sense it is not empirical. It will rain or not rain here tomorrow will not be regarded as empirical simply because it cannot be refuted. (Popper 2005: 19) The Case of Burma Which theoretical argument best explains the case of Burma? At the outset this paper would argue that the argument, refuting the replicability of European state- formation process in developing world, best explains the case of Burma. If so, then what are the reasons for the failure? The reasons are manifold and multi-faceted; however this paper will focus mainly on three causal variables namely the absence of 6 social cohesion due to ethnic diversity, type of regime which predetermines whether or not the particular type of government will enjoy widespread legitimacy, and the proximity of great power viz. China. War Does Not Create State in Burma Since 1948 successive governments have been actively engaging in a civil war. There was no absence of the State s substantial undertakings of extraction, repression and of building the army or Tatmadaw. Since 1962 when the Military took over the state power, most of the country s budget has been being allotted to armed forces.5all the natural resources at least in legal sense belong to the state. 6 The past repressive records show us that there can be no doubt that the Burmese government had been one of the most repressive ones in the World. (Wilson 2012?) Despite all these preconditions for state-formation, the outcome shows us the reverse result. If we define state in Weberian term as a political entity which enjoys monopoly over the legitimate use of force, (Weber 1946) the Burmese State, since Independence, never has been fully able to exert its state power across the country. There are many autonomous political enclaves on which the government have no control whatsoever, let alone exercising the legitimate use of force. After all these years, therefore, what Burma got is a weak state being unable to response to the needs of society.7 The question thus remains: why a strong state did not emerge in Burma despite having preconditions for stateformation? Let s look at the main causes for the state- failure. Plural Society In 1939 J.S. Furnivall coined the word plural society in his masterful study of Netherlands India. He defined plural society as a society, that is, comprising two or more elements or social orders which live side by side, yet without mingling, in one political unit. (Furnivall 2010: 446) Frunivall s concept is still relevant, perhaps, especially in the case of Burma. In fact, the greatest failure of post-colonial Burma s political history is Burma s inability to bring out different social and political entities within a single political unit. Apart from eight major ethnic races, the government recognizes 135 distinct national races. (Steinberg 2010: Xxiii). Against this heterogeneous background, there sprung out more than 20 active armed ethnic organizations operating in their own administered territories. (Burma News International 2013) Despite recent cease-fire overtures reached between Tein Sein government and ethnic nationalities, the final settlement is still a distant dream in the absence of political solution. (Aung Zaw 2015) Mainly the tension between demographically dominant Bamar majority and geographically dominant ethnic nationalities defines the politics of Burma. Majority Bamar or Burmans, constituting more than 60 % of the population, monopolise the state power and attempt to bring different ethnic nationalities under their control, resulting in outright ethnic rebellions across the country since 1960s, some since The very reason, of launching coup de tat, given by the Tatmadaw (Myanmar military) in 1962 was to prevent disintegration of the Union. (Silvertein 1977) Since then we continuously are witnessing a persistent and systematic policy of Burmanisation of state power, and excluding or perhaps, even marginalizing the other ethnic nationalities. (ibid) Consequently, State in Burma is practically weak, being unable to control and command the state power within the territory. In sum, the state has failed to reflect the social reality, resulted in prolonged on-going conflict in the country, which has further weakened the state. Garrison State Prophetically Harold D. Lasswell in his 1941 article entitled The Garrison State wrote that the world ahead would be marked by the emergence of garrison states. It indeed happened with the emergence of many military dominated states in 50s and 60s in postcolonial states. (Huntington 1968) What did Lasswell mean by garrison state? According to him, garrison state means a state in which specialists on violence are the most powerful group in society. Not just in military affairs they would include large degree of expertness in many of the skills that we have traditionally accepted as part of modern civilian management. (Lasswell 1941: 456,458)

7 2017 Volume III, No. I Having stated the concept of garrison state, we can but awfully agree with Lasswell that State in Burma is fundamentally a garrison state, in which military men or military men in civilian clothes dominate every possible aspects of politics in Burma. The current constitution contains a provision reserving 25% of the parliamentary seats for the military men. (Constitution of Myanmar 2008) Today important political offices ranging from Parliamentary speaker to President, all are filled up by military men in civilian clothes. This trend has not fundamentally changed since 1962 when the Military took over the state power. It is not likely to change any time soon. Problem of Generating Legitimacy The natural corollary to the establishment of military regime in Burma is absence of widespread legitimacy even among the majority Bamar, let alone ethnic minorities. Sporadically the majority Bamar tends to show their discontent with the military government or now civilianized military government by means of popular demonstrations. (cf.1988, 2007, and recent student protests) The response on the side of ethnic nationalities is fundamentally different from that of majority Bamar. Armed resistance is the predominant mean used among ethnic nationalities. The outbreak of civil war in Kachin state in 2011, and subsequent (still continuing in Kokang area) armed conflicts along the Sino- Burmese borders only remind us the absence of actual sovereignty. It makes us clear that juridical sovereignty guaranteed by the international system fails to mirror social realities in Burma. As long as the military is still in charge, the problem of legitimacy is likely to be still the central contentious issue of Burmese politics. So far as the military regime lacks widespread legitimacy, coercion is the only means it feels safe to apply. But the result definitely will be the prolonged violent conflict. Neighbour Is Given, Not a Choice Burma from its known historical time could never totally shake itself off from the shadow of China, though it tried so from time to time. Yuan China s conquest of Yunnan in 1253 AD changed the whole contour of not only Burmese politics, the politics of Southeast Asia as a whole. In this regard, historian Martin Stuart Fox penned, The conquest of Yunnan altered forever the relationship between China and Southeast Asia. Strategically it projected Chinese power to the South and West in direct contact with Kingdoms and peoples with whom they previously had little or no intercourse at all. (Fox 2003) This historical trend indeed continued in modern time as well. In the cold war years Communist Party of Burma was equipped, trained and supported by China. (Litner 1990) The initial plan as suggested by Liu Shao Chi to CPB (Communist Party of Burma) was to establish base areas in Northern Burma and liberate first the upper Burma, and then the whole country. (Myo 2009) Though this plan was jettisoned in the 80s, China still maintains its influence over the remnant armed organizations of Communist Party of Burma, which demised in Practically China still maintains some degree of influence over ethnic armed organizations along the border. China is not likely to give up its influence in any substantive way. Under these circumstances war cannot in any meaningful way contribute for state-formation in Burma. Rather it has weakened the state financially,8 politically9 and socially.10 Realistically, Burma does not have war as an option for state-formation. If so Burma could have emerged as the strongest state in Southeast Asia for it hardly ceased to engage in a civil war since independence. The past experience should by now convince the muddle headed leaders that war is no longer an option. Then, is there any other way out? If so, one obvious thing is that any future implication for stateformation in Burma must reflect the above mentioned realities namely the presence of plural society, the need for generating widespread legitimacy reflecting the plural society, and the shadow of China. Any policy failed to reflect these realities is bound to fail as past experiences have shown to us. Federal Solution Essentially federal solution is advocated by the ethnic nationalities. They consider that it is the only political environment under which they can peacefully coexist with the majority Bamar. However no unanimous decision has been reached yet with regard to what kind of federal union will Burma be? The minimum agreement they have reached among themselves is all constituent units of the proposed Union, including the majority Bamar, must be equal in spite of size, population etc. It is easier said than done. As the matter of fact, it is definitely a bitter pill for the Burmese military government, after more than sixty years in power, to swallow. On the other hand, the Burmese government envisions a unitary state in which the state power is in the hand of the military or at least military dominated party. The current objective of the government is to bring all opposition groups under the military drafted 2008 constitution some by force, others through reward or persuasion. Decentralisation of state power, as the ethnic nationalities suggested, is an unthinkable taboo for them. Neither of these two extreme views is likely to prevail in Burma because both visions leave no room for compromise. The solution must be somewhere between the two reflecting the social reality, accommodating each other s vital interests; it should be somewhere between pure federation and rigid unitary state. Democracy Carl Gershman, president of National Endowment for democracy, in his October visit (2013) replied to the interview conducted by Irrawaddy magazine, said: the genie is out of the bottle in Burma. (Aung Zaw 2013) Here he meant to say the process of democratization in Burma. Can democracy be panacea for perennial political, economic and social problems of Burma as Gershman suggested? A prudent answer might be, perhaps, both yes and no. Yes, because under, at least a quasi-democratic government like current President Tein Sein government, negotiations with opposition forces, (UPWC and UNFC) though the result will not be necessarily positive, are possible. By conducting elections, though not free and fair, at least the general public could cast their votes, and participate in politics. No, because it is not certain that 7

8 Volume III, No. I 2017 what kind of democracy Burma will pursue. Will it be winner takes all type of democracy,11 in which state power is monopolized by the majority with little regard for the minorities? If so then ethnic minorities are likely to continue to resort to armed resistance as a means for demanding their dues. Then will it be discipline flourishing democracy, as the current government espouses to promote? Ostentatiously in such democracy, the role of military is inevitably predominant in the Country s politics. In fact, the military is the pilot directing the path to democracy. In such democracy, again ethnic nationalities will see no difference between military government and civilianized military government. The only difference they could perceive will be change of clothes. The same means of armed resistance they are likely to resort to. What kind of democratic government may possibly enjoy widespread legitimacy in Burma? It is extremely difficult to fathom. But if such government ever emerge in the future, it will emerge out of three crucial conditions: (1) the supremacy of civilians over the military; (2) equitable distribution of power between majority and minority according to their proportions; and, (3) successful establishment of multi-ethnic army under the civilian control. Managing the Great Power What palpable strategic options do a smaller state has when facing a great power? (1) A small state can balance (internal, external and regional) against the great power; (2) hide (buck-passing) from it; (3) transcend (Shroeder 1994) the prevailing international anarchy by creating norms, institutions etc.; (4) it can bandwagon the great power; and, (5) it can use the policy of hedging or leashslipping. (Walt 2009; Christensen and Snyder 1990) So far Burma adopted the policy of hiding in dealing with China. According to Paul Shroeder hiding can take four different forms: (1) simply ignoring the threat or declaring neutrality in a general crisis, possibly approaching other states on one or both sides of a quarrel to get them to guarantee one s safety; (2) trying to withdraw into isolation; (3) assuming a purely defensive position in the hope that the storm would blow over; (4) or, 8 usually as a later or last resort, seeking protection from some other power or powers in exchange for diplomatic services, friendship, or non-military support, without joining that power or powers as an ally or committing itself to any use of force on its part. (Shroeder 1994: 117) Mainly type 1, 2 and 4 are eminent in Burma s policy towards China; from 1948 to 1962 Burma s proclaimed foreign policy was neutrality; the period between 1962 to 1988 saw isolationist policy as a dominant one; and, from 1988 to 2010, type 4 policy gained currency. (U Nu 1975; Myo 2009; Steinberg 2012) However, from 2010 onwards Burma s policy orientation is heading towards a policy of regional balancing against China by tilting closer to US, India and Vietnam. Strategically Burma is posturing itself against China, on the one hand by launching offensive war against ethnic armed groups since 2011 along the Chinese border, creating an instability along the Yunnan frontier, and on the other, it tries to strike a closer tie with the United States by seemingly transforming itself into a democratic state. How will it pay off? Current political development shows no happy sign. The outbreak of the Tatmadaw s (Army) armed conflict with ethnic Han Chinese Kokang, on 9 February 2015 (still on-going), jeopardized, if not eliminated, Burma s option for regional balancing. Any strategy pursuing in the absence of social-cohesion is bound to fail. In this asymmetric calculus, it has to be noted that China has more cards to play against Burma than Burma against China. Thus, before pursuing any possible strategy with regard to China in order to maintain its own strategic autonomy as the Burmese leaders so aspire to, Burma, willingly or unwillingly, has to pursue the policy of seek ye thy socialcohesion first. In the absence of it, even the most prudent strategy will end up becoming an abortive one. Conclusion We have so far discussed the reasons lack of social cohesion, government s lack of widespread legitimacy, and neighbouring with a rising great power why Tilly s thesis will not work in Burma. And we have also observed some possibilities to overcome these obstacles. None of these obstacles can be removed overnight. Well calibrated, inclusive national policy reflecting political, social and economic realities has to be formulated and pursued efficiently. Government s popular national policy non-disintegration of the Union, nondisintegration of national unity, and non- perpetuation of sovereignty does not necessarily reflect the political imaginations of imagined communities within the plural society of Burma. From a more marginalized community, which is systematically deprived of political power, would argue that there is no union, in the first place, to be disintegrated; there is no national unity to be dissolved; and above all, there is only juridical sovereignty to be perpetuated, not de facto sovereignty whatsoever. Hence, in sum, the future of Burmese state will inevitably lie not on the State s ability to wage a hundred internal wars with the hope that it will come out stronger each time, but on its acumen to instil in each citizen a sense of belongingness to the country, or in other words social cohesion. End notes 1 Burma is a more inclusive term embracing all ethnic nationalities residing in the country. Therefore the name is more political in nature. The new connotation Myanmar on the other hand is racial in nature. The use of the term is still controversial, and not accepted by all. Therefore, here in this paper I prefer to use Burma for it is more embracive and neutral. 2 Though government official accounts tend to portray it as internal armed conflict or armed conflict and never admit that it is a civil war, if we define civil war according to Singer and Small s criteria, it is indeed a civil war of type 5. War is defined as sustained combat, involving organized armed forces, resulting in a minimum of 1000 battle-related fatalities within a 12 month period. (Singer and Small 1972) Let s just take the example of a recent civil war broke out in Kachin states. It was indeed a sustained combat between organized armed forces, fighting more than 1450 battles from June 2011 to December (Lt-Gen Myint Soe, RFA 17/3/2015). On the other hand, the battle-related fatalities well crossed the threshold of 1000 casualties: Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO) reported 6000 government troops killed, wounded and captured (KIA Headquarter Officers interviewed by

