Protecting civilians in the Kachin borderlands, Myanmar: key threats and local responses Ashley South, December 2018 with Dr Nanzing Lu Awn Humanitari

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1 Protecting civilians in the Kachin borderlands, Myanmar: key threats and local responses Ashley South, December 2018 with Dr Nanzing Lu Awn Humanitarian Practice Group, Overseas Development Institute The breakdown of a 17-year ceasefire in Kachin State, Myanmar in June 2011 led to the displacement of well over 100,000 civilians and the collapse of trust between large sections of the civilian community and the Myanmar government and Army. In the absence of an adequate national response, and with the government blocking international humanitarian access to vulnerable communities, Kachin civil society groups have taken the lead in assisting and protecting their own people. This report describes these local self-protection and coping mechanisms, enabled by the social capital of Kachin ethno-linguistic and faith-based networks. Sustainable solutions to the humanitarian crisis in Kachin State can only be achieved through a negotiated political settlement to decades of armed ethnic conflict in Myanmar. There are no humanitarian solutions to political crises: only when the Myanmar government and Army are willing to negotiate a just and equitable political settlement can these conflicts, and attendant humanitarian suffering, be resolved. The full report is available at: Executive Summary Sawk Sagawn Laika Ginchyum Shaning (17) ning gap hkat jahkring ngut ai hpang, 2011 ning June shata kaw nna Myen hpyen dap hte Shanglawt hpye dap (KIA) ni majan bai byin wa ai majaw, majan byin ai mare kahtawng 1

2 hkan na hpyen yen tsinyam ni (sen mi jan) law htam mat wa ai hte mung shawa lapran na makam hte Asuya lahkawng lapran na makam myit ni hten za mat wa ai. Mungdan Asuya a hpyen yen tsinyam ni a ntsa shinggyim garum ningtum lit la ai lam nnga ai hte mungkan mungdan shagu de na wuhpung wuhpawng ni hpyen yen tsinyam ni hpang de garum rung rai ni shalai ya ai lam hpe Myen Asuya pat hkum tawn ai a majaw hpyen yen tsinyam ni hpe ra kadawn ai garum shingtau jaw ai lam hte makawp maga ai lam hpe Kachin mung shawa wuhpung wuhpawng ni lit la woi ai ra wa sai re. Masha marai (68) hpe san htai hte wuhpung hku jawm bawngban ai ladat galaw yu yang, ndai HPG tang madun laika gaw Jinghpaw mungdaw kata byin ai majan masa, mung shawa ni hpe makawp maga lam hta ta tut shang lawm ai ni galaw sa ai ladat lam ni hte shanhte hkrum gadup nga ai mayak mahkak lam ni, kaga ladat lam hku nna shang lawm garum shingtau ai hte shingdang hkum pat ai ladat lam ni hte seng nna tang madun hpaw tsun dan ai re. Ndai sawksagawn bungli gaw Humanitarian Policy Group (HGP) a Majan hte seng nna Jarit Mayan na Zinghkri hte makawp maga lam ngu ai ga baw kata na manu dan ai lam, ladat ni hte hkra machyi ahtu agawng byin ai lam ni hte seng ai sawk sagawn project a daw chyen langai mi mung rai nga ai. Shaning law law laman galaw ai project gaw mungdan gata hte shinggan na wuhpung wuhpawng ni a shinggyim makawp maga lam, jarit mayan byin pru wa ai akyu ara