A. An Inquiry into the Paranormal Psychic Phenomenon in I-Kuan-Tao From the Perspective of C. G. Jung s Analytical Psychology ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1
B. Abstract The research object of the current thesis is concerned with I-Kuan-Tao, the religious group that originated from Mainland China and then came to Taiwan in 1946. The focal point of this research has been placed upon all sorts of paranormal psychic phenomenon ever happened within the group. And the approach adopted to decipher the phenomenon is basically informed by C. G. Jung s analytical psychology. Due to the prohibition long imposed on the group by the KMT government in Taiwan and the Confucian influence it received, the I-Kuan-Tao group members always avoid discussing their paranormal experience in public. However, mystical experience is often in close relation to the realization of a religion s tenets. In this regard, it is extremely significant to be able to interpret the paranormal psychic phenomenon occurred in the group. This is the main contribution the current thesis made in terms of the research topic. As to the field data collecting, the researcher adopts the participant-observation method. To interpret the psychic events in the group from the perspective of Jung s analytical psychology rather than that of energy-field theory is also a new one. This does not mean that the researcher refutes the latter s viewpoint or considers the former the better one; it only reflects the researcher s theoretical interest in realizing the phenomenon in terms of its psychological bearings. The thesis begins with an explication of the related aspects of the topic along with an investigative agenda proposed (chapter 1). Then it proceeds with a discussion on the literature from multiple angles (chapter 2) and the methodological issues involved (chapter 3). On the basis of the previous results, it then moves on to an analysis of the theory and application of Jungian psychology (chapter4), the details of the paranormal psychic events occurred in I-Kuan-Tao (chapter 5), and how Jung s view can be applied to interpret the phenomenon (chapter 6). Finally, a tentative conclusion and some suggestions on the future research will be laid out. 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 1983 3 Parapsychology 4 3
5 A. 1. magic 5 4
2. clairvoyance, telepathy 3. near-death-experience NDE 4. poltergeist 5. precognition 6. soul, spirit B. 7. out-of-body experience 8. spiritual healing 9. psychokinesis 10. spirit photography 6 6 1988 5
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ego soul Psyche objective psyche 14 14 Robert H.Hopcke, 199729 8
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(Ghost Society) (Phantasmalogical Society) (Dialectic society) (Society for Psychical Research) S.P.R.1884 S.P.R. (Phantasms of the Living) 240 1969 Milan Ryzl 23 (Aston) Edinburgh Duke 1927 Dr. J. B. Rhine Dr. Louisa E. Rhine Duke University Professor William McDougall extrasensory perceptionesp parapsychology 23 17
psychokinesis /PK ESP PK 1962 FRNM 30 1995 FRNM Rhine Research Center Durham 8 Saybrook 150 1979 20 18
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26 Phil Cousineau 1998 27 1998 28 1999 29 1998 22
30 1988 31 W. T. Stace, 1998 32 Andre Lefebvre 1992 23
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1. 2. 50 50 The Random House Dictionary of the English Language,2 nd ed.,(1987), New York,NY: Random 34
() (reductionism) (Freud) (Watson) Schumacher 51 1 = = + = + + = + + + 2 = = = = House. P.1518. 35
(Frankl) (sub-humanism) 52 (Heisenberg) 53 54 51 Schumacher, E.F.(1977), A Guide for the Perplexed, New York, N Y: Harper & Row. Pp.15-19. 52 Frankl, V.E.(1970).The Will to meaning. New York, NY: New American Library,p.18. 53 Heisenberg, W.(1965). The role of modern physics in the development of present thinking. In F.T. Severin (Ed.), Humanistic View-points in psychology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill,pp.206-212. 54 Andre Lefebvre 199269 36
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57 58 56 W.T. Stace, 199829 57 58 W.T. Stace, 1998179 59 180 39
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motif 66 Dual mother Representations collectives forms without content 66 motif motif 49
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67 think perceived thought 68 Archetypes of transformation (Meditation) 67 C.G.Jung, The Undisclosed Self, 197463 68 C.G.Jung, 199064 51
Anima Animus Anima, Animus Anima Animus Anima Animus contrasexual archetype Self Ego 69 Anima Animus 69 Robert H. Hopcke, 199792-93 52
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70 71 Mandala Anima Animus 72 70 C.G.Jung, 199980 71 C.G.Jung, The Undisclosed Self, 197414 72 16 54
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73 Libido Libido 74 75 76 73 Murray Stein,, 122-127 74 C.G. Jung, 52 75 52-53 56
77 synchronicity 78 1930 76 Murray Stein,, 84 77 95-96 78 258 57
79 (unus mundus) 80 Individuation () persona outward face () symbols inward face 79 Maggie Hyde, 1995155-157 80 Murray Stein,, 270 58
() Self Self 81 Self ego 81 199836 59