9 2017 Volume III, No. I Southern Weekly, Jan.17, 2013, also see (Anthony Davis, Asia Time, Jan ); Tatmadaw acknowledged more than 1000 casualties on its side between September and December of 2012 alone. (Shan Herald Agency for News, Aug. 28, 2013) 3 These concepts are adopted from (Daron Acemonglu and James A Rohinson 2012); they define extractive political institutions or government are those institutions in which power concentrates in the hands of a few, who will then have incentives to maintain and develop extractive economic institutions for their benefit and use the resources they obtain to cement their hold on political power. 4 I am using the word third world as it appears in the literature written in 80s and 90s 5 For instance, in 2014 alone Myanmar Army enjoys $ 2.39 Billion accounting for 12% of the National Budget for the year 2014, ( What has changed within the Myanmar Army?), The Irrawaddy, Yangon, 26 March For example, see Burma s 2008 constitution. 7 Burma still ranked 24 jointly with Liberia in Failed State Index for 2014, (FSI 2014) 8 It is alleged that 105 MM motor shell, used by Tatmadaw in 2011 civil against the Kachin, costs approximately $2000 to $2500 per motor. 9 Use of coercion more hardened the rebels to fight back, because the day they loss to the Burmese military, they considered it is the end of their rights to live. 10 Needless to say, war polarizes the two warring societies, hampering social cohesion. 11 C.f. parliamentary democracy period of Burma from 1949 till References Acemoglu, Daron & James A. 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(1988), Strong Societies and Weak States: State- Society Relations in the Third World, Princeton: Princeton University Press. O Kane, Rosemary H.T (2000), Post-Revolutionary State Building in Ethiopia, Iran, and Nicaragua: Lessons from Terror, Political Studies, 48: Popper, Karl (2005), The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London: Routledge. Silverstein, Josef (1977), Burma:Military Rule and the Politics of Stagnation, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Steinberg, David I. (2010), Burma/ Myanmar: What Everyone Needs To Know, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Steinberg, David I. (2012), Modern China-Myanmar Relations: Dilemmas of Mutual Dependence, Copenhagen: NIAS Press. Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003), A Short History of China and Southeast Asia, Australia: Allen & Unwin. Sorensen, Georg (2001), War and State-Making: Why Doesn t It Work in the Third World?, Security Dialogue, 32 (3): Taylor, Brian D. & Roxana Botea (2008), Tily Tally: War-Making and State- Making in the Contemporary Third World, International Studies Review, 10 (1): Tilly, Charles (1985), War Making and State Making as Organised Crime in Peter Evans, Dietrich Rueschemeyer & Theda Skopol 9

10 Volume III, No. I 2017 (eds.) Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. U Nu (1975), Saturday s Son: Memoirs of the Former Prime Minister of Burma, Translated by U Law Yone, New Haven: Yale University Press. Walt, Stephen M. (2009), Alliances in a Unipolar World, World Politics, 61 (1): Weber, Max (1946), Politics as a Vocation in Gerth, H.H. & C. Wright Mills (eds.) From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology, New York: Oxford University Press. Wilson, Trevor (2012?), Judging Burma s Human Rights Abuses: Is there a Role for a Commission of Inquiry? Available at asiarights/files/2011/12/burma- Human- Rights.pdf Laikaman (1) "Kachin Basic Education Curriculum" mautut ai, rai nga ai. Majan awngdang na snr n awngdang na mung, dai majan ladat masing hkrang ntsa e, grai hkriqdun ahkyak lawm nga ai. Magah mi hku bai tsun gaq ngu yang, mungh hpe uphkang gawsharawt na matu, constitution ra ahkyak nga ai zawn, amyusha hpaji hparat hpe majen je na matu mung, hpaji sharin matsun (education al curriculum) gaw, nnga nmai ra ahkyak dik nga sai. Ndai gaw, sharin sara/num lang hteq jawngma lang textbook ni byin pruwa na matu, ningshawng galaw wa ra ai bungli bungsi kaba ningpawt ni rai nga maluq ai. Amyusha Sutgan (national property) nan, rai nga ai. Galaw lah ra nga sagaq ai. Masum yaq tup e, galaw lah lu ai yiqngam ni htaq, Kachin national context, vision, principles, goals ni hpe nhprang draft hku ka shawq lah lu tawn nhtawm, learners key competencies, desirable characteristics, learning standards and indicators, comparative study on key learning areas of 7 countries (Australia, India, Thailand, Englang, Singapore, Mon, Myanmar), 21st century skills, mother tongue based Malti-lingual education, curriculum : strands and learning standards, teaching methodology, aims and objectives of education research : need assessment, research topics in Kachin curriculum : priorities in researches for the school curriculum in Kachin context,... ni hpe bawngban jahkrup nna matut galaw ra ai bungli ni hpe lit jawq shatsam hkat maq ai. Matut nna mung, Kachin national curriculum framework process bungli ni hpe shangut shakreq lah matwa lu na matu mung, bungli bungsi ni hpe aten hteq aten, ladawq hteq ladawq masing jahkrat tawn ngut chyalu rai nga maq ai. Amyusha hpaji madang hpe gawsharawt galaw ai, rai sai. Ndai Kachin Basic Education Curriculum Framework bungli gaw, Kachin amyusha gawgap ai bungli nan, rai nga ai. Amyusha gawgap bungli gaw bugah gawsharawt bungli hteq hkrang satlawat n bung nga ai. Shai hkat nga maq ai. Lachyum gaw, movable national property (mindset centred) hteq unmovable material infrastructure (physical centred) hkrang masa ni, rai nga ai. Ngangkang ai amyusha hpe gawgap gawsharawt tawn ngut mat yang meq gaw, kaning re kasat galar hpyen wa mi dudu, htenrun na snr jahten sharun kau ya na n loi nga ai. Hprawng kau, tawn kau, yen kau dah mung, n ra nga ai. Kachin ni, dainih Kachin Amyusha Gawgap yiqngam bungli e, ninggun kaba dat ra mat sai. Ahkying aten hpanghkrat laq nga sagaq ai. Miwa, US, Singapore,... ni gaw shanhte amyusha gawgap ai amyusha bungli ni hpe galaw awngdang ngut masai. Myen gaw amyusha gawgap bungli hpe req n ngut shi nga ai. Galaw nga dingyang nawq kri nga ai. Denghkan, manghkang nawq byin pru nga ai re. Dai Myen amyusha ni pyi gaw, Kachin amyusha ni htaq, shaning 100 ning ram, ningshawng kagat tsap nga manuq ai. Galaw let hkajah, sharin lah ngu ai ladat hteq, bungli byin tim la-nyan htingnai laq nga mat sai. Chye ai ni nan, buklik ra sai. Lawan ra sai. Kagat shaten shachyut pyen ra sai. Yangon University pyi gaw AD 2020 ning e, asak 100 ning hpring sai. Kachin htinggaw gaw yaq sheq, na-um nasin, ningpawt ninghpang htoichyiq htoimaq satlawat hteq, gangdun gangjen arit taw nga ai, re. Tsun gaq nga yang, laiwa sai sha-ning 100 ning hkan e, Myen amyusha ni galaw matwa ai Myen mungh masa Bama tsa di thuq tsa, Bama sagah di thuq sagah (Myen laika gaw anhte laika, Myen ga gaw anhte aq ga) ngu ai madang rawtmalan satlawat gaw, yaq sheq Kachin ni galaw shakut wa ai, rai nga ai. Ndai pyi gaw ayak ahkak bailiq bailaq. Amyusha shamu shamawt mung, Kachin amyusha gawgap gawsharawt e hkriqdun nna yiqngam sharawt ra mat sai. Moi chyaloi ninghkoi kaw nna, Miwa hkawhkam, Myen hkawhkam ni hte sha n ga, grup-yin kadai gara wa a dip ka-up ai lam n nga ai sha Jinghpaw Du Magam (Mungdu hte Munghdu) ni prat madu lamuga hpe madu ra ai hku nkau mi, mungshawa a ra sharawng ai hku nkau mi rai nna, uphkang wa ai hpe labau gaw sakse tai ya nga ai hpe labau chye ai ni yawng chye nga ma ai. Mungkan ningtsa jan n shang ai mungdan hpe uphkang sha nga ai Britisha Englik mungmaden ni Myen mung de du shang wa ai shaloi; 1885 ning hta Myen hkawhkam ni asum jaw kau sai. Dai hpang Jinghpaw mung de bai mungmaden lung wa ma ai. Shanhte gaw, Myen hkawhkam ni pyi asum jaw kau sai re majaw apyaw sha wa ka-up sha na sawn ma ai. Raitim, Jiwa ni gaw, tinang a buga de tawtlai shang bang wa ai Englik ni hpe laknak n bung raitim, agying agang hkap nut jaw dat ma ai. Dai majaw, Englik ni gaw, Jinghpaw mung hpe shanhte upsha lu ai raitim, shanhte nan n upsha ai sha, mi na du magam, Agyi salang ni hpe Bumdu, Mungdu, Munghdu, ngu masat ai hkamdahka Laika Jaw Shagrau nna i moi Jinghpaw Du Magam ni upsha ai ten na zawn, tinang a lamuga ginra, buga kahtawng ni hpe bai upsha shangun ma ai. Myen mungdan shanglawt lu ai hpang mung, mi moi na Buga ginra, mare kahtawng ni hpe mi moi na Jinghpaw du magam ni hpe sha masat shagrin masat laika (cefupm) jaw nna wanglu wanglang upsha lai wa sai rai nga ai. Raitim, 1962 ning, Mat shata praw (2) ya shani kaw nna gaw, Jaubu Ne Win wa e amyusha ni a Jadip Jahpang Ahkaw Ahkang yawng zingla kau ya ai sha n ga, dawm kau hkrum nna, mungmaden Myen Hpyen Asuya MSL e roi-nra di, dip up gamyet, zing-ri zing-rat myiprwi hkrat let, tinang a mare kahtawng buga ni hte sutgan Nga, Dumsu ni yawng hpe gabai kau da mat wa ra saga ai re. Kaning re ai shara hta mi du hkawm raitim, Jiwa ni a dai lup buga hpe gaw, malap kau n mai nga ga ai. 10 MALAP N LU AI HTINGNAI GA Bum Shanghkawng

11 2017 Volume III, No. I Dai majaw, daini na ramma nkau mi tinang a kanu kawa buga ginra mare kahtawng ni hpe n chye mat wa ai grai law mat wa sai hpe chye lu ai. Dai rai nna, lawu de ka madun da ai chyarang gaw, Mali hkanu a sinna hkran rai nga ai, nye a myit hta malap n lu ai htingnai buga nkau mi hta nga lai wa sai Mungdu hte Munghdu ni a (Mungdu Rapdaw) Mungdung Htingnu mare mying, dai Duwa hte seng ai buga kahtawng ningchyawng nkau ni hpe Duwa Shanghkawng Zau Ra ka mahkawng da ai kaw na dang lu ai dairam sawk ka da ai rai nga ai. Hkrak dik, Jaw dik, Hkumtsup dik ai tinang a buga labau ni ka shapraw, kabang wa na hpe myit mada kam dat ai rai. HTINGNAI BUGA HTA 1962 NING, Mat shata duhkra wanglu wanglang madu uphkang nga sha wa sai lamuga ginra hte lamuga madu hte munghdu ni a mying, amyu ru sai, du dung htingnu mare, kahtawng nkau mi a mying ni:- Ru yan Mungdu Mying (Du Magam Hpan) 1. Lachyung Du ni 2 Ding-rin Du ni 3 La-kum Du ni 4 Nga Du ni Gumchying Gumsa 5 Latau Du ni Gumchying Gumsa 6 Daulung Du ni 7 Mansen Du ni 8 Sumhpu Du Ni 9 Zi Lahpai Du ni 10 Hkawan Du ni 11 Galang Lai Du ni 12 Woisau Du ni 13 Dinggram Du ni 14 Lunghkat Du ni 15 Hpungkraw Du ni 16 Wa Baw Du ni 17 Lawhkum Du ni 18 Lagyeng Bum Du ni Amyu Rusai (Myu Hpan) Lahtaw Ndup (Ndup Lachyung) Mungdu Dung Htingnu Mare Kaplang, Mayan Buga/Kahtawng/Ningchyawng Mayan, Lachyung Kahtawng, Salawng Yang, Mahtang Kawng Marip Ding-rin Namhkam Namti, Kyundaw, Pang Sau Yang, Hpauwu Kahtawng, Pauhkawng, Sabaw Kahtawng, Panghka Kawng, Dimlang, Pauhkoi Lahtaw Dashi La Kum Mare Woi Yang, Nawng Zup, Panghka, Seng Da, Larang, Uyin, Kya In, Ya Zai, Lai Lau Ninghkum/Share Hkum Nga Kahtawng Na Yang, Wa Gyit Yang, Ru Kahtawng, Pungling, Sumpra Yang Hka Shu Hka Sha Latau Lamai, Bangdawng Yang, Nambum Pa, Ding Zai, Laja Gyawk Maran/ Lana Ran Dungmawn Yang Woi Shagum, Janghtung Yang, Shingbwi Yang, Gaw Nan Zi Lahpai 1: Mansen Bum Ninghkrut Yang, Banseng Yang, Laja Yang, Chyanghkang Kaji Gyawk Zi Lahpai 2: Mahprim mare Sun Neng, Loi Puk, Anh Maw Zi Lahpai Sumhpu mare, Loi Tawm mare Tawn Ni, Nammana, Min-gone, Pungga, Wai Lung, Hka Hpraw Yang Zi Lahpai Zi Htingnu mare Pinbaw (Pin Bo), Bamawk Gone, Lai Lau Yang, Hpaga Yang Shadau Kahtawng, Tai Wah Ninghkum Hka Wan mare Numlau, Pagum Yang, Ninghkum Dung, Ningtsing Kahtawng, Marau Kawng, Mingone Hpunggan Lahpai Galang Lai Laidang Hku, Bagang Kahtawng Maran/Lana Pungga Woisau Bum mare Padang Kawng, Hku Sai, Htai Ra Yang, Hka Tsi Yang, Pahkaw Kahtawng, Ningdawng Kahtawng, Kawa Kawng, Gwi Htu Yang Maran Laika (Laika ran) Makyeng Htingnu Nam Jun Htingnu Lamai, Yihku Kahtawng, Palata Bum, Mawbang, Na Bang, Sha-u Hkyet, Nam uk, Maru Kahtawng Bang San, Loi Chyu, Nam Htan Zi Lahpai (Krawn Lahpai) Hpungkraw Mare Namhkang Salwi Yang, Hpau roi kahtawng Hpunggan Lahpai Wa Baw Malizup, Warabum, Lwin Oo, Zawdi Kong, Ywathit Gyi, Na Mawn Lahtaw Lawhkum Bum Lagawng Gyawk, Balu myu, In Jin Gone, Namhkam, Loi Hpawng, Nhkut, Lahtaw Sailing, Lashi, Naungwan, Sansop, Hpunggaw, Magwi Baw Bum Hpunggan Lahpai Lagyeng Bum Loiseng, Hkashang Kong, Wabaw Hkyet, Badangdip Yang, Dinglung, Kumba yang, Sha-u hkyet 11