mayak mahkak ni hte majan ten laman shinggyim makawp maga magam lam ni hpe wuhpung wuhpawng ni gara hku ganing rai tawt lai wa ai, ngu ai lam ni hpe mung tang madun da ai re. Jinghpaw Mungdaw na majan hte shinggyim manghkang ni UNHRC (2018), Amnesty International (2017) hte kaga tang madun da ai laika ni law law hta Kachin ni hte byin ai majan gaw mungkan shinggyim ahkaw ahkang hte tara upadi ni hpe Myen hpyen dap gaw ladat hte hkrak dam lada ai hku tawt lai ai kumla nan rai nga ai. Dai hta, mung masha ni hpe kam mara rim nna zingri ai, njaw n-ang ai hku tara jawat si ari jahkrat ai, myen hpyen dap rim la ai mung shawa nkau mi si ai hkrung ai nchye mat mat ai, atik anang jahkrit shama bungli shangun ai, mung masha shanu nga ai mare kahtawng de laknak ni kam mara gap bun ai, mung mare masha ni a sutgan ni hpe jahten sharun kau ya ai, n tara ai hpe ninghkap ai mung shawa ni a shamu shamawt lam ni hpe ningdang kalang di ai, mare kahtawng ni hta mung masha ni nmai nga hkra galaw ai, hpyen koi yen mung shawa ni hpang de garum gahtau lam ni ndu hkra ladat shaw hkum pat shingdang ai lam ni tawt lai nga ma ai re. Myen hpyen dap kaw nna Jinghpaw mung kata hta sha n-ga, kaga shara ginra ni hta mung laja lana tawt lai ai lam langai mi gaw, madung hku nna Miwa sut hpaga masha ni hte Myen hpyen dap ni jawm pawng nna mung mare masha ni a lamu ga ni hpe atik anang zing madu la ai lam re. Jinghpaw mungdaw kata na madung laknak lang hpung langai rai nga ai KIO gaw mung mare masha ni hpe madung makawp maga ai wuhpung rai nga ai zawn, kalang lang dingbai dingna jaw manghkang shapraw ai wuhpung hku nna mung rai nga ma ai. Shawnglawt Asuya (KIO) a hpyen dap rai nga ai KIA gaw masha sat ai, hpyen atik anang lahkawn ai nga shadu shamying hkrum ma ai raitim, mung shawa hte shinggyim wuhpung wuhpawng law law ni gaw KIO hpe Kachin ni a htunghking maka kumla hte kachin mung shawa ni hpe makawp maga ya ngaai, mung shawa ni a ahkaw ahkang hte lawt lu lam a matu madung lit la woi awn nga ai wuhpung hku nna hkap la nga ma ai. Myen hpyen dap hte KIA lahkawng yan hta majan a ntsa sut masa akyu amyat tam ai lam gaw madung rai nga ai raitim, n-pawt madung gaw amyu kaji ni mung masa lam hta hkrat sum ai manghkang nan rai nga ai. Buga ginra kata na shinggyim makawp maga zinghkri ni Myen mung hte mungkan tara ni hta majan a majaw gaw htawt gaw rawt hkawm ra nga ai mung shawa ni hpe makawp maga na hte garum la na tara nga ai raitim, Myen mung Asuya gaw dai lit 2

3 hpe gun hpai ai lam hta tsep kawp n-gun yawm nga ai. Myen mung Asuya gaw shinggyim nga pra lam hte ahkaw ahkang a matu garum ya nga ai mungkan wuhpung wuhpawng ni a ntsa aja awa hkum pat shingdang ai sha n-ga, majan tsinyam hkrum masha ni a shim lam hte sak hkrung nga pra garum jaw ai lam hpe gaw buga kata na Kachin wuhpung wuhpawng ni madung lit la galaw nga ma ai. Tsinyam hkrum masha ni hpe garum makawp maga ya nga ai shamu shamawt lam ni hte seng nna ta tut magam gun nga ai masha nkau mi a shim lam hpe madung da nna mabyin masa yawng hpe nlu ka shalawm bang ai raitim, law malawng hpe gaw, ndai tang madun laika hta shalawm da ga ai. Ndai laika hta tang madun da ai lam ni