1968 Vincent Brome Jung: Man and Myth Bleuler Pierre Jannet 1929 Synchronicity 60
82 82 Robert H. Hopcke, 199765 61
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116 76 117 1997 3-5 118 Walker, Steven F., Jung and Jungians on Myth.(New York & London: Garland Publishing,1995) 119 13 Letter,II.p.23 68
120 199030 69
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2. 142 C.G.Jung, Psychiatric StudiesCollected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. I,p. 45. 143 C.G.Jung 1997 227 87
144 145 144 81 145 Murray Stein, 1999256 88
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active imagination 159 160 161 158 39 159 Robert H. Hopcke, 24 160 25 161 Polly Young-Eisendrath, Terence dawson, The Cambridge Companion to Jung, Cambridge 95
(Animus) ego self ego University Press,1997,p.83-84. 96
self automatic writing suggestion intellectual element pure motor hypnosis 162 libido libido libido Kerners Swedenborg Kant Schopenhauer 162 C. G. Jung, Psychiatric Studies, The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. I, translated by R. F. G. Hull, Bollingen Series x x, Princeton University Press,p.54-55. 97
163 1929. 164 165 166 163 Polly Young-Eisendrath, Terence dawson, The Cambridge Companion to Jung, Cambridge University Press,1997,p.27-29. 164 C. G. Jung, The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol.X III, Alchemy Studies, Princeton University Press, p.ii. 165 C.G.Jung, 19938 166 24-27 98
167 168 libido 167 15 168 Robert H. Hopcke, 8 99
169 C. G. Jung, The Undiscovered Self,Civilization in Transition, trans. R. F. C. Hull ( New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1977), p459. 170 C. G. Jung, Psychology and Religion: West and East, trans. R. F. C. Hull ( New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1977), p7. 100
171 C. G. Jung, The Undiscovered Self, Civilization in Transition, p293. 172 1985 101
173 222-223 174 Murray Stein, 1999227-228 102
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The Collected Works of C. G. Jung 1958 17 Volumes: 1. Psychiatric Studies 2. Experimental Researches 3. The Psychogenesis of Mental Disease 4. Freud and Psychoanalysis 5. Symbols of Transformation 6. Psychological Types 7. Two Essays on Analytical Psychology 8. The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche 9. Part I: The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious 10. Civilization in Transitionn 11. Psychology and Religion: West and East 12. Psychology and Alchemy 13. Alchemy Studies 14. Mysterium Conjunctionist: An Inquiry into the Separation and Synthesis of Psychic Opposites in Alchemy 15. The Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature 16. The Practice of Psyhcotherapy 17. The Development of Personality Robert H. Hopcke 17 18. Part I and II: The Symbolic Life Miscellaneous Writings, including Forewords, Epilogues,Reviews,Letters, Addresses, and occasional supplements to volumes 1-17. 108
19. Complete Bibliography of C.G.Jung s Writings The published writings of C.G.Jung including translations The Collected Works The seminars of C.G. jung 20. General Index to The Collected Works Jung, C.G. Jung. C.G. 1. 1990 Analytical Psychology: notes of the seminar given in1925, London :Routledge. 1986 Analytical Psychology Its theory and Practice, London: Ark,, Jung. C. G. 1990 reprinted. 1991 1987 Answer to Job, trans. R. F. C. Hull, London: Ark. Jung, C. G. 1982 Aspects of the Feminine, trans, R. F. C. Hull, London: Ark, Jung, C. G.,reprinted in 1992. 1982 Dreams, trans, R. F. C. Hull, London: ark,1989 reprinted. Jung, C. G. 1995 Jung on Evil, Stein, Murray( edited from Jung s Collected Works and wrote an introduction). London: Routledge. Jung, C. G. 1995 Memories, Dreams, Reflections. trans. R. F. C. Hull, New 109
York: New American Library, 1959. Jung, C. G. Jung, C.G. 1962 The Secret of the Golden Flower A Chinese book of Life( Richard Wilhelm Cary F. Baynes ), San Diego: A Harvest/HBJ book,. 1974 The Undiscovered Self trans. R. F. C. Hull,N.Y. New American Library, 1959. 2. Jung, C. G. 1996 1990 1991 1989 Jung, C.G. 1993 Jung, C.G., Arthur Colman, Libby Colman 1998 110
1988 1998 X 1983 1996 1999 1987 1995 1985 1998 111
1998 1997 1997 1998 1998 1999 2000 1986 1995 1986 1996 1991 Brome, Vincent 112
1989 Jung: Man and Myth, Cousineau, Phil 1998 Hopcke, Robert H. 1997 Hannah, Barbara 1986 Hyde, Maggie 1995 C.G.Jung for Beginners, Lefebvre, Andre 1992 Moacanin, Radmila 1992 Stein, Murray 1999 Starbuck E.D. 1997 The Psychology of Religion, Stace, W. T. 1998 Mysticism and Philosophy, Wilmer, Harry A. 1998 1998 Understandable Jung 113
Frankl, V.E. 1970 The Will to meaning. New York, NY: New American Library. Heisenberg, W. 1965 The role of modern physics in the development of present thinking. In F. T. NY: Random House 1985 The Random House Dictionary of the English Language,2 nd ed., New York. Young-Eisendrath, Polly/ Dawson, Terence 1997 The Cambridge Companion to Jung, Cambridge University Press. Schumacher, E.F. 1977 A Guide for the Perplexed, New York, N Y: Harper & Row. Walker, Steven F. Publishing. 1995 Jung and Jungians on Myth. New York & London: Garland 114