12 Volume III, No. I Mara Du Ni Gumchying Gumsa 20 Ningsan/ In San 21 La-tawt Du ni 22 Hkashang Du ni 23 Hka Pra Du ni 24 Sailing Du ni 25 N shu Du ni Gumchying Gumsa 26 Hpungaw Du ni 27 Ka Du Du ni 28 Marim Du ni 29 La-mai Du ni 30 Ga Hkyeng Du ni Gumrawng Zi Lahpai Mara Kong Mara, Ban, Zing, Punglum, Panghkaw, Namma, Ning rawng, Nloi Zup, Sumpra Yang, Magying, Maitawng Hpunggan Lahpai Dawnggan Nkoi Kahtawng, Nyawnggone, Lagat Yang, Yit Pup Lahtaw La-tawt Na Ju, Yawnawn, Shwedawng Naw-gu Hpunggan Lahpai Hkashang Hpaulu, La Sha, Hkanawng Lahtaw Hka Pra Shwi Mong, Hpung Gaw, Hka Wan Hpunggan Lahpai Sailing Moh Nyein (Mung Nyang), Min-gone, Namjang, Lung Ja Kong Lahtaw N shu Bau Kahtong, Nahpok, Nyawng Pinta, Nai Htu Lahtaw Sailing Nawngwan, Nawng Pung, Loi Hpawng, Hpunggaw Lahtaw (Wa La) Ka-du Myo Sha-u Yang Ka-du mare, Padang Kong, Ok Kyin, Bum Chyangbum, Yihku, Natmaw, Makawk Lai, Nat Gawk, Hkin Rum Ru Marip Rim Nlung Wang, Na Man, Wu Sang Bum, Saga, Mawa Tawk, salwi Yang, Nammut, Rit Kong, Hpat Wat Tsit Hkum/ Nhkum La-mai Kawng Ra, Pa Gaw Yang, La Tawt Dingsa, Shoi Mawng, Udi/ Ulam/ Uga Ga Hkyeng Ga Hkyeng, Hpawgoi Hkyet 31 Ba Lai Du ni Gumrawng Udi/ Ulam/ Uga Ba Lai Tinggaw Yang, Hpawbawn Hkyet, Uratu 32 Hta Man Du ni 33 Hpadip Gumrawng Gumsa 34 Udi Uga Du ni Gumrawng Gumsa 35 Shawngba Du ni 36 Shanghkong Du ni 378 Bandu Du ni 38 Wa Du Du ni Gumrawng Gumsa 39 Num-ya Du ni 40 Magong Magan Du ni 41 Ga Hkyeng Du ni Gumrawng Gumsa 42 Bum Sen Du ni Lahtaw Hta Man Pauji, Lung Wap, Ninglaw, Hkaungtung Bum Lat Kareng Hpadip, Nansi Awng Namna, Magwi Chyai, Namkye Hka, Ritbun, Indawlay Udi Udi Bum U-ga Bum, Wa Ma, Lagat Kong Udi Shawngba Pankaing Kong, Pankaing Yang, Moda Ningmwi Maran Maran Ningmwi Maran Lawzang (Ningshang Ran) Shanghkawng Bumlung Shanghkawng Bum Bandu Bum Nongpung Yang Bumtsit, Uban Yang, Ugangbum, Dauhkyet, Kong-ra Bum, Ninggan Yang, Hka Hkyeng Yang, Jawng Kong, Hkaika Yang, Sinpraw Kahtawng, Kawji Hku, Namsu Yang, Maikung, Hpaga Yang, Hkachyang Yang Kareng Kahtong, Lauban Kahtawng, Hkalam Yang, Pa-lau Yang, Padip Yang, Ginrai Kahtawng, Gandak Yang, Manhpa, Kadaw Kawng Udi Chyangmaja Wa Du Lahkra Kong, Htau Lai Yang, Sitin Yang, Ningwa Kong Zi Lahpai (Lahpai Jingma)a Zi Lahpai (Lahpai Jingma)a Num-ya Bum Naura Kong Magan Na Lung Da Bang Kong, Maisak Kong, Janggap Yang,Nawngboi Bandang, Hkrai Htang, Mandau, Mankin, Pangung, Sinbo, Myat Awng Udi Chyangmaja Lagyeng Kong Yenbung Yang, Maihka Yang, Yihku, Bum Rawng, Maihting Kong, Htawang Yang, Lahpai Sumhka Bum Sen Bankawk Yang, Shaya Kahtawng, Sutlen Yang (Sumhka Lahpai) Matsing: Lahta de na chyarang hta, gali galai n hkum n tsup re ai lam ni nga na re, hkum tsup hkra ka jahkum la lu na matu, garum la na hpe kam dat ai. 12

13 2017 Volume III, No. I JAWM MYIT, AHKYAK JAWM LA JJ Lum Dau (18 February 2017) Ndai ten hta, KIO Ginjaw hte Myitkyina Manau wang kaw mungdan simsa lam hte seng nna bawngban nga ai lam na chye lu ai majaw, tinang mung, dai bawngban ai masing kaw ndai laika ngau hku shanglawm nga nngai. Ne Win a prat kaw nna daini du hkra, tai ni lang wa ai ladat a ntsa lakap nna lawu na ningmu kaw shang maram ai lam rai li ai. 1. Rawtmalan hpung ni hte maigan masha ni hpe n lu hkalem jang, shanhte shada a lapran kaw n htuk hkat, shatan hkat ai ladat lang nna myit shangsha shangun mayu ai de gang la ai ladat lang nna shalau sha wa ai zawn, daini na ten hta shanhte shada sat hkat, nat hkat, Suu Kyi yan Min Aung Hlaing gaw kaja nan n ju hkat ai zawn, mungdan kata kaw mung, maigan hkan e mung, ninghkap dan wa masai. Min Aung Hlaing gaw Miwa hpe masawp, Suu Kyi gaw American hpe shanyam, maga mi de Japan, Russia zawn re ai ni hpe lapran kaw tsatbang ai ladat hte, mungkan hpe ka manawt dan nga ma ai. 2. Madung gaw rawtmalan hpung ni yawng hpe NCA kaw ahkum ara shanglawm shangun mayu timung, byin mai na masa n nga ai majaw hpangjahtum tsaban 21 Panglung zuphpawng kaw ahkum ara shanglawm wa na matu, Min Aung Hlaing myit n hkrum timung, Suu Kyi akroi anoi lajin ai hpe Min Aung Hlaing myit hkrum ya ai hkrang shapraw ai hte grup-yin na ni Suu Kyi hpe jawm kamhpa wa na rai nna, hpangjahtum tsaban 21 Panglung zuphpawng kaw rawtmalan hpung ni yawng shanglawm wa ai hte laknak ni yawng dawm la kau lu ai ten du hkra, lahkam langai a hpang langai n shayawm ya n mai, maigan mungdan ni kaw nna mung hpaji jawm jaw ai ladat lang wa na ma ai ngu maram mai nga ai. 3. Rawtmalan hpung ni kaw na laknak yawng masawm la kau lu ai hpang, matut byin wa na masing gaw: ning kaw Mon rawtmalan hpung ni tai wa hkalem ai hpe tsepkawp kam ya nna shanhte a laknak kaji kaba lau (1,111) hpe simsa lam hte galai nhtawm, tai wa hpe ap ya let shang wa masai. Dai hpang ningbaw ningla ni yawng hte ahkyak ai hpyendu hpyenla ni hpe htawng kaw rimbang kau masai. Asak kung sai nkau gaw htawng kaw nsa hti mat nna, nkau gaw htawng kaw aten galu rawng kau da ai hpang, ntai nmai mat ai shaloi shapraw dat ai rai yang, kade myit n dik timung, kaning gaw n di, masin gaw n si, naw ngam nga ai shanhte a prat hpe nji nmu hkamsha ai prat hpe myit dum dat yang, masha ngu ai gaw aten lai jang she, myit malai lu ai baw re hka, nga ai. Mon masha kaba langai tsun ai hta, Mon gaw hkawhkam hkawseng amyu rai nna magrau grang ai amyu mung rai ga ai. Mon amyu gaw, kade magrau grang nna n-gun ja timung, myit hpaji shingjawng ai kaw Myen hpe sum wa saga ai. Dai majaw ya gaw, Mon 90% gaw Myen maga de byawng shang mat saga ai. Dai Mon ni gaw Mon sai rawng timung, Myen she rai ga ai nga nna hkamla wa masai. Naw ngam nga ai Mon amyu 10% hpe Myen de matut byawng shang na matu shakut nga ai ni gaw Mon sai rawng ai ni re, nga ai. 4. Gashadawn tsun ga nga yang, President Htin Kyaw, Aung San Suu Kyi, Min Aung Hlaing, Shwe Mann, Myint Swe, Thein Sein, Khin Nyunt, Ohn Myint, zawn re ai ni gaw Mon sai rawng ai ni hkrai rai sai. Myen masha kaba ni kaw na Mon sai n rawng ai gaw, Than Shwe hte Maung Aye yan sha re. Mon amyu rai nna Myen maga de byawng shang mat ai ni mahtang naw ngam nga ai Mon amyu 10% hpe Myen maga de byawng shang mat na matu gara hku shakut nga ma ai lam Mon masha kaba langai tsun wa yu sai. 5. Ningbaw Kaba Maran Brang Seng, NMSP ningbaw Naing Shwe Kyin yan gaw, mungmasa hte seng nna, shan lahkawng hkrai sha, grai simsa ai Thai panglai kaw na Mai Thonn ngu ai zunlawng kaji kaw, 3 ya tup jahkrup hkat ma yang, lu wa ai mahtai gaw, Myenmung hpe n-goi zawn, maga mi hpe dingdung (Kachin) kaw gyit, maga mi de dingda (Mon) kaw gyit shajup tawn nhtawm, Myenmung hpe gara hku goiwat kau na lam bawng jahkrup wa masai. Raitimung kade n na yang, shan lahkawng yan nsa hti mat nna shan jahkrup tawn ai masing mung yupmang sha tai mat sai. Kajasha nga yang, dai masing hpe shalat ai ladat hte daini na ten hta asak naw jahkrung la mai na re. 6. Than Shwe gaw mungkan kaw n-gun ja dik htum ai Tami Tiger rawtmalan hpung hpe Sri-Lanka Shadip Magam kaw nna tsepkawp dang kau ai kasi hpe shi nan Sri- Landa de sa nna, hkraksha hkaja la nhtawm, anhte a ginra kaw shi hkaja la ai ladat wa lang ai hte, shi a hpyenhpung ni zing la ai ginra ni kaw lawu ga na Myen ni hpe 13