gaw Miwa mungdan jarit mayan na Kachin tsinyam hkrum masha ni hpe garum makawp maga ai lam hte seng ai mabyin masa ni hpe laksan tang madun da ga ai. Majan byin ai mare buga na masha ni gaw shawng ningnan shanhte chye chyoi ai ladat ni hte shanhte hkum hpe makawp maga ai lam hpe galaw ma ai. Dai makawp maga ai ladat ni hta, buga ginra kata shinggyim nau na garum gahtau lam jaw lu na masa langai byin wa hkra hpyen dap ni hte jahkrum bawngban ai; dai ladat gaw tang du ai lam nnga ai a majaw tsinyam hkrum masha ni gaw tinang tingkyeng (shing nrai) wuhpung wuhpawng ni lit la nna shim ai shara de hprawng htawt majaw shanu nga ra ai wa ai (ga shadawn: hpyen yen dabang ni hta shanu nga ai). Tsinyam hkrum masha ni gaw kun dinghku, masha wunawng ni hte rai, tinang a jinghkuu jingyu dum nta masha ni shanu nga sa masa (shing n-rai) mung masa ni hta mahta nna, KIO (shnr) Myen Asuya ginra kata na hpyen yen dabang ni de lata hprawng shang wa ai. Tsinyam hkrum masha nkau mi gaw tinang a kashu kasha ni a hpaji lam hte sut masa lam ni hpe madung da nna Myen Asuya up hkang ginra de hprawng shang wa ma ai raitim, nkau gaw galaw lu galaw sha lam a matu Miwa mungdan de jahkring jahkra hprawng shingbyi ma ai. Jarit mayan na amyu sha ni a zinlum garum ai lam ni a majaw Miwa mungdan du tsinyam hkrum masha ni shimlum lam lu la ma ai re. Kachin tsinyam hkrum masha ni hpe makawp maga ai lam hta roi sai baw pa ni hta hkan nna sha n-ga, jarit mayan ni hta bung pre ai amyu bawsang aga kumla ni hku nna mung shada zinghkri gaw gap nna galaw sa ma ai re. Kalang nhprang buga kata na shinggyim nau na magam bungli galaw nga ai ni gaw gwi gwi hte ladat amyu myu shaw nna Myen hpyen dap kata chyat rawng nga ai tsinyam hkrum masha ni lawt lu lam a matu lawan ladan galaw sa ra ai masa nga ai zawn, majan tsinyam hkrum masha ni galoi mung shanu nga na matu lajang da ai dabang shara de shimlum ai hte du wa lu hkra hkawm sa hkawm wa lam ni hpe lit la lajang shajin ya ra ma ai. Ndai lam hta nawku hpung ni hte buga kata na wuhpung wuhpawng ni (CSOs) gaw majan tsinyam hkrum masha ni hpe, grau nna KIO ginra na hpyen yen dabang de du hkra htaw wa htaw sa lit hpe madung la ma ai. Nawku hpung ningbaw ni gaw Myen hpyen dap hte KIA ni a shawnglam shara ginra ni de sa nna daw hka nga sai wuhpung wuhpawng lapran na masa ni ntsa kaja ai kanawn mazum lam bai lu la hkra gaw gap shakut shaja ya ma ai. Myen hpyen dap hte Asuya magam gun ni gaw Hkristan Jau ni hpe Myen Hpunggyi ni hte maren hkap la hkungga ma ai rai nna, Jau ni hpe shawng lam shara ni de hkawm sa na ahkaw ahkang jaw ma ai. Hpyen yen tsinyam jawngma ni a matu nawku hpung ni gaw hpyen yen dabang ni hta ap nawng sara ni tawn da ya ai hta sha n-ga, hpyen yen ma ni a matu myit masa hte wenyi lam hta garum ya lu ai wuhpung ni hpaw da ya nhtawm, shinggyim nau na madi shadaw lam hte garum shingtau lam ni lu la na matu mung lam tam shakut shaja ya ma ai. Buga garum gahtau wuhpung ni law malawng gaw hpyen yen masha ni lapran gau nna yak hkak ai ni a jahpan hpe lu sawk sagawn na matu hte shanhte hpe garum lu na matu manghkang hpareng hparan ai ladat ni hte galaw sa ma ai. Wuhpung wuhpawng ni hta buga bawsang masha ni shang lawm shamu shamawt ai a majaw ra rawng ai lam ni hpe jahpring shatsup ai sha n-ga, buga masa hte htuk ai garum shingtau lam ni hpe hparan jaw ya ai. Kachin mung shawa wuhpung wuhpawng ni kaw nna mung lamu ga hte seng ai ahkaw ahkang, asuya ahkang aya jum ai ni hte buga masha wuhpung wuhpawng ni matut mahkai ai lam hta buga wuhpung wuhpawng ni a ahkang aya hpe sharawt ya na lam, wuhpung 3

