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12 (12) The Missing Links in Human Evolution and the Origin of Language Charles N. Li 162 Language evolved in the first place as a means of communication rather than of thinking. Drawing a reasonable and clear picture of the origin and evolution of language then becomes possible. This being so, I explore missing links in the origin and evolution of language. We also draw on recent scientific discoveries to examine topics such as pre2 and post2verbal communication among primitive peoples, language crystallization, development of symbols and cognitive capabilities,andneuroscience and the origin of language. (13) Neighborhood Committees : Grassroots Political Mobilization and the Trend of State2Society Integration in Shanghai, Zhang Jishun 178 In the early 1950s neighborhood committees in Shanghai played a doublesocial2state role. They acted in the neighborhood as the agency of the state ; at the same time they represented the local community to the state. This was the case largely because of the complicated class formation and diverse personal orientation that characterized Shanghai society and its population. Through reorganizations of the local society and the implementation of a ration system for people s daily needs, the Chinese Communist Party strengthened its control over neighborhood committees and successfully integrated them into the state administration. Moreover, great numbers of residents, unaffiliated with any work units, now became subject to state control ; they also became resources available to state in its political maneuvering. The road was now laid open for the state to reorganize and reintegrate the society. (14) Debates on the Cycle of Five Virtuous Elements and Legitimacy of the Liao and Jurchen Jin Dynasties Liu Pujiang 189 The rulers both of the Liao and of the Jurchen ( Jin ) dynasties claimed legitimacy for themselves on the basis of their Sinification. While the Liao replaced the Later Jin and the Jurchen Jin the Song, both made efforts to prove their legitimacy using the cycle of the Five Virtuous Elements (wuxing). Fierce debates on their legitimacy arose in the Yuan dynasty when standards for compiling the histories of the Song, the Liao and the J urchen Jin were debated. The legitimacy of the latter two was generally rejected by Ming dynasty literatis who rewrote, rather than revised, the History of the Song along completely new standards. In the early Qing dynasty, the topic became taboo. However, when the Qing court finally transformed itself from rulers of a northern nomadic kingdom to a Chinese empire, they declared the Liao and the J urchen Jin illegitimate. The debates reflect from one perspective the changes of the notions of hua (ethnic Chinese) and yi (aliens) over a thousand2year period. 208

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