14 Volume III, No. I 2017 shalun la nna madu la kau shangun ai. Zing la hkrum ai ginra madu ni bai nhtang jaw na matu sun hkauna madu sa hpyi shabai ai shaloi, anhte a hpyenhpung ni asai hte galai tawn ai lamuga hpe n jaw lu sai lam tsun wa ma ai. Rawtman hpung ni laknak ap kau ai shani kaw nna gaw, anhte hpe Karai Kasang shaman da ya ai mungdan gaw, tai wa hpe ap-ya kau ai ten rai wa na sai. 7. Ndai ten hta tinggyeng lu lawm lam kaw myit marin ai KNU ningbaw gaw laknak pyi rai n ap-ya ai raitimung, Kayin ni a mungdan adaw achyen hpe kaga Kayin rawtmalan hpung ni naw ninghkap gasat nga ninglen, buga gawsharawt masing hku jahpai ai ladat lang let, zing la katut nga sai. Tai wa hpe laknak ap-ya kau ai hpang gaw kade myit n kut timung, masa hta hkan nna rawtmalan bai hpang na ngu ai gaw, yupmang pyi n mai mu na sai. Tsawra kamhpa ai Nu Wa Hpu Nau ni e, mungmasa bawng na matu, mungdan shawng simsa ra na re. Myen Shadip Magam hte hpyendap gaw myit hprawsan ai hte mungdan sima lam bawng mayu ai rai yang, mungdan simsa na matu Myen hpyendap ni yawng anhte a ginra kaw na yen mat ra na re. Dai shaloi mungdan simsa ai hpang, mungmasa lam hpe myit simsa ai hte bawng jahkrup la mai na re, ngu mu ai hpe jawm myit sumru yu nna ahkyak jawm la na matu kamhpa ai shawang myit hte tangmadun dat nngai law. PALAUNG (TA-ANG) AMYUSHA NI A RAWTMALAN HKRUNLAM Kudawng Seng I. Palaung (Ta-Ang) Amyusha Ni Nga Pra Hkrat Wa Ai Lam. Palaung (Ta-ang) amyusha ni gaw Mun Hkamer amyu ni hta na amyu bawsang langai rai nga ai. Miwa Mung ga kaw nna Manmaw ga hku Mungmyit Sinli ga de shang wa ai re lam chye lu ai. La amyusha ni nga lai wa ai shara ni hta Kachin hte Palaung ni bai du shang wa nna lahta Sam mung na bum ni hta jawm nga pra wa ai ni re. Bum langai ngai hta gaw lawu lahta rai nna rau jawm de ai shara ni mung nga ai. Palaung amyusha ni a lakung lama ni gaw, (1) Rumai (2) Ruhkaw (3) Rugawng (4) Ruchying (Pale) (5) Ruhkram (6) Samlung (7) Htawrai (8) Kunhe (9) Tawngma (10) Rupo (11) Ruma (12) Rulai (13) Ruhkuk (14) Rushe (15) Runaw (16) Rutra (17) Rubrang (18) Rubrawng (19) Ngawnrawt (20) Pangrim ni rai ma ai. Samlung hte Htawrai lakung lama ni gaw AD ning daram hta Miwa Mung Yunnan kaw nna Sam Mung Loilung Namsan bum (Tawng Peng ga) de kaga Palaung amyusha ni a shawng kaw nna du bang sai lam chye lu ai. Loilung (or) Tawng Peng ngu ai gaw Sinli, Sipaw, Mungmyit Ginwang masum na Palaung Sawbwa Du dung ai Ginwang kaji langai rai nga ai. Dai Sawbwa Du hpe Myen Hkawhkam prat kaw nna masat masa galaw da ai re. Myen Hkawhkam ni hpe law law rawtmalan yu sai lam (Kungbawngset laban Vol. 3:pp 298) hta mu lu ai. Tawng Peng Sawbwa Hkun Tha gaw AD hta Myen Hkawhkam moimang hpe Myen ni n chye hkra Kachin ni makoi lup kau ya sai. 14 Ruhkaw lakung ni gaw Kyawkme, Munglung, He Mung, Mungmyit grupyin de nga nna hpalap hkai sha chye ma ai. Ruhkran lakung lama ni gaw lawu sam Mung Tawnggyi, Laihka ga hkan Sam hte Pa-O ni a lapran hkan nga matep nang nga ma ai. Rumai hte Ruchying (Pale) lakung lama ni gaw Mungji ga hte Sakhkung hka lapran bum shagawng ni hta shanu nga ma ai. Rumai (Humai) lakung lama nkau mi gaw Kutkai grup-yin hte Mungwi ga, Namhkam bum mayan hku law nga ma ai. Bangtawng, Humai lakung lama ni gaw Sam labau laika hta yu ai shaloi Miwa Mung Monghkawn (Mangshi) ga kaw nna Bugang Htam Ming woiawn ai htinggaw 80 Howa Kawng Wai kaw du shang wa masai. Dai kaw nna shara gran, htuk manu dam lada ai shara madun la na matu Maran Jaulung Duwa kaw sa hpyi lajin ma ai. Dai ten hta Maran Jaulung Duwa gaw Howa hte Mungji ga lahkawng hpe up nga ai re majaw Mungji ga Mungpaw, Hubung, Bangsak, Mungdawng shara ni hta nga na ahkang jaw ai. Dai ten hta Kokang ga Shantung mare hta Miwa damya hpung mi du pru nna Kokang ga ting hta shalau mya sha hkawm nga ai shiga na ai hte Kokang Palaung Buhing Htak Thing gaw shi a hkringmang marai lahkawng hpe Banglum bum, Mungji htingnu de hpyen n-gun garum hpyi na matu shangun dat ai. Jawn Gumra langai, htaw gumra 10 hte dumsu wutang gap 5 hpe matut mahkai ja shatai na jaw dat wu ai. Maran Laika Jaulung Duwa gaw lawu lahta kahpu kanau salang ni hte bawng jahkrum nna shi shinggyin da ai hpyen hpung hpe Kokang ga, Shantung mare de shangun dat wu ai. Dai hpyen hpung ni gaw Miwa damya hpung ni hpe sa gasat shapraw kau ya ai hte garum la sai. II. Palaung (Ta-Ang) Rawtmalan Dap Rai N Pru Yang Na Shingdu Labau 1. Loilung Du ni hte Kachin Du ni a lam Ninglum Husa Kachin ni angwi apyaw rai galaw lu, galaw sha nna nga nga yang, Loilung Du kasha ni ga-law gasat hkat wa ma ai. Manloi kaw nga ai Hkun Sa (or) Seng Yawt Hkam gaw, Loilung Htingnu e nga ai Hkun Seng (or) Hkam Gawn gaw, Husa Ninglum Du ni hpe garum hpyi ai. Du Ninglum ni e, anhte Sakhkung hka wawra hkran du hkra naw sa sa dat marit, shing-rai nanhte bai wa nna, Hkun Sa (or) Seng Yawt Hkam hpe wa gasat mu; dang jang nanhte up sha mu nga ma ai. Kachin Ninglum Duwa gaw, dai hku n rai law, Dunglung Pa na mam sha n ma yang gaw n tsang ra ai, anhte sa gasat dang jang Htingnu de bai wa dung u ngu nna, ya du hkra naw nga ai Laika

15 2017 Volume III, No. I Lunghtawn, Maw Raw hka ntsa kaw makoi tawn da ma ai. Kachin Du ni shani e mam htu ai, shana e wantsi htu hkyen lajang nna, Hkun Sa (or) Seng Yawt Hkam, Manloi kaw poi kaba galaw nga yang, atsawm sha gasat dang la kau masai. Dai hpang Hkun Seng (or) Hkam Gawng hpe Loilung Hkaw, Namsan Htingnu kaw bai sa shadun ma ai. Hkun Seng (or) Hkam Gawn gaw, daini kaw nna gaw nanhte Du Ninglum ni a chyeju kaba la sai majaw, nanhte gaw lahta Hkaw, anhte gaw lawu Hkaw, (Hawdau, Hawnwi) rai nna nga ga ngu ai. Kachin Du ni gaw, anhte a shara de she wa na ga ai nga ma ai. Dawng Gyaw hte Manloi lapran kaw, mare de na matu tsun tim n hkapla ma ai. Dai gaw nat jaw ai majaw mung rai nga ai. Loilung Du ni gaw, htawmhpang na gasadi sakse rai u ga nga nna, Dawng Gyaw lam kaw nlung langai jung, Manloi lam kaw nlung langai jung tawn da manu ai. Rau Chying mare na Lashi Hpawng Um hte Num Ningbaw rai nga ai, Nam Hkyek, Nam Hkawng na Lamai Num gaw, machyu, wantsi, lusha sa jaw garum ma ai. Dai majan hta Dawng Gyaw hte Ngawn Sai ni gaw, Kachin Du ni hpe hkap garum la ai ni rai ma ai. Dai majaw, Kachin Du ni a matu, Dawng Gyaw gaw shat sha shara rai nna, Ngawn Sai gaw, hkringsa shara tai u ga nga, ya du hkra Dawng Gyaw hte Husa gaw, galaw lu, galaw sha shara, nga shara n garan ai sha raprap rara jawm galaw sha nga ai re. Ndai lang na mabyin gaw Kachin Du ni hpe regau kumhpa lamuga garan masat jaw ai No. 2 lang ngu na rai sai. Nlung shadaw jun yang na Gashaka sakse Laika; Anhte lahkawng maga na tsawra shawang myit hpe makoi magap da ai lam hpa mung n nga ai sha, tengman jet ai jinghku majing rai nga saga. Anhte lahkawng maga a lapran, machyu, wan-yam nsen n shapraw ai sha, yakhkak ai ten, ngwipyaw ai ten, ashat rau jawm sha, li-wawn jawn hka-rap tim arau, lachyen lahka n nga ai sha, hpa baw manghkang mung n shabyin na saga ai, ngu nna gasadi, gashaka tawn da ga ai. Galoi, kaning re aten hta raitim htani htana myithkrum, myitmang shabawn nga na ga ai ngu nna jawm shagrin tawn sai. Ndai gasadi, gashaka gaw tutnawng e tsit lali prut pru nga ai matsun maku zawn grin nga u ga law nga ai re. Hpang na lang bai matut na Laikaman (1) "Tawk Hprut Dawdan Let Shadik Shatup Sa Ga" matut hte bawng jahkrup myit hkrum la lu masai lam na chye lu ai hpe nachying shakawn madi shadaw dat nngai law. Ndai masing gaw shawng nnan na laklai awngdang ai atsang rai sai. Ndai ten hta sadi ra ai gaw, shan kata na byet ni tai wa a shingna hkrang hku dandawng wa ai rai yang, myusha yawng hpe makawp maga ai kasi hte ahkyak jawm la ging ai ngu mu ai. Mungdan langai grin sa wa lu na matu, mungdan kata na Ningbaw Ningla ni hta atsam rawng let woi awn sa wa nga ai kaw, maigan hkan na jawm madi shadaw la ai n-gun mung ahkyak kaba rai nga ai lam, hpang jahtum shanglawt lu wa ai East Timor, North Sudan, South Sudan mungdan ni a kasi hpe tatut mahkrum madup nga sai ni kaw na hkaja la mai nga ai. Aung San gaw 1947 ning na Panglung myit hkrum zuphpawng awngdang wa na matu anhte Wunpawng (Kachin) myusha ni hpe shalen la ai npawt nhpang ladat hte awngdang wa sai. KIO n-gun ja wa na hpe tsang ai majaw, shada a lapran kaw gasat hkat na matu KIO kata kaw hpung mali byin hkra shalat ya nna gasat hkat shangun ai zawn, Sam, Kayin, Mon rawtmalan hpung ni hpe mung hpung shalaw ya dat ai masing hte shanhte shada gasat zang ayai wa masai. Ya bai galaw hkyen ai tsaban 21 st Panglung zuphpawng awngdang na matu mung, KIO, hpyen yen masha, mungmasha ni hpe gasat shakri zingri ai ladat hte tai wa hpe dingyawm wa nna awngdang la na matu, shakut wa ai hpe asansha jawm mu wa saga ai. Anhte a myusha ni asum n jaw ai marang e, gawai ai mauhpa mabyin masa aten dep paw pru wa sai. Lahta tang na hpan wa madu gaw Wunpawng Myusha ni a jahtau marawn kyu hpyi ga hpe na ya ai rai nna, tai wa a asak hti na ten du shagu anhte myusha ni gaw tsawra matsan dum ai myit hte tai wa a asak hpe lang hte lang matut ya wa saga ai. Ndai ten hta anhte a myusha ni gaw nni nkri nachying jamjau nga ai anhte amyu hpe hkye la na matu kyu jawm hpyi ai marang e, tai wa hpe mahtang dumbru dumbra byin shangun ai shaman chyeju jaw ya sai. Daini gaw anhte hpe tai wa sharin ya ai hpaji a majaw dumhprang wa ai chyeju hpe hkamsha na aten du sai ngu hkamla ai. Tinggyeng lu lawm lam hpe myit marin ai hpu nau Kayin ningbaw gaw, tai wa hpe sa ahpum tawn nhtawm, kaga hpu nau rawt malan hpung ni hpe dang lu ai atsam hte jahten sharun wa sai, raitimung yi-ngam n sa ai majaw, tai wa gaw shi hpe matut lang ai hta, shi gaw tai wa hpe pawt sindawng mat ai zawn rai shangun masu nna, maga mi hku nna gaw, tai wa a akyang hta hkan nna rawtmalan hpung ni hpe sa gunglau nga ai ngu mu ai. Tai wa gaw mungkan kaw shadip magam langai hku asak hkrung nga ai rai nna, rawtmalan hpung ni hpe gasat dang kau lu na matu maigan mungdan ni kaw garum ntum hpyi la mai nga ai. Tai wa gaw Panglung myit hkrum lam hpe jahpai masu nna rawtmalan hpung ni hpe shamyit hkyen nga ai zawn, anhte rawtmalan hpung ni mung, Panglung zuphpawng byin pru wa ai shingdu lam hpe madung tawn nna maigan masha ni chye na hkrathkrang wa hkra, sanglang dan ra na re. Dai shaloi Kachin, Sam, Kayin, Kayah, Chin mungdan, Mon hkawhkam mungdan, Yahkaing hkawhkam mungdan ni gaw Myenmung mungdan ting a madu ni rai nna, Myen amyu gaw India de na shang wa ai Kala amyu ni rai nna manam ni she rai ma ai lam dandawng wa na re. Shing-re ai shingdu lam hta hkan nna, anhte bumnga masha ni yawng gaw, Munghpawm 15