4 wuhpawng hpe madung da ai simsa lam hpe madung da ta tut gaw gap sa wa na zawwn re ai ahkyak ai manghkang ni a ntsa sawk sagawn lam hte madi shadaw ai magam bungli ni hpe woi awn galaw nga ma ai. Joint Strategy Team (JST) gaw ndai magam lam ni a matu madung lit la woi awn nga ai hpung rai nga ai hte ndai hpung hta mung shawa wuhpung (9) jawm bawngban jahkrumm nna garum gahtau jaw lu na lam hte madi shadaw ai shamu shamawt lam ni hpe mung galaw nga ma ai. KIO mung hpyen yen dabang ni kata uphkang hpareng hparang ya ai lit, machyi masha ni gingdan ai tsi lajang lam hpe hkam la lu na matu ni nawn ai tsi rung ni de htaw shalai ya ai zawn re ai magam lit ni hte garum ya nga ma ai. Buga kata na shinggyim makawp maga zinghkri ni hte mu gun ni gaw hpyen yen ni hpe lakawn lanawn garum ai lam hta mungkan wuhpung wuhpawng ni hku nna grau galaw lu nga ninglen, n- galaw ai magam bungli ni hpe ahkyak da myit rawt ai masing hte shang lawm gun hpai nga ai lam ni hpe mung ndai laika hta tang madun da ma ai. Raitim, hpyen yen tsinyam hkrum masha ni hpe lakawn lanawn ai lam hta mungkan magam dap ni kaw nna mung ahkyak ai magam law law, ga shawn; ja gumhpraw garum ya ai hte buga na tsinyam lakawn lawn magam gun ni a matu sharin hpawng ni hpaw ya ai. Shinggyim garum gahtau jaw ai magam bungli ni gaw galaw dingyang rai nga ai. Mungkan garum gahtau masha ni mung majan tsinyam hkrum masha ni hte seng nna madi shadaw n-gun jaw ndau shabra ai lam ni galaw ai hta mungkan shinggyim garum gahtau ni hpyen yen shara de du hkra jaw lu na lam hte shinggyim ahkaw ahkang magam gun ni hpe mungdan kata, madung hku nna KIO up hkang ginra de du hkra, shang hkawm sa magam bungli galaw lu na matu Myen mungdan Asuya hte hpyen dap ni hpe ganawng shaja nga ma ai. Ndai lam gaw Myen mung Asuya hte hpyen dap ni kaw nna, hpyen yen tsinyam masha ni hpang de mungkan hte buga garum gahtau ndu lu hkra tara shaja ai hta grau ja hkra galaw sa nga ai lam hte matut manoi nna ahkyak dik galaw ra ai lam mung re. Shinggyim garum gahtau jaw ai lam hpe matut manoi galaw sa ai lam gaw buga kata sha n-ga, mungkan hte seng ai shinggyim makawp maga magam bungli hpe mung jahpring shatsup ai lam re. Kachin majan hte seng nna mungkan wuhpung wuhpawng ni kaw nna mung n malap ai lam hpe majan tsinyam hkrum masha ni hpe sha n-ga, Myen mung Asuya hte hpyen dap ni kaw du hkra jahkrat madun dan ai lam ni hta garum shingtau jaw nga ai. Raitim, Kachin majan tsinyam hkrum masha ni kaw nna, mungkan garum gahtau wuhpung wuhpung ni gaw Myen mung kata na (ga shadawn: Rohingya ni hte Rakhine mungdaw) de sha madung da bawbang galaw sa nga ai, nga mu mada nga ma ai. Dai hta sha n-ga, Miwa mungdan a mungkan shinggyim garum gahtau magam dap ni hte lata gindun galaw sa ai lam