16 Volume III, No. I 2017 Myenmung jawm gawgap na hpe ra sharawng timung, Myen amyu langai sha kaga myusha yawng hpe shamyit kau nna shi hkrai up sha mayu ai myit rawng ai majaw Myenmung gaw galoi mung nmai simsa ai. Raitimung, bumnga masha ni gaw damlada ai myit hte Myen amyu a ntsa e myit tau ya nga ma ai rai nna, Myenmung na myusha ni yawng, Myen amyu hpe mung shalawm nhtawm, mungdaw langai hpra garan la ai ladat lang ai gaw htaphtuk ai ladat rai na re ngu mu ai. Tai wa hpe galoi mung asum jaw ra ai, ngu ai hkamla lam hpe kraw kaw na ahkut shapraw kau ra saga ai. Ndai ningmu gaw damlada ai hkamla lam rai nna anhte mungdan madu ni chye na ai zawn, maigan masha ni mung chye na madi shadaw lawm wa hkra, htaphtuk ai ladat hpe tekjum tawn nhtawm, mahkrun jawm tam la ra sai, ngu myit mada let tang madun dat nngai rai. ANHTE A AWNGPADANG YEHOWA KARAI KASANG Maran La Mai * Moi, Jiwoi Jiwa, nsin kata Gumgun gumhpai, Jinat jaw ai Aprat ladaw, tsawmra mi law Myusha anhte, rau nga rau de Wunpawng Buga, anhte upsha Shanglawt lu ai, amyu rai ga ai. * Dai aten, Laika ngu ai, n lu ga ai Laili ngu ai, n chye ka ai Tinang htunghking, manat shachying Maling yi hkyen, dai hta pyawlen sut su na lam, sumtsan n tam Lu ai hpe sha, myit dik let nga ga ai. * Raitim, Karai Kasang, chyalai shingkang Wunpawngsha hpe, tsawra ai hte Nsin kaw na, hkyehkrang shawla Hpaji laika, sa sharin ya Jinghpaw laika, bai gale ya sai. * Dai hpang, Chyumlaika hpe, anhte a ga hte Ka da ya ai, lu hti ga ai Nsin kaw na, nhtoi maga Galai shai la, hpaji chye nna Gumgun gumhpai, Jinat jaw ai Aprat kaw na, tawtlai kau da sai. * Dai ten, Jiwoi Jiwa, ban prat kaw na Sali hkamla, hkringhtawng jaw da Tinang tinang, shadip jahpang Upsha ai hpe, maigan wa she Kashun la ya, madu kau ya Jahkrit shama, kamyet dang sha kau sai * Dai majaw, Hpu shawng hpu ba, ningbaw ningla Myit grai n-gut, masin shalut Myu tsaw ai myit, si na n hkrit Nhtu nhkyi, ndan ning-ri hte Rawtmalan wa, daini du hkra re. * Bai, Rawtmalan ten hta, hkala nba Machyi makaw, si ai lawlaw Tinang nta, sun hte hkauna Kau tawn kau da, dinghku hka bra Hpaji lam mung, sut lu lam mung N lu shakut, hpang lam htingnut sai. * Nawku hpung hta, ayai aya Nga ai shara, lungpu lungbra Maling mala, makoi hkawm ra Lusha n hkru, yup ra aju ju Hpun ai nba, shaje chyamya Shani shana, n chye ginhka mat sai * Raitim, Karai Kasang, chyalai shingkang Chyurum ni hpe, bausin ai hte Mayat maya, gumja gumhpra Law she law wa, ja she ja wa Dip da n lu hkrum da n lu Hpaji chye ai, grai law nga sai. * Daini, Anhte myit yu, sawn yu gawn yu Anhte hkrai sha, n mai byin wa Yehowa sha, lam shawng tai wa Ruyak kaw na, hkyehkrang shawla Dip da kaw na, shalawt woi la Mungkan pyinra, amyu grin na Anhte yawng a, n-gun jat la Amyusha myit hpe, sharawt ai hte Pandung du hkra, gat shadu ra. * Dai majaw, Karai Wa gaw Shingbyi shara, kam hpa shara Kamsham myit hpe, shangang ai hte Karai Kasang, chyalai shingkang Lam shawng tai ya, ninghtoi htoi ya Padang mung lu, pahtau garu Dawnghkawn sharawt, Amyusha awt na gaw, Anhte A Awngpadang Yehowa Karai Kasang sha rai nga ai law. 16

17 2017 Volume III, No. I Kachin Amyu Masha B.D. Maran Sawk dinglik ai lailadat : Kachin ngu ai amyu masha rusai ruhkum rupawt mabyin lawnglam ni hpe, prat ningnan mungkan hpaji hparat machyoi ni (modern scholars) aq hpaji ningmu ningtsa e, tsap nhtawm, Kachin ninggup htunghking (Kachin oral traditions) hte shingdaw shingrat dinglik nna dandawng pruwa ai Kachin rusai ruhkum mabyin gamung ni, rai nga ai. Lachyum gaw, shinggan maigan de na dusa pruwa ai hpaji hparat ningmu ni, ti-nang kata nah pruwa ai htunghking ninggup gamung ni hpe dephkap ai gaiwang kata kawq, guji guyang alai ashap shaprawq tawn ai study (aphaphpyfpyf ohk;oyfazmfjycsuf), rai nga ai. Jinghpaw, Singpho, Jinghposu Kachin ngu ai ni htaq, Jinghpaw hpe shawng, gamung dup ga. Bugah hkan nna Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga manawng (Jinghpaw dialect accent) ni hpanhpan nga ai hpe, mulu ai. Kachin lamugah kata htaq, Duleng Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga, Hukawng Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga, Htingnai Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga, Hkaqhkuh Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga, Gauri Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga, Lanaq-Manmaw Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga hte Mungmit- Sinli Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga ni, rai shajang nga ma ai. Miwa (China) Yunnan mungdaw, Saphkung gaiwang nah Jinghpawsu tsun shaga nsen aga ni mung, hpan alakmi bugah ginra hkan nhtawm, nga nga shajang ma ai hpe mulu ai. Kala (North-east India) mungdan nah Singhpo ni kawq mung, bugah (Hkawng) tsun shaga nsen manawng aga hpanhpan nga ai. Arunachal Pradesh mungdaw htaq, mulu ai Singpho tsun shaga nsen manawng aga ni gaw : (i). Nchyawq bugah tsun shaga nsen manawng aga, (ii). Teng Hkawng bugah tsun shaga nsen manawng aga, (iii). Tayun Hkawng (Nnau-Bordumsa mayan) tsun shaga nsen aga manawng ni, rai nga ma ai. Ndai ni htaq nah Tayun (Daiyun) bugah tsun shaga nsen aga manawng ni gaw, Hukawng Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen manawng aga sawt sawt, rai nga ma ai. Lahtaq jahtumh magah de pra-nga ai Nchyawq bugah Singpho tsun shaga nsen manawng aga ni gaw, Maliq hkuh majoi ginra (Putao-Machyangbaw Valley) nah Duleng (Dureng) Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen manawng aga zawn, tsun shaga nga ma ai. Teng Hkawng (Nhpum Gah) hkan nah Singpho tsun shaga nsen manawng aga gaw, Hkaqhkuh Jinghpaw (Sumpyi Yang Lungsha Yang - Sumpra Bum mayan grupyin gaiwang) tsun shaga nsen manawng aga ni hte matut ginrawn nga nga ai hpe mulu ai. Assam mungdaw de nga ai Singpho ni hpe bai asoiyu yang, Namhpuk Hkawng (Tinsukia Dist.) Singpho tsun shaga nsen manawng aga ni hte lawuq Tarung Hkawng (Dibrugra Dist.) Tarung Singpho tsun shaga nsen manawng aga ni, nga nga ai. Ndai Singpho tsun shaga nsen aga htaq jan nna laga amyu (Hkamti Sam, Naga, Assamese) ni, tsun shaga lawm wa ai Singpho tsun shaga nsen aga ni mung, nga nga ai. Gashadawn : Phakeal, Dowanniyas (Singpho-Assamese hybrid). Pyengoo-Pangaw Naga ni tsun shaga lang matwa ai Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen manawng ni mung, alak alai rai nga nga ai. Ginru ginsa prahkrat yuqhkrat sa wa ai lamugah shara machyawm mahpawm hkriqdun htaq, hkan nna nsen manawng aga ni shaihkat matwa ai raitim, dingdung de nah tsun shaga ai hpe dingdaq de nah wa chyena ai zawn, sinprawq de nah tsun shaga nsen manawng aga ni hpe mung, sinnaq de nah Jinghpaw ni chyena hkat nga ma ai. Singpho ngu ai amying shingteng hpe, Dr. Ola Hanson sanglang madiq dan ai gaw, Assamese" (Mungnun) ni, "Jinghpaw" ngu tsun ai nsen mahkuh (tohtaetxm; Xmefu&dkPf;usus pum;ohjrgwfqkdjcif;) hpe shaprawq tsun ai re, ngu nga ai. Jinghpaw kawq nna Singpho ngu tsun shaga shayan matwa ai re, ngu ai ginshan, rai nga ai. 1 H.N.C. Stevenson wa mung, Singpho ngu ai amying shingteng nsen gasi hpe lachyum shaleng sanglang ai hku, tsun tawn nga ai. H.N.C. Stevension tsun madiq ladawn ai htaq, yaq yang, Kachin ngu nna chyena tawn ai amyu bawqhpan ni nah ningpawt daihpang amying shingteng gaw "Jinghpaw (snr) Singpho", rai nga ai; ndai amying shingteng nan wa mung, Tibetan shingjat nah pruwa ai nsen aga gasi Sin-po nah rai nga ai re ngu ai, rai nga u ai. 2 Sin-po ngu ai nsen aga gasi hpe, masha shan shah ai masha (cannibal) ngu ai re, nga nna bai tsun tawn nga ai. Kachin dumsa jaiwa ninggup htunghking gamung htaq, Kachin amyu ni masha shan shah ai gamung hpe n tsun shalawm hkratwa ai hpe mung, mulu ai. Raitim, Kachin Jaiwa ninggup htunghking gamung kawq, ningpawt daw de nah Ja Nyi hte Ja Nga maumwi maubung gamung htaq, mungkan sha-u ing ngut ai hpang, masha shan shah ai shah-lawa hte hkrumhkat ai ginru ginsa, bai Mahtum Mahta wa gaw Ja Nyi hte Ja Nga yan aq kasha machyangai hpe sat nhtawm, machyangai pu, sin, salum ni hpe, tawk azat nna siluhpaq shadu jawq ai gamung; dai hpe shan yan shah kau ai gamung ni gaw lawm hkratwa nga ai. Jinghpaw hte rau nini htephtep nga hkratwa ai Naga ni gaw, masha sat nna Nat Mang Sakra (Mattai, the household deity) hpe jawqjau ma timung, masha shan shah ai hpe, n tsun tawn nga ma ai. Laga makau grupyin nah rau-nga raupra amyu masha ni nah gamung hkan mung, Kachin ni masha shan hpe shah ai, masha hpe sat shah ai lawnglam ni, n tsun tawn nga ma ai. W.H. Hertz mung, Kachin dailup daihpang lamugah hkan htaq, Kachin ni masha shan shah ai gamung n nga ai hpe, sawk alai shaprawq tawn nga ai. 3 Htingbai Naw Awn (Marip) wa mung, Singpaw ngu ai nsen aga gahkum hpe, lachyum hpyan tawn nga u ai. Shi tsun ai lachyum htaq, Singpaw gaw masha shazai amyu ngu ai Tibetan nsen aga gasi na re ai hpe, madiq nga ai. 4 Masha shazai ngu 1 Ola Hanson, The Kachin : Their customs and traditions, Rangoon, American Baptist Mission Press, 1913, P-12. (Henceforth : Ola Hanson, 1913). 2 H.N.C. Stevenson, The Hill Peoples of Burma, Burma Pamphlets - No.6, London, Longman, 1944, P-8 : The original name of the race now known as Kachin is "Jinghpaw or Singpho" and the name itself is said to be of Tibetan origin, being derived from the Tibetan term Sin-po (a cannibal). 3 W.H. Hertz, Burma Gazetteer Myitkyina District, Rangoon, 1960, P-88 : Cannibalism is unknown to the Kachin proper. Also see B.D. Maran, 2010, P Htingbai Naw Awn, Wunpawng Labau Ginshi, (place, publisher and date unknown), P

18 Volume III, No. I 2017 ai hpe, matut sanglang bang tawn ai gaw : Buhpun palawng daqbu daqhpun na ahkying aten n lu ai majaw ashep amyang, shoilagoi rai nga ma ai. Dai zawn rai, La N-yaw matu ni aq ngasat ngasa madang hpe yu nna Tibetan ga hku Singpaw masha shazai amyu ngu, shamying ma ai re, ngu nga lu ai. Tibet sinprawq-dingdaq (Southeast Tibet), Kala sinprawq-dingdung (Northeast India) hte Myen sinnaq-dingdung (Northwest Burma) lapran gaiwang lamugah htaq, ginru ginsa prahkrat aten e myu hpanshan 150 (+) nga matwa ai hpe, Dr. Negi Gang (Dept. of Tibetan Language and Literature ; Delhi University) tsun hpawq madun matwa ai. Dai htaq, shanhte Tibetan nsen aga hku nna Singhpaw Daw Man Chya ngu ai amyu aq ginlam hpe, shanhte tsun nga ai Tibetan gamung kawq lawmlawm rai nga ai hpe tsun pruwa ai. Shi bai matut tsun ai htaq, Singhpaw Daw Man Chya ni gaw share shagan nhtawm, kasat gala gumhkawng ai hte mazut zai ai amyu re ai lawnglam gamung ni, dupdan matwa ai. Raitim, dainih (today,,aeu), dai ni (they, olwdku) gaw, gara amyu hpanshan ni mahtang Singhpaw Daw Man Chya ni re, ngu tsun madiq madun danlu na ngai htaq, atsam rai n rawng mat nga ai, ngu nna tsundan matwa ai. Singpho hte seng nna lachyum hpyan ai htaq ningmu hpan lahkawng (two versions) nga nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Ndai ningmu lahkawng yan hpe ta-tut hkrang satlawat e, Assamese masha ni hte hkrum shaga sanh yu ai mahtai hte Tibetan-English (English- Tibetan) dictionary madun ai mahtai ni hpe ginchyum datdat yu yang, Dr. Ola Hanson tsun madun ai lawnglam mabyin gaw, ngam ai ni htaq, grau ngangkang nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. 5 Lachyum gaw, Kachin ni Dureng hpe nkau gaw Duleng ngu ai hpar, rai nga ai. R hte L hpe ninggup tsun shaprawq manuh ai hku tsun matwa ai, rai nga ma ai. Jinghpaw gaw Kachin rai nga zawn, Kachin gaw Jinghpaw sha, bai n rai nga ai. Singpho (India) hte Jinghpawsu (China) ni gaw Jinghpaw raitim, shanhte ni yawng hpe Kachin (Wunpawng) n ngu ai sha n-gah, n shamying tsun nga ma ai. Miwa (China) shadip magam e tarah n shang tim, Wunpawng ngu ai hpe Miwa Yunnan lamugah kawq, Jinghpawsu ni, tsun shaga lang ai lawnglam nga tim, India Arunachal-Assam lamugah hkan Singpho (Jinghpaw) ni "Wunpawng" ngu ai hpe tsun shaga lang ai ginlam n nga ma ai. Makau grupyin amyu bawqhpan sumhpar ni mung, shanhte hpe Kachin (snr) Wunpawng ngu ai hku, n chyena ya nga ma ai. Tsun ga nga yang, lagaga zawn, shaduq nga ma ai. Mungdan tarah mahkrun htaq mung, Kachin hte Wunpawng ngu ai nsen aga gahkum gasi yan hpe n masat bang tawn nga ma ai. Dik-kadik tsun ga nga yang, shanhte mungdan lamugah sumlar hkan pyi, n shamying nga ma ai zawn, n ka shakap lawm nga ma ai. Miwa htaq, Wunpawng ngu ai hpe shadada katalam gamung hkan e tsun shaga lang ai raitim, mungdan tarah mahkrun lawnglam ni kawq, "Wunpawng" ngu ai hpe n tsun ai sha n-gah, n ka lang nga ma ai. Ndai gaw Kala hte Miwa mungdan kata nah "Singpho hte Jinghpawsu" ni aq amying shingteng gamung, rai nga ai. Munghpawm Myen mungdan, mungkan lawnglam ni hte lamuga shingteng amying ni du hkra, Kachin State nah "Kachin" ngu ai amying shinteng gaw tarah mahkrun hku masat shagrin nga nga ai raitim, tinang wuhpung wupawng kata htaq sha, tsun jailang nga ai "Wunpawng" ngu ai hpe shara shagu bumba batba jailang lu na matu, tarah jashang nhtawm, shagrin masat lah ra nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, "Wunpawng" 6 ngu ai gaw tinang amyu kata hkan chyusha chyena hkat nhtawm, Kachin ngu ai gaw damlada ai hku nna shara shagu hkan, chyena tawn ai shingteng amying, rai nga ai. Kachin ngu ai htaq, Jinghpaw lawm ai zawn Azi (Zaiwa), Maru (Lawngwaw), Lashi (Lachik), Nung-Rawang ni mung, lawm nga ai. Dai htaq, Lisu (Lisaw) mung, rawng nga ai. India htaq, Singpho hte Lisu yan, pra-nga ai raitim Azi, Maru, Lashi, Nung-Rawang bawqhpan ni nah ginru ginsa hkratbang ai lawnglam n nga nga ma ai. Tibeto-burma tsun shaga aga wuhpung hteq Kachin hkriqdun Kachin e, Tibetan tsun shaga mahkuh nsen aga, gahkum, gasi, aga manawng ni rawng nga ai, ngu mai tsun ai kawq, manawng nsen bungpreq ai nsen aga manawng ni hpe chyawm tsun shaga lang nga ai, ngu nna mung grau damlada ai hku, tsunlu nga ai. Hpar majaw nga yang, ti-nang hkumhkrang htaq na lamiq laman amying shingteng ni hte, dai kawq ginrawn kap ai lawnglam hkan nah gahkaw gasi ni aq nsen manawng hkrang ni bungpreq (snr) sawt sawt nsen shaprawq shapru shaga ai, nga nga ma ai. Gashadawn : Jinghpaw htaq, myi (eye, rsufpd), na (ear, em;), karah (hair, qhyif),... ngu ai ni hpe, Tibetan tsun shaga aga nsen manawng hku gaw, mik, rna, skra ngu shajang nga ma ai. Bai, Jinhpaw tsun shaga nsen aga hku ngai na mying ( ng/ai = ng = ig; ng-ami : ightrnf) ngu ai hpe Tibetan amyu ni nah tsun shaga nsen aga hku gaw ngai mying ngu nga ma ai zawn, Jinghpaw tsun shaga aga nsen hku si ai (nsaq htum mat ai; nsaq n saq ai; n hkrung sai : die, te-di = aoonf) hpe Tibetan ni gaw shi ngu nga ma ai. Shanih shagu tsunlang ra ai htaq nah gasi ni kawq mung, chyawmlang nga ai gahkum ni, nga nga ai. Dai htaq, Jinghpaw tsun shaga nsen aga e, shah (eat, tsaa di : pm;onf) hpe Tibetan tsun shaga nsen aga hku ja, ngu nga ma ai. Shan (meat, ataa : tom;) hpe mung, Tibetan ni gaw sa ngu nna tsun nga ma ai. Tsun shaga nsen aga hpanhpan hpe hkajah dinglik ai hpungtang hpaji (linguistics) masa hku, agreq rawm dat yang, Kachin hte Tibetan la-pran kawq, chyawmlang nga ai gasi gahkaw ni gawshachyawq ai hkrang (constructing words) gaw, hkrangjak langai kata nah pruwa ai hkrai, rai nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Ndai hku tsunlu ai mung, shinggyim pratpra hkrunlam htaq nah ruhkrat aga, shingjat (atsip) aga malawng gaw sakse bai kahtap shabyin shatai ya nga ai. Masha amyu hpanshan langai hte langai hpe shingdaw dinglik hkajah nhtawm, gawn matut mahkai ai kawq, laksan tsun shaga nsen aga hpungtang hpaji hku nna G.A. Grierson, T.C. Hodson, Paul K. Benedict, R.G. Brown, Herman G. Tegenfeldt, J.J. B.enmison, L.F. Taylor, C.C. Lowis, E.R. Leach, Frank M. Lebar, Gerald C. Hickey, John K. Musgrave.. ni gaw, Kachin hpe "Tibeto-burma tsun shaga wuhpung" kawq, shalawm bang tawn nga ma ai. Ndai lawnglam hpe, Dr. Ola Hanson hte Major C.M. Enriquez yan mung, gaq garan tawn nga ma ai. Shan yan gaw, Mongolian Class (Turanian) hpe htinggaw masum hku, bai garan 5 B.D. Maran, 2010, P See Ola Hanson, Dictionary of the Kachin language, 1906, American Baptish Mission Press, Rangoon, P-711 : Wunpawng (adj.) centre; middle; comp. pawng and wundung; lamu wunpawng, ga wunpawng (the middle of heaven, the centre of earth.) 18

19 2017 Volume III, No. I ginghkaq tawn nga ma ai. Dai tsun rai nga ma ai. raitim, shara lagaga (gsd. Thailand) ni shaga nsen aga htinggaw masum ni hkan gaw, shanhte Lisu ni hpe, nanhte gaw: gaw Kachin ni rai mi ni? (snr) Kachin (i). Tibetan (Old Tibetan) tsun shaga n rai ni? ngu nna san shaga yang gaw, nsen aga htinggaw, lachyum n pru mat nga ai ngu tawn (ii). Chinese tsun shaga nsen aga nga ai. 10 Tibeto-burma tsun shaga htinggaw, aga hpe Max Muller wa mung, Sub- (iii). Burman (Myen) tsun shaga nsen Himalaya ngu nna ginghkaq garan aga htinggaw ni, rai nga ma ai. shamying laiwa yu sai. Dai hpe, Max Muller gaw, Gangetic and Lohitic ngu tawn nga ai. 11 Burman tsun shaga nsen aga htinggaw e Myen, Kachin, Naga, Chin ni hpe shyinggyin bang gumhpawn tawn nga ma ai. Karen, Mon, Annam ni hpe Chinese tsun shaga nsen aga htinggaw yang e, bai bang gumhpawn tawndah nga ai. 7 Lisu (Lisaw) hpe Peter Kunstadter gaw, Tibeto-burma tsun shaga nsen aga htinggaw nah Burmese-Lolo, Lolo kawq, bang tawn dah nga ai. 8 Amyu hpanshan bawqhpan ni hpe, shanhte tsun shaga nsen aga gahkum gasi kawq hkan nna bungh ai wuhpung ni hpe lagasan rai, ginghkaq garan gumhpawm tawn ai kawq, hpaji machyoi (scholar) ni mung, yawng hkrum n rai ai shara ni mung, nga nga ma ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw, shanhte ni nah mahtai ginchyum shaihkat shajang ai lawnglam ni, nga ma ai. Ntsalam bungba batba htaq, grai shaihkat ai satlawat n nga ai raitim, katalam zupzi aran ginghkaq garan gumhpawm dat jang, gayau gaya (nhti nhtang) byin shajang ai hpe mung, mulu nga ai. Ndai hku byin ai mung, hpaji machyoi nkau ni gaw ti-nang kungkyang ai hpaji hparat ladat masalam langai hkusha, yiqngam bungli sharawt ai zawn, bai nkau sharara ni hkan e hpaji machyoi nkau ni gaw shanhte aq hpaji hparat ladat hpan hkumsumhpa hte shang aran galaw ai majaw, shanhte shadaq daq ni nah mahtai ni shai pruwa ai mabyin, rai shajang nga ma ai. Shanhte jailang ai hpaji hparat lailadat ni hte kungkyang ai yiq-ngam bungli hpanhpan ni ntsa kawq hkan nna loili shaihkat shajang ai mung, Tibeto-burma aga tsun shaga ai amyu hpung htaq, amyu bawqhpan ni lawqlawq rawng nga ma ai. Tibeto- Burma Languages ngu nna damlada ai hkrang hte langwa ai gaw 1828 AD ning e, B.H. Hodgson matut manoi shaprawq matwa ai Tibeto-Burma Dialects Papers ni kawq na, rai nga ai. 1820s hkan mung, laga danleng ai Tibeto- Burma Language hpe Remusat nah laika ni htaq, dipshaprawq nga ai. Ndai hpaji machyoi yan nah shawngdaw de, Tibeto-burma gamung hpe sawk dinglik na bungli bungsi n galaw shi nga ma ai. Lachyum gaw kadai hpaji machyoi wa mung, n akrawk shi nga ma ai. B.H. Hodgson hte Remusat yan sawk dinglik alai shaprawq tawn ai lawnglam ni hpe hpangdaw de nah hpaji hparat machyoi ni gaw amyu myu amyah tawn yu, garan ginghkaq shabawn bang yu, shawq yu, gumhpawn dat yu, jat yu, bai shamying dat yu rai hkratwa ai ni hpe mulu nga ai. British prat, shadip magam (government, asuya, atsuya tpdk;&) hpung ni galaw lajang ai yuptung jahpan (census) 9 htaq mung, tsun shaga aga amyu bungh ai ni hpe ginghkaq garan ai lawnglam (language classification) hpe shawng nah lang hkan gaw myu mi rai, bai hpang nah yuptung jahpan htaq gaw hpan laga amyu hku, bai bang tawn ai hpe mulu nga ai. Tsun mayu ai gaw shara kaliq galai rai, bang majawq tawn dah ma ai. Shingdimdaw de tsun shaga aga ginhkaq garan ai lawnglam ni grin matwa tim, n hkap lah lu ai mabyin, dinglun nga ai gamung ni, pru shayan nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Gashadawn, Professor F.K. Lehman wa Kachin kata na Lisu lawnglam hpe madiq madun nga ai. F.K. Lehman tsun ai htaq, Lisu gaw Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng hkrang kata kawq, rau-nga raude ai shaloi dinghku masha langai hku nga ai H.L. Eales gaw tsun shaga aga hpungtang hpaji hparat hku nna nsen langai htaq, jan nna pru ai gahkum (polytonic) hte nsen langai sha, pru ai gahkum (monotonic) hkrang ni hpe ningpawt tawn nhtawm, Kachin hte Naga hpe tsun shaga aga hpung langai kawq, chyawmbang tawn nga ai. Naga hte seng nna G.A. Grierson sawk sagawn dinglik tsun ai htaq, Naga hpanshan amyu kawq, buga tsun shaga aga ni aq bungh ai ga hpung dinghkung galu nga ai raitim shanhte hpan hte hpan shaihkat nga ma ai; bumba batba tsun yang, Naga tsun shaga aga gaw Myen ni htaq, grau nna Tibetan hte nini htephtep ginrawn matut nga ai ngu ai, lawm nga luq ai. 12 H.L. Eales hte G.A. Grierson yan aq ningmu ntsa htaq, bai tsunlu ai gaw Kachin mung, Myen htaq grau nna Tibetan tsun shaga aga hte nihtep ginrawn nga ai mahtai, rai nga ai. Ninghpang nsen kya ai consonants 13 (Asnf;) ni hpe tsun shayan hkratwa ai hkrang gaw Kachin, Bodo, hte Naga amyu bawqhpan hpung ni aq tsun shaga aga ni yawng htaq, bumba batba lawm ai hpe mulu nga ai. Ndai hkrangmasa htaq, Tibetan hpundah ruhpang madung aga ni hte Himalaya hkan e tsun shaga ai aga ni gaw marensha, rai hkat nga ma ai. Nsen nem tsaw gasi gahkaw ni hpe tsun shaga ai hkrang mung, tsun shaga aga ni hpe ginghkaq garan shabungh tawn ai ladat langai mi, rai nga ai. Ndai nsen nem tsaw shabungh ai gahkum hkrang masa htaq, Tibetan 7 Ola Hanson, 1913, P-33. And also see C.M. Enriquez, A Burmese Arcady, 1923, London, P-21. (Henceforth : C.M. Enriquez, 1923). 8 Peter Kunstadter, Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities and Nations, Volume-I, 1967, New Jersey, P-82. (Henceforth : Peter Kunstadter, 1967). And also see Lebar, Frank M. Gerald C. Hickey and John K. Musgrave, Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia, HRAF Press, 1964, New Haven, P India hte Burma hpe British gaw gumhpawn uphkang ai majaw Kala Yuptung Jahpan (Census of India) ngu tawn ai. Shanhte nah yuptung jahpan htaqlah hpang ai gaw, 1891 kawq nna 10 ning ladu hkrum jang kalanglang rai 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931, 1941 ning ni hkan, rai nga ma ai. 10 F.K. Lehman, Ethnic Categories in Burma and the Theory of Social Systems, Southeast Asia Tribes, Minorities, and Nations edited by Peter Kunstadter, 1967, Volume-I, New Jersey, P-112 : Another case of asymmetry is that of the Lisu (Maran, this Volume). This people is an element in the Kachin social system when living among Kachin, but not when living elsewhere (e.g. in Thailand). It is, of course, meaningless to ask whether Lisu is or is not a kind of Kachin. 11 Max Muller, Letter to Chevalier Bunsen on the Classification of the Turanian Languages, 1854, London, P-97 and ff.,(reprinted from Volume-iii of Bunsen s Christianity and Mankind). 12 G.A. Grierson, Linguistic Survey of India, Volume-iii, Part-I, 1967 (reprinted), New Delhi, P-11 : The Naga group comprises a long series of dialects which mutually differ much from each other. They are, on the whole, more closely related to Tibetan than to Burmese. (Henceforth : G.A. Grierson, 1967). 13 Consonant (Asnf;) : i. (phonetics) a speech sound made by completely or partly stopping the flow of air being breathed out through the mouth; ii. A letter of the alphabet that represents a consonant sound, for example b, c, d, f, etc. 19