lanyan taw ai majaw, mungkan ting hte seng ai shinggyim nau na garum magam lam hta laknak lang hpung ni gasat gala byin ai, (mung shawa shanu nga shara rai nga ai) Miwa mung hte gahtep nga ai jarit mayan na hpyen tsinyam hkrum masha ni gaw kaga Myen mung sinpraw dingda daw na hpyen yen tsinyam ni hte shingdaw yang mungkan a myit shang sha ai lam lam grau yawm nga ai. Mungkan alu madu ni hku nna mung Kachin IDP ni hpe makawp maga ai lam hte garum shingtau ai lam ni hpring tsup hkra jaw ya lu na matu ra kadawn nga ai ja guhpraw alu ni hpe matut garum ya ra ai hta sha n-ga, tsinyam hkrum masha ni ram ging ai garum gahtau ni hte kaga mu mada hparan ya lu ai garum gahtau ni jaw ya lu na matu buga ginra kata na wuhpung wuhpawng (CSO) ni hpe mung ahkaw ahkang hpaw ya ra ai. Shinggyim makawp maga ra kadawn ai lam ma hkra hpe ginra kata na tsinyam lakawn magam gun ni hkrai chyu sha jahpring shatsup ya lu na myit mada lam nnga ai majaw, ndai lam ni hpe jaw lu na matu mungkan wuhpung wuhpawng ni hta mung ahkyak ai lit nga ai. Madung hku nna, majan a majaw jam jau hkrum ai mung shawa ni hpe makawp maga na hte shanhte hpe shimlum nna sari sadang hte hkrak rai nga lu hkra garum madi shadaw ya na lit ni gaw Myanmar mungdan Asuya hte hpyen dap ni hta madung mara nga ai. 4

5 Rohingya manghkang hte seng nna, Myen mung Asuya hte hpyen dap ni gaw mungkan wuhpung wuhpawng ni hte n-bung ai sha dinghkrai tsap nga ai hta n-ga, Myen mung Asuya gaw Kachin majan hte shinggyim tara tawt lai ai manghkang hte seng ai mahtai ni a ntsa mungkan hte jahkrup jahkrum galaw sa ai lam ni hpe mung chye na hkap la ai lam n-nga ma ai. Ndai lam gaw mungdan kata na majan hte manghkang hta shang lawm nga ni, ga shadawn CSO hpe mungkan kaw nna madi shadaw na matu ram ram ahkyak nga ai, CSO ni a galaw sa wa ai bungli ni hpe mung ndai tang madun laika hta matsing masat sumhting masam maram da ga ai. Hpang jahtum, Jinghpaw mung hte kaga Myen mung shara shagu hkan amyu bawsang ni hte shaning galu byin nga ai majan hte seng nna hkrung grin ai mahtai hpe tam ga nga yang, shada bawngban jahkrup mara dat hkat ai ladat hku nna sha awng dang mai nga ai. Mung masa manghkang hta shinggyim nau na mahtai gaw nnga na re; Myen Asuya hte hpyen dap gaw tara rap ra ai hte maren mara re ai mung masa simsa lam de woi sa ai shada bawngban jahkrum jahkrup ai lam hta shang lawm mayu ai myit masin nga yang sha, byin nga ai majan hte hkrum hkra nga ai shinggyim nau na hkam sha lam ni hpe hparan kau lu na re. Amyu bawsang ni a hkrat sum nga ai ahkyak ai lam ni, hkam sha lam ni ntsa tara shang byin na hte tinang gam maka tinang hpajang dawdan mayu ai myit masa ni hpe masat masa galaw ya ra ai, maga mi de Myen amyu sha ni chyu sha ga-up sha ai ladat mare kaba nga masha wuhpung langai chyu sha Myen mung Asuya hte hpyen dap hpe kam mara gang gayin up reng sha ai myit jasat jasa lai ladat ni hpe mung shamat kau ra sai. pmwrf;tusof;cskyf (17) espfmumtypfcwf&yfpjjyd;aemuf jrefrmppftpkd;&esifh autkdifattmum; 2011 ckespf ZGefvrSpwifum jyefvnfypfcwfwkdufckdufcjhmuaomamumifh jynfolvlxkwpfodef;ausmf rdrdwhkdae&yfpgefhcggum ppfa&smifpcef;rsm;wgif; aexkdifmu&jcif;amumifh jynfolvlxktcsif;csif;mum; omru jrefrmtpkd;&esifh autkdiftkdtmum; tcsif;csif;,hkmunfrskysufpd;qhk;&shk;cjh&ygonf/ jrefrmtpkd;&\ ppfa&smif'ku onfrsm;tm; wm0ef,lrskr&sdjcif;? ekdifihwumtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rs ppfa&smif'ku onfrsm;tm; ulndyhhykd;rskrsm; ydwfyifwm;qd;rskrsm; jykvkyfaejcif;amumifh 4if;wm0efrsm;ukd ucsifvlhtzgjhtpnf;rsmrs wm0ef,lvkyfudkifaqmif&gufae&jcif;jzpfygonf/ Humanitarian Policy Group (HGP) rs vlyk*¾dkvf (68)OD;tm; ar;jref;jcif;? tkyfpkvkdufawghqhkaqg;aeg;jcif;rsm;jykvkyfjyd;aemuf ucsifjynfe,fwgif; jzpfysufaeaom ppfa&;tajctae? ppfa&smif'ku onfrsm;\vhkjchka&;twguf ulndyhhykd;ay;olrsm;\ enf;y&d,m,frsm;esifh 4if;whkdMuHkawGh&aompdefac:rSkrsm;? tjcm;h tultnday;aqmif&gufaeolrsm;esifh [efhwm;aesmuf,sufrskrsm;tm; þpmwrf;wgifwifjyxm;ygonf/ þavhvmrskonf HGP \ okaooevkyfief; tpdwftykdif;wpfckjzpfaom e,fjcm;ugef,ufesifh ppftwgif;umug,fapmifha&smufrskrsm; [laom acgif;pofatmufüf wefzkd;xm;rskpepf? *,uf&dkufcwfrskrsm;esifhywfoufí tao;pdwfavhvmrskrsm; jykvkyfwifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf/ espf&snfjykvkyfaom þokaooepdrhudef;onf vlom;umug,frskrsm;esifh ywfoufí xyfwlvkyfaqmifrskrsm;? ugjvgjvkyfaqmifrskrsm;esifh jynfwgif;jynfytzgjhtpnf;rsm;\ umug,frsktay: em;vnfoabmaygufrskrsm;? e,fpyfrsm;üjzpfay:aom tusdl;oufa&mufrskrsm;? ppftwgif;tzgjhtpnf;rsm;? vlom;csif;umug,fapmifha&smufvkyfaqmif&mü awghmuhk&aom jcdrf;ajcmufrskrsm;ukd wifjyaqg;aeg;xm;ygonf/ 5

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7 vufeufukdifacgif;aqmifrsm;esifh nsdeskdif;aqg;aeg;jcif;enf;vrf;rsm xda&mufrskr&sdaomamumifh ppfajy;'ku onfrsm; rdrdwhkdukd,fwkdif ohkdr[kwf tzgjhtpnf;rsm;\tultndjzifh umv&snfwpfcktwgif; aexkdifekdif&efjyifqifay;xm;aom ppfa&smifpcef;rsm;ohkd a&muf&sdckdvshkmu&ygonf/ 'ku onfrsm;onf rdom;pkrsm;tvkduf ohkdr[kwf tzgjhzgjhum 4if;whkdaqGrsKd;om;csif;rsm;aexkdif&meSifh ekdifiha&;t& 4if;whkdtwGufvHkjcHKrSK&Sdekdifrnfh tcsufrsm;ukdtajcchum jrefrmtpkd;&tkyfcskyf&ma'o ohkdr[kwf ucsifvufeufukdifrsm; tkyfcskyf&ma'orsm;ukd a&g;cs,f ckdvshkmu&ygonf/ tcskdhppfajy;'ku onfrsm;rsm rdrdwhkdom;ord;rsm;\ ynma&;? rdom;pk pd;ygg;a&;rsm;ukd OD;pm;ay;um jrefrmtpkd;&tkyfcskyf&ma'ookdh a&muf&sdogm;oujhohkd tcskdhrsmrl tvkyftukdiftcgifhtvrf;ukd tajcchum w&kwfe,fpyfohkdwdrf;a&smifogm;muygonf/ e,fpyfwavssmuf&sdvlrskd;wljynfolrsm;\ yhhykd;ulndrskrsm;amumifh w&kwfe,fpyfwavssmuf&sd ppfajy;'ku onfrsm;rsm vhkjchkrskykdrkd&&sdamumif; awgh&sd&ygonf/ ucsifppfajy;'ku onfrsm; ulndapmifha&smufrskugef,ufrsm rskd;eg,fpkrsmt& tpdwftykdif;ugjjym;mu&m e,fpyfwavssmuf&sd vlrskd;rsm;tmum; wlndonfhbmompum;esifh &kd;&m,ofaus;rskrsm;ukd tajcchí tcsif;csif;csdwfqufonfhugef,uf xm;&sdum vkyfaqmifaemuygonf/ a'owgif;&sd vlomcsif;qkdif&mvkyfief;vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;rsm wcgw&h csufcsif;yg;esyfpgm ukdifwg,fum jrefrmppfwyfa'owgif;ydwfrdaeaomjynfolvlxkrsm;tm; u,fwifekdifa&;twguf nsdesdkif;vkyfaqmifjcif;? 