20 Volume III, No. I ruhkrat madung nsen aga gaw Kachin tsun shaga aga ni hte marensha, bai re ai hpe dandan lengleng mulu ai sha n-gah, Naga ruhkrat madung lapran aga ni mung marensha, railu nga ai. Tibetan bugah aga nkau ni hpe Miwa Ssichuan mungdaw hkan, tsun shaga nga ma ai. Dai ni htaq, gasi ashawng kawq, aga gajat matut shakap banglang ai gaw laklai ai hkrang langai, rai nga ma ai. Nsenhkum (syllables14, o&oh?0pö) langai rawng shajang ai ni hkrai, arai nga ma ai. Ndai lawnglam ni htaq, shanhte ni gaw Kachin, Naga, hte Bodo hpung tsun shaga ai bugah aga ni hte Tibetan tsun shaga aga ni hpe buklik matut yu ma ai. Kachin tsun shaga aga ni gaw lawnglam lawqlawq hkan e, Tibetan hpundah nga ai ruhkrat madung nsen aga ni hte ginrawn matut nga ai. Gahkum ningpawt nsen kya hkrang madung ni hpe yawng htaq, kyemlang tsun hkratwa nga ma ai. Raitim mung, dai ni (those; mean not today ) hpe h nsen hku pruwa sha-ngun ai satlawat hkrang kaba nga nga ai. Gasi lawq malawng nah ashawng e, shakap tsun ai aga gajat (prefix) matut nsen madung ni hpe tsun shaprawq lang nga ai. Ndai mabyin lawnglam ni hpe gaw, aga gasi shawng kawq aga gajat (nsenjat, prefix) matut bang ai hkrang hku nna tsun shaga ai, rai nga ma ai. Kachin ni mung, Tibetan ruhkrat madung aga nsen nem tsaw hte marensha, rai shajang nga ma ai. Sinnaq hkran magah de, nga shanu ai Kachin htingbu amyu ni gaw Naga hte Kuki-Chin amyu bawqhpan hpung ni htaq, lawm ai shaga aga ni hpe tsun shaga ma ai. Ndai tsun shaga aga ni htaq, laklai ai hkrang nsam kumlar ni lawqlawq lawm nga nhtawm, Kachin hpe shanhte tsun shaga aga hte Tibetan aga ni aq la-pran e, "shanghkawng kawan" (ring connection) matut ginrawn nga ai hpe mulu nga ai. Gasi ashawng nah aga gajat nsen matut shakap ai ga, ka hpe damlada tsunlang ai gaw Kachin hte Naga ni kawq, bumba batba mulu nga ai. Kuki-Chin ni tsun shaga ai gasi gahkaw ni hte, aga nsen hpangjat (ga-noi, suffix) matut bang ai gasi hkrang ni lawqlawq gaw Kachin e, 2017 tsunlang nga ai hkrang hte laklak lailai marensha rai ai hpe mulu nga ai.15 Bodo tsun shaga nsen aga hte seng nna mung, G.A. Grierson matut madiq madun tawn ai lawnglam ni nga nga ai. Bodo tsun shaga aga hpan ni gaw, Tibetan ni hte tsun shaga lawnglam lawqlawq hkan marensha, bungh shajang nga ma ai. Ninghpang nsen kya gasi ruhkrat madung ni hpe ramdaw damlada ai hku, tsunlang mazing shayan hkrat wa ma ai. Shabyin galaw ai gasi gahkaw (verbs, Bud,m) ni hpe tsun shaga lang ai shaloi Tibetan ni zawn, aga ashawng e nsen gajat matut shakap lang ai hkrang gaw damlada tsun shaga nga ai kumla, rai nga ai. Ndai hkrang masa htaq, gasi hpang e nsen hpangjat (ganoi, suffix) matut kahtap banglang tsun shaga ai gaw Bodo ni nah shawa htunglai hku mung, nga nga ai. Hkrang masa dai htaq, Bodo tsun shaga aga hpan ni gaw Naga hte marensha, rai nga ma ai. Laga lawnglam ni htaq mung, Bodo hte Naga yan gaw, shan yan nah lapran htaq, shanghkawng kawan (ring connection) matut dunhkat nga ma ai sha n-gah, KukiChin tsun shaga aga ni hte mung, ginrawn toiroi nga ma ai.16 Bodo hpanshan amyu hpung kawq lawm ai ni gaw, Bum Kachari (Hills Kachari, Dimasa), Palayang Kachari (Plains Kachari), Boro, Rabha, Lalung, Deori (Chutiya), Koch, Garoo (Garo), Tripuri.. ni, rai nga ma ai. G.A. Grierson sawk sagawn madiq madun matwa ai lawnglam ni htaq, Kachin hte Kuki-Chin ni aq tsun shaga Map showing the spreading locations of Tibeto-burman peoples, Tai peoples, Austro-Asiatic peoples, and Miao-Yao peoples in the first century BC. Source : Thant Myint-U, Where China meets India (Burma and the New Crossroads of Asia), 2011, Farrar Straus and Giroux, New York. (Map drawn by Andras Bereznay). Syllable (o&oh?0pö) : any of the units into which a word is divided, containing a vowel sound and usually one or more consonants a word with two syllables, a two-syllable word : Potato is stressed on the second syllable. 15 G.A. Grierson, 1967, P : The preservation of these soft initial consonants is most common in the dialects belonging to the Kachin, Bodo, and Naga groups, which in this respect agree with classical Tibetan and many Himalaya dialects. The use of tones might possibly suggest itself as another basis of classification. Central Tibetan in this respect apparently agrees with Kachin and probably also with the central Naga dialects. Some Tibetan dialects are spoken in the Chinese provine of Ssechuan. They are characterized by the use of prefixes which are still full syllables. In this respect they connect Tibetan with the dialects of Kachin, Naga, and Bodo groups. The Kachin dialects agree with classical Tibetan in many respects. The old soft initials have, on the whole, been preserved. There is, however, a strong tendency to aspirate them. The old prefixes are still pronounced in many words. Causals are commonly formed by means of prefixes. Kachin possesses a system of tones similar to that of Central Tibetan. The neigbours of the Kachins towards the west speak dialects belonging to the Naga and Kuki-Chin groups, and these are many characteristic features which connect Kachin with both. Thus the extensive use of the prefix ga, ka is common to Kachin and Naga, and the vocabulary and many suffixes in Kuki-Chin are strikingly like those in use in Kachin

21 2017 Volume III, No. I aga matut ai nihtep ngahkat ai hpe alai shaprawq matwa nga ai. Meithei (Manipuri) gaw, Kuki-Chin hpanshan amyu wuhpung htaq lawm ai raitim, Meithei tsun shaga aga ni gaw, grau nna Jinghpaw hte matut ginrawn nga ai. Dr. G.A. Grierson matsing tawn ai ningmu hpe sha, T.C. Hodson matut madiq shadaw kahtap tawn nga ai. Dai htaq, shan yan nah ningmu gaw, Meithei hte Kachin amyu hpanshan lapran aq ginrawn matut nga ai lawnglam ni, rai nga ai. Matsing tawn dah ai lawnglam htaq, Kachin hte Meithei gaw nini htephtep tsun shaga aga matut nga ai hpe tsun nga ai. Ndai mabyin htaq, Meithei hpanshan ni hpe Kachin hte Kuki-Chin hpanshan hpung ni aq lapran nah re, ngu bai myit-sawn ai mahtai shaprawq tawn nga ai. 17 Tsun shaga aga ni htaq, Jinghpaw tsun shamying nga ai ntsin (water, a&) hpe Meithei (Cassay, Manipuri, uonf;) ni mung ising ngu nna bai tsun nga ma ai. Dai sha n-gah, Jinghpaw aga htaq, myi (eye, rsufpd) hpe Meithei hku nna mung mit ; bai sha-ta (moon, v) hpe tha ("wm" in Meithei tongue); yu ai (see, Bunfh&Ionf) hpe rai yang u-ba (",l" in Meithei tongue); shah ai (eat, pm;onf) hpe cha-ba (csm; in Meithei tongue). ngu nga ma ai. Ndai lahtaq nah hpaji machyoi ni sawk sagawn alai tawn dah matwa ai ningpawt ninghpang lawnglam ni hpe Kachin daihpang gaiwang ningpawt yujut (Kachin base focus) hku, graugrau sha-tang dudu, hpyenhpyen papa, sungsung lili bumba batba sawk sagawn madenjat na yiqngam bungli mung, kaba nga ai. *(Lahtaq kawq, hpaji hparat machyoi hpanhpan ni tsun htaqlang hkajah (study) matwa ai aga ni gaw Kachin ngu tawn ai raitim, Jinghpaw tsun shaga aga hpe tsun ai, rai maluq ai. Jinghpaw tsun shaga aga ni hpe shanhte shingdaw, htaqlang, masam dinglik galaw tawn ai hpe mahtai shaprawq dah ai, rai nga ai.)* Ngam ai sawk dinglik adaw laika ni hpe hpang nah lang, bai matut bang shalawm na. 16 Ibid : The Bodo dialects agree with Tibetan in many respects. The old soft initials have, to a considerable extent, been preserved, and causal verbs are commonly formed by adding prefixes as in Tibetan. It is, however, still more common to form them by adding a suffix. In this respect the Bodo dialects agree with Naga, with which group it also has several other points of connexion, and also with the Kuki-Chin dialects. 17 T.C. Hodson, The Meitheis, 1908, London, P - 156, 161 : while of the relations of Meithei to the Kachin group, Dr. Grierson remarks that the two are closely connected, and that Meithei must be considered as the link between Kachin and the Kuki-Chin groups. NDAI ZAWN BYIN WA NA HPE HKRIT LAQ NNGAI OI! Ndai sumlar e mulu ai gaw, Mandalay Mare htaq, htihkum lam 28 platform ntsa kawq tinang dum ntah yup-ra shara zawn, jiqgrawng grang sut dun nna yup ai prat rai nga ai. Lam ntsa e yup nhtawm, aprat asak aten hpe galing galeq shalai shakut ai ni, rai nga ai. Tsun ga nga yang, nga shara dum ntah n lu ai sha n-gah, nga shara lamugah nan, n lu ai ni rai nga ai. Kadai ni rai maq tah? ngu dat yang, lawuq gah Myen masha ni, rai nga maq ai. Raitim, shi gaw alak alai hkrit kajawng myittsang ra ai bawq n nga nga uq ai. Ngai, kalangdat bai wa myit dumshai dat ai gaw, anhte Kachin amyusha ni aq byin nga ai gammaka satlawat wa, rai nga ai. Anhte Kachin amyusha ni wa mung, lafa-wa shai nga gaq tah? Grau sheq, naqduq jat nga sai. Nga shara dum ntah ngu na pyi, hkum tsun saq. Yup shara pyi n hkrup mat nga gaq ai. Katsi lagyi dik ai aten e, lahpawlap, plastic moekar ni hpe nyep kayawp nna yup ra mat ai prat ngu tim, n shut nga sai. Dainih, Kachin masha jahpan htam manga nah htam langai mi jan gaw, nga shara kaseq taw sai tsin-yam masha (IDP) rai mat nga sai. Hpyen majan kasat galar yen matwa ai gaw, jum mung sumh, panau mung sumh ngu ai zawn, ju tawn ai mung hkat mat, leq tawn ai mung matmat maq rai nga sagaq ai. Lahpar nan n lu mat sai ngu tim pyi, n shut nga sai. Hpyen-yen yen matwa ai mung, mungh lamugah jarit nten mahkar sheq, garet du taw nga sai. Kahtap nna koiyen hprawng na shara mung, n nga sai. Htum sai. Maq mat sai. Nchyun nnawq e, gariq gawaq gaunghkawm ai zawn chyu, byin nga mat sai. Jinghpaw Mungh (Kachin State) lamugah dampa Bum Shingnoi Jr area gaw, 34, 379 (+) square miles nga nga ai. Ndai ram dampa ai lamugah hpe taqtut e maduq nna galaw shah nga ai ni (snr) maduq masat tawn nna maga dah ai ni, jagumhpraw arang kaba lu ai Oopai Company kaba ni, arawng ningsang kaba lu ai ni (tinggyeng lusut lusuh lam matu) hteq maigan masha ni,... hkrai, rai nga maq ai. Ndai lamugah shara ni gaw, mi-moi Kachin ni ngah hkwi shah, jaugawng gawng nna shan gap shah ai shara ni hkrai, rai nga ai. Dainih gaw, kaseq tat kau mat maq sai. N mai galaw shah mat sai. Kawah shang kran shawq lah, hpun shang kahtam shawq htar na pyi, n mai mat sai. Ngar rem, bainam rem na wudat shara ni shamat tat nga sai. Lamugah man ai shara, maduq n nga shi ai shara madun yu rit ngu yang mung, layung madiq madun na shara pyi, n nga nga sai. Dikkadik, hkyen bum shara grup-yin pyi, tourism hpaga yamga shara masat mat maq masai. Lamugah maduq ai ni yawng gaw shadip magam ni aq tarah shang lamugah maduq ahkaw ahkang grant laikapa masat lu ai ni hkrai, rai nga maq ai. Myit yu magang, anhte Kachin myusha ni aq shawnglam shing- 21