4if;ydwfrdjynfolrsm; a&&snfckdvshkekdif&ef jyifqifxm;aom ppfa&smifpcef;rsm;ohkd vhkjchkpgma&muf&sdekdif&ef a'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rs &J0HhpGm enf;y&d,m,frsm; &SmazGum vkyfaqmifaemuygonf/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;esifh a'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rsvnf; ppfajy;'ku onfrsm;tm; txl;ojzifh autkdiftkdtkyfcskyfrska'owgif;&sd ppfa&smifpcef;rsm;ohkd ab;uif;vhkjchkpgm a&muf&sdekdif&ef o,f,lyhkdaqmifa&;tultndrsm;ukd yhhykd;ay;muygonf/ bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm;rsvnf; jrefrmesifh autkdifatppfwyfrsm; ppfjzpfygg;&m a&shwef;ppfajrjyifrsm;ohkdogm;a&mufum vwfwavmamurgsaeaom tzgjhtpnf;mum; ykdrkdaumif;rgefaom qufqha&;jyefvnfwnfaqmufekdif&ef MudK;yrf;ay;Muygonf/ jrefrmppfwyftaejzifh c&pf,mefbkef;awmfmud;rsm;tm; Ak' &[ef;awmfrsm;enf;wl av;pm;munfnkdorsk &SdaomaMumifh c&pf,mefbkef;awmfmud;rsm;taejzifh a&shwef;ppfrsufesmjyifrsmohkdh ogm;a&mufcgifh&&sdmuonf/ bmoma&;toif;tzgjhrsm;rsvnf; 'ku onfpcef;rsm;twguf qufuyfq&mrsm;tm; zdwfac:jcif;? pdwfykdif;qkdif&m yhhykd;ulndrskrsm;ay;jcif;? 0dnmOfa&;qkdif&m tzgjhzgjhpnf;jcif;? vlom;csif;qkdif&m axmufchrskrsm;ay;jcif;esifh ulndyhhykd;rskrsm;ay;jcif; ponfhvkyfaqmifrskrsm;ukdyhhykd;ay;muygonf/ a'ochtzgjhtpnf;trsm;pkrsm pcef;rsm;&sd'ku onfrsm;rs tcufcjqhk;yk*¾dkvfrsm;ukd &SmazGum yhhykd;ay;ekdifrnfh jyoempdrhcefhcgjjcif;pepfrsm; xm;&sdmuygonf/ a'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rsvnf; rdrdwhkdenf;vrf;t& a'owgif; vkdtyfcsufrsm;ohkdod;wnfum pwifvkyfaqmifaeaom vkyfief;rsm;tmum; ugm[rskrsm;esifh yhhykd;ulndrskrsm;ukdjznfhqnf;ay;ygonf/ ucsifa'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;taejzifh jyoemay:rlwnfí ta&;mud;aom okaooeesifh axmufchrskvkyfiefrsm;ukdaz:aqmifaemu&m 4if;whkdxJwGif v,f,majrtcgifhta&;rsm;? a'ochtzgjhtpnfrsm;esifh tmpmykdifrsm;mum; tjyeftvsefvkyfaqmif&mwgif a'ochrsm;\vkyfykdifcgifh ykdrkd&&sdapa&;esifh a'ochrsm;ukdtajcchaom jidrf;csrf;a&;wnfaqmufrsk pwifaz:aqmifjcif;vkyfief;rsm;yg0ifaemuygonf/ txl;ojzifh a'ochtzgjhtpnf;(9)zgjhjzifh 7

8 zgjhpnf;xm;aom Joint Strategy Team (JST) onf a'owgif;&sd vlom;csif; umug,fapmifha&smufrsk ugef,ufesifh 4if;vkyfief;vkyfaqmifaeolrsm;rSvnf; ekdifihwumtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rs ykdrkdvkyfaqmifekdifaomfvnf; vkyfukdifjcif;r&sdaom ppfajy;'ku onfrsm;qkdif&m tultnday;a&;vkyfief;rsm;ukd tav;xm;wufmugpgm vkyfaqmifaeamumif; þpmwrf;wgifaz:jyxm;ygonf/ ohkd&mwgif ekdifihwumtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rsvnf; tjcm;aomta&;mud;wm0efrsm; (Oyrm/ / &HyHkaiGaxmufyHhay;jcif;? a'owgif; vufawghwm0ef,lvkyfaqmifaeaom 0efxrf;rsm;twGuf vkdtyfaomoifwef;rsm;zgifhvspfay;jcif; ponfhulndrskrsm;jzifh a'owgif;vufawghyhhydk;ulnd vkyfaqmifaeygonf/ ppfygja'owgif;&sd ucsif'ku onftzgjhrsm;udk,fpm; ekdifihwumvkyfaqmifaeolrsm;\ axmufchtm;ay;rskrsm;vkyfaqmif&müvnf; 'ku onfrsm; txl;ojzifh autkdiftkdxdef;cskyfrsk a'owgif;&sdolrsm;tm; vlom;csif;qkdif&mulndrskrsm; &&Sda&;eSifh vlom;csif;qkdif&m tcgifhta&;rsm;a&muf&sdekdifa&;rsm;vnf; yg0ifygonf/ þtcsufonf jrefrmtpkd;&esifh ppfwyfrs ppfab;'ku onfrsm;xhohkd tultnda&muf&sda&;twguf uefhowfcskyfcs,frskrsm;wkd;jrsifhvmjcif;tay: vgefpgmta&;mud;aomtcsufyifjzpfonf/ vlom;csif;qkdif&m tultnday;a&; vkyfaqmifjcif;onf a'owgif;omru ekdifihwumqkdif&m vlom;csif;umug,fapmifha&smufrskvkyfief;rsm;ukd jznfhqnf;aejcif;? ucsifppfa&;esifh ywfoufí ekdifihwumtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rs arhavsmhjcif;r&sdyj