22 Volume III, No. I 2017 ran gammaka chyip chyip sheq ngu wa niq nngai. Ndai gaw yaq yaq yang, hkyak hkyak byin nga ai shoichyum shoirang rai nga sagaq ai. gaw pru nga ai. Myen mungh bumnga amyu masha ni mung, li laq ai lit gun shachyaq noi shakap tawn nhtawm, motor car jawn nhkrang dauyin bah taw nga sai. Amyusha rawtmalan shamu shamawt lamugah pyi, ayak ahkak raiwa nhten! Kachin amyu masha lawq taw nga nna myit hkrum makai hkak hkawm ai sawt sawt zawn, ngu yang hkat rai nga yang gaw, myo mare e pyi n shut nga ai. mung, amyusha rawtmalan bungli shara mai shabyin nga ai. Mungkan satlawat ni (gsd. global politics, trend, business, education, technology,...) gaw, n hkring nga ai. Shanih shagu galaishai taw nga ai. Mungkan Majan Kaba Lahakawng (WW No.I st and II nd ) yan mung, hpaga yamga wuhkya kashun kasheq ningpawt nna shangai pruwa ai, mabyin rai nga ai. Jinghpaw mungh mung, Super Power Miwa mungh kaba aq southnorth htingrep jahpung ntawt chyinghka lakang pawt e nan, madiq matut nga ai. Miwa gaw, mungkan ting shiq aq jagumhpraw hpaga yamga hku nna mung, galup dagup gayawp magraq tawn wa nga ai. Mungdan reserved jagumhpraw mahkawng sha-ngam tawn dah lu ai htaq, mungkan e ningshawng tsap mat nga nuq ai. Bai nna ASEAN aq free trade, free tax, free visa masa hku nna Myen mungh e, hkrang shawq galaw wa nga masai. Miwa mung, ndai ginjang hpe akyu jashawn, akyu shawq magawn lah lu hkra, nut shachyai bang wa nga sai. Miwa mungdan masing gaw, mungkan global gear hpe mahtang, manat shachyai nga ai global trend madang kawq, shamu shamawt ginsup taw nga sai re. Bai ninghtang asoi yu yu gaq. Miwa e mailung maisak hpun mari dat jang, Myen mungh nah mailung maisak hpun ni maq mat nna krin matwa ai. Hpunpawt hpundu pyi, n ngam nga sai. Lamu marang, katsi kahtet duhkra ladawq du hkra, shai mat maq nga sai. Miwa e, taukawk, sawai, waqmadai (orchid) lakung,... zawn re ni mari arawp dat jang, yawng yawng htum maq nga sai. Dumsu, uloi mari magawn dat yang mung, dumsu uloi ni htum matwa nga ai. Laiza gat e, dumsu shan tam mari shah pyi yak mat nga ai. Myen mungh hkran deq nah dumsu, uloi shan ni hpe Miwa hkran nah Nah Bang gat deq sheq, Laiza buh ni sa lu mari shakut shah ra mat nga ai. Myen mungh deq, dumsu uloi ni aq malai Miwa htaulargi, gunrai htaw motor jak hpan hpan, motor cycle ni, bai galai shangbang nga ai. Myen mungh mung, Miwa sut hpaga yamga maha byuha uraw kaq kata kawq nna lawt pru lu sana i?, ngu ai gasanh 22 Myen mungh grupgra e, alar hkring tsap chyat nga ai hpaga yamga hkaqleng ni urut ruh bang wa yang meq gaw, aten jahkring mi laman nhtiq nhtang galaishai matwa lu nga ai. Kachin lamugah gaw, gah-lahtum n shut Miwa maha byuha myi npuq shingwang kata e, rai nga sai. Miwa mung, shiq aq nbang ntawt lakang pawt lamugah hpe ayan e yu aziq nga na, rai uq ai. Dai majaw, shi gaw hkrang masing masa kaba shawq nga nuq ai. Galaw nga sai. Shopping Mall kaba ni, Supermarket kaba ni, Industrial Zone Area kaba ni, Railway Station daru kaba ni, hkrangleng lam kaba ningnan ni (Katha-Modah-Gaugwipa-, Kala Ledo-Myitkyina-Manmaw, Miwa,...), Highway Bus Terminal daru kaba ni, Park hpan hpan kaba ni, Company kaba ni, Heavy Industries, Mining, Constructing, gah hkrawn bungli hpan hpan ni, Shangwi shapyaw chyai dabang shara kaba hpan hpan ni, Myitzone dam madim kaba, Maliq hkaq mayan nah madim kaba ni, Nmai hkaq mayan nah madim kaba ni,... gaw galaishai wa ai hkyak hkyak mu mada ai apu asi ni, rai na re. Maliq-Nmai hkaqzup madim hteq seng nna bai sawk sagawn hpung ni aq report hpe 2016 ning, November shata e hpangjahtum hku nna NLD shadip magam hpang deq, matsun dah ai hteq maren, tangshawn shangut manuq ai. Hkar!, yaq du hkra, lafa mahtai gamung ni mung, tsun pruwa ai n nga ai sha n-gah, Miwa gaw madim masing hpe byin hkra, shamu shamawt ahkyen areng nga nga ai. Deng-ninghkan, Myitkyina e ninghkap masha ninggun madun shamu shamawt bai kra wa ai, rai saq. Lahtaq e tsun matwa sai mabyin masa ni galaishai galaw wa ai shaloi, yaq yang masa satlawat nah Kachin amyusha ni aq lamugah shara gaw, gyip htaq grau gyip kaji matwa chyalu rai nga sai. Lawq pyi n lawq nga uq ai. Lamugah n maduq lu ai ni mung, lawq wa na satlawat gaw chyasawn sha, rai Kachin amyusha ni, dai galaishai wa ai satlawat mungkan e, shanglawm chyauhkawk galawshah manawt lu na madang atsam ni jin jin rai nga sagaq sanih? ngu ai garsan gaw, bai ninghtang myit sumru yu hpar kaba langai mi, warai nga sai. Myen amyusha ni pyi, ndai mabyin satlawat hpe shachyut lep noi lawm lu na matu, myitruq myittsang ai nsen ni pru nga maq ai. Shanhte ni pyi gaw, shanhte hpe garum lah na tarah shang shadip magam ngu ai nga sai ni, rai nga ai. Kachin amyusha lawq malawng aq pratpra galawluq galawshah mindset gaw nam shalawng e chyai ai yiqngam hkrai, rai nga ai. Myo mare kaba nah sut maden hpaga yamga jagumhpraw bungli bungli ni hteq, hkriqdun wa na mingset ni hpe Kachin gumchying gumsa ginru ginsa satlawat (Kachin traditional mindset) e, nawq gayawp pat tawn hkrum nga gaq ai. Amyusha lawt lu lam aq ningpawt ninghpang ni mung, ndai nan rai nga sai. Matut pratpra sa wa na matu, htingbut htingra n lu, dum ntah n lu, hkailuq hkaishah na lamugah n lu, jagumhpraw kaseq, nchyang kuli jangshah hkawm na bungli tam n mu (n gingdan),... rai na hpe hkrit tsang myitruq laq nngai. Grau nna gaw, lamugah n lu ai amyusha ni rai matwa na hpe ningshungsi hprwi hprwi sheq, ngu laq nngai. Rohinja amyu masha ni mung, ndai zawn shoichyum ai, rai nga ai. Myen ni rai yang mung, Bangladesh masha ngu nna gawt zingri shaprawq, Bangladesh de bai du yang mung, Myen masha ngu nna ninghtang shachyut shaprawq rai, nga shara shamat nna panglai hkaqli jawn tsin-yam duqhkaq masha tai nna si gaw si, ngayak jamjau hkrum ai ni, rai nga ai. Mungh masa gasi gahkaw hku tsun madiq yang, amyusha arum araq si ai (the nation suicide) byin hkrum nga shajang ai re. Miwa mung, Kachin Maliq-Nmai hkaqzup madim

23 2017 Laikabuk Ningnan Bai Pru Sai Volume III, No. I Manau Wang, Laiza. B.D. Maran Kachin Pratpra Gammaka Satlawat acwfopf EkdifiHa&;orkdif; tjrifjzifh wifjyxm;aom aqmif;yg;? pmwrf;rsm;pkpnf;ri Uma Zai Ngai Shanglawt Hpyenla kaba hpe grai galaw akyu shawq lah mayu nga maq tim, Miwa lamugah jarit e garet shingbyi hkawm nga ai Kachin hpyen-yen hpyenhprawng tsinyam IDP mungh masha ni hpe shanhte Miwa shadip magam ni, lamugah jarit kawq nna bai ninghtang gawt shaden ai mung, amyusha ni bai myityu hpar du nga sagaq ai. Myen mungh bum nga laknak hpai rawtmalan amyu ni yawng, lafa majaw rawtmalan bungli n awngdang lu dani? ngu ai gabaw hpe hpaji hparat machyoi muqnu ni sawk dinglik shaprawq (research paper) ka ra nga sai. Myen mungh rawtmalan chyinghkraw mung, shaning 70 ning hkawt du magang nga sai. Communist Party of Burma (CPB) laknak hpai rawtmalan mung, hkyihpyek hpyek htum masai. Dai hpe Bertil Lintner wa gaw, 1990 ning e, Cornell University Southeast Asia Programe (Ithaca, New York) hku nna The Rise and Fall of the Communist Party of Burma ngu ai hteq, sawk dinglik ka shaprawq nuq ai. Lawq laq ai Myen mungh bum nga laknak hpai rawtmalan wuhpung ni lafa majaw n awngdang lu ai hpe mahtai bai sawk alai tam shaprawq ra nga sai. Grau nna mungh shawa masha dawqwa dawqtsa deq, ning-ra nga ai lawnglam ni hpe tumpaw hkren chyena dumhprang hkawnhkrang shangun ra mat sai. Ndai gaw amyusha lawt lu lam hpe bai shading sharai ai, rai nga sai. Dkb. JJ Lum Dau hpe Hparat Panglai Journal kawq nna Chyeju Dum Masat Shagrau Hparat Panglai Journal gaw, Kachin mungh shawa dawqwa dawqtsa la-pran deq nhprai n-yet ai sha, ahkying aten shagu mabyin masa, hpaji hparat, htunghking, labau, hkailuq hkaishah, mungh masa,... ni hpe ginlen shabrah, ga shaga tsun dan nga ya ai laili laika media jamna langai mi, rai nga gaq ai. Ndai Hparat Panglai Journal e, 2016 ning tup, Du Kaba JJ Lum Dau gaw mungh masa laika-ngau ni (political analytic articles) hpe aten tup ka bang shanglawm nga ya ai hpe Hparat Panglai Journal kawq nna naqchying chyeju dum shagrau hkungga masat dat gaq ai. Kachin mungkan ting e JJ Lum Dau zawn, laili laika ka shalat galaw nga lu ai gaw, yaq yang shi hkrai sha nawq rai na re. Hparat Panglai Journal hpe laili laika hpaji hparat jawq nga ya na matu mung, ADVISER hku nna chyawm shatsam maraq dat gaq ai. Hparat Panglai Editor Hpung Laiza Mare. 23