ppfajy;'ku onfrsm;xhodhkomru jrefrmtpkd;&esifh ppfwyfrsm;txd a&muf&sdogm;ekdif&ef vkyfaqmifaejcif;jzpfygonf/ ohkdaomfvnf; ucsifppfab;'ku onfrsm;rsvnf; ekdifihwumulndaxmufyhhaeaomtzgjhtpnf;rsm;onf jrefrmjynfwgif;&sd Oyrm/ /&kd[if*smesifh &ckdifjynfe,fta&;ukdom tm&hkpkdufvkyfaqmifaeonf[k xifjrif,lqaeygonf/ w&kwfekdifihqkdif&mvlom;csif;pmemaxmufxm;rsk ulnday;a&;xgersm;\ urçmhtzgjhtpnf;rsm;esifh csdwfqufvkyfaqmifrsk rvkdvm;jcif;onfvnf; w&kwfe,fpyfa'orsm;&sd wkdufygjjzpfygg;&mae&mrsm;rs jynfolrsm;esifh tjcm; jrefrmekdifih ta&shawmifykdif;a'orsm;esifh esdkif;,sofygu ekdifihwumtm&hkpkdufrsk ykdrkdavsmhenf;ap&efvkyfaqmifaejcif;t"dyüg,f az:aqmifaeygonf/ ekdifihwum tvsl&sifrsm;taejzifhvnf; ucsifppfab;'ku onfrsm;tm; umug,fapmifha&smufa&;esifh ulndaxmufyhha&;vkyfaqmifrskrsm; vhkavmufaomtwkdif;twmtxd ay;ekdif&ef vkdtyfaomaigamu;&hyhkaigrsm; qufvufulnday;&hkomru a'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rs oifhavsmfovkd zefwd;ekdfifaom tultndrsm;ay;ekdif&ef tcgifhtvrf;rsm; yhhykd;ay;&efvkdtyfygonf/ a'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;jzifhom a'owgif;vkdtyfaeaom vlom;csif;qkdif&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;tm;vhk; jznfhqnf;ay;ekdifrnf[k rarssmfvifhekdkifaomfvnf; 4if;vkdtyfcsufrsm; jynfh0pgmjznfhqnf;ay;ekdif&ef ekdifihwumtzgjhtpnf;rsm;rsvnf; ta&;mud;aomu@rs vkyfaqmif&efvkdtyfygonf/ tajcchtm;jzifh jrefrmtpkd;&esifh ppfwyfukd ppfajy;'ku onfrsm;tm; umug,fapmifha&smufa&;esifh 'ku onfrsm; vhkjchkodu m&sdpgm vkdtyfaomtultndrsm;&&sda&;onf 4if;whkdwm0efjzpfaMumif; od&sdapa&;twguf owday;&efvkdtyfygonf/ &kd[if*smta&;tcif;esifhpyfvsof;í jrefrmtpkd;&esifh ppfwyf\ ekdifihwumtzgjhtpnf;rsm;esifh od;jcm;pgm &yfwnfaersk? ucsifta&;tcif;esifh vlom;csif;qkdif&m y dyu rsm;esifhywfoufí 8

9 jrefrmtmpmykdifrsm;rs ekdifihwumesifh csdwfqufaqmif&gufrskrsm;tay: MuD;rm;pGmvufcHoabmaygufrSK r&sdamumif; jyoaeygonf/ az:jyygta&;tcif;esifhpyfvsof;í jrefrmtmpmykdifrsm;rs ekdifihwumesifh csdwfqufvkyfaqmifrsk r&sdjcif;onf 4if;ta&;tcif;eSifhywfoufaeolrsm; (Oyrm/ / a'ochtzgjhtpnf;rsm;)\ þpmwrf;wgif&smazgodrf;znf;xm;aom tcsuftvufrsm;esifh pdppfykdif;jcm;rskrsm;tay: ekdifihwumrs axmufchyhhykd;ay;ekdifrnfh tajctaewpf&yf jzpfay:vmap&ef tvgefta&;mud;aomtcsufjzpfygonf/ tcskyftm;jzifhh ucsifjynfe,fesifh jrefrmekdifihwgif;&sd tjcm;jynfe,frsm;ü espfumvmum&snfpgm jzpfygg;aeaom vlrskd;a&;qkdif&my dyu rsm;esifhpyfvsof;í ckdifjrjaomtajzukd &SmazGMunfhygu tcsif;csif;em;vnfrsk&sdum nsdeskdif;aqg;aeg;jcif; enf;vrf;wpfckwnf;jzifhom atmifjrifrsk&ekdifygonf/ ekdifiha&;jyoemtwgif;ü vlom;csif;qkdif&mtajz&smawghekdifrnfr[kwfyg/ jrefrmtpkd;&esifh ppfwyfrs w&m;rsswrskesifh wef;wlndrssaom ekdifiha&;ausat;jcif;vkyfekdif&ef qe &SdrSom vuf&sdjzpfygg;aeaom ypfcwfrskrsm;? vlom;csif;csif;qkdif&m chpm;csufrsm;ukd ajz&sif;ekdifrnfjzpfonf/ wpfzufüvnf; aysmufqhk;aeaom wkdif;&if;om;rsm;\ ta&;mud;u@rsm;ukd todtrswfjykjcif;esifh chpm;csufrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfa&;? jrefrmvlrskd;wpfrskd;wnf;om ekdifiha&;ü MuD;pkd;cs,fvS,frSk\ tpdwfrykdif;jzpfaom ukd,fhmur mukd,fzefwd;cgifh? jrefrmtpkd;&esifh ppfwyftm; jrhkdaevlxkrsm;rsom espfmum&snfpgm vsgrf;rkd;cskyfukdifjcif;rsm;tm; ajz&sif;ekdif&efvkdtyfaeygao;onf/ 9