2 2004 12 1 1 92 4 12 92 4 12 A8
3 2 3 4 2 1063 2 589 1 3 186 2004 247 1 2 4 92 1643 STRPCR 93 1694
4 2004 12 5 6 5 1061 6 1062
5 7 8 7 270 2004 365 2002 8 1063 2
6 2004 12 legitimate 9 10 9 JOHN WITTE, JR., FROM SACRAMENT TO CONTRACT--MARRIAGE, RELIGION, AND LAW IN THE WESTERN TRADITION (1997) MARY ANN GLENDON, THE TRANSFORMATION OF FAMILY LAW--STATE, LAW AND FAMILY IN THE UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE1-34 (1997) MARTHA ALBERTSON FINEMAN, THE NEUTERED MOTHER, THE SEXUAL FAMILY-AND OTHER TWENTIETH CENTURY TRAGEDIES (1995). 10 Ariela R. Dubler, In The Shadow of Marriage: Single Women And The Legal Construction of The Family And The State, 112 YALE L.J. 1641 (2003).
7 11 12 13 14 11 7 283 12 Mary Louise Fellows, A Feminist Interpretation of the Law and Legitimacy, 7 TEX. J. WOMEN & L. 195 (1998). 2004 13 69 9.89% 76 7.46% 7% 8% http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/ 2004/10/27
8 2004 12 15 16 14 59 0.37% 65 0.50% 90 2.53% 91 2.73% 92 2.87% 13 15 35 2001 41 2003 16 Note, Does The Presumption of Legitimacy Actually Protect The Interests of The Child? 24 STETSON L. REV. 809 (1995).
9 /
10 2004 12 17 18 19 20 17 1 18 71 2001 19 92 13 http://www.lawbank.com.tw/index.php 2004/10/29 20 247 1 2 247 2
11 DNA 21 22 3 13-16 2004 21 19 22 176 1998
12 2004 12 23 24 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 25 Gerald Carole Carole Gerald Michael Victoria Carole Gerald Victoria Gerald Carole Michael Gerald Carole Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Carole Victoria Michael Michael Victoria Victoria Michael Victoria Victoria 23 23 3473 75 2071 24 92 13 19 25 491 U. S. 110 (1989).
13 Carole Gerald Victoria Michael Gerald Victoria Michael 26 Michael substantive liberty 27 Scalia Michael Scalia Michael Victoria 26 Id. 27 Michael H. 14 substantive due process liberty Id.
14 2004 12 Gerald Carole Victoria Scalia Michael Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Victoria Scalia Brennan Brennan Scalia state interest unwed father 28 Michael H. 28 Id., Justice Brennan, dissenting opinion.
15 Michael H. v. Gerald D. Gerald Carole Gerald Carole Michael Carole Victoria Michael Gerald Carole Victoria
16 2004 12 Lehr v. Robertson 29 Lorraine Jonathan Jessica Lorraine Richard Richard Jessica Jonathan Jonathan 30 Stevens 29 463 U.S. 248 (1983). 30 equal protection Id.
17 31 Lehr Jonathan Jessica Jessica Jonathan Jonathan Jessica 32 Michael H. Lehr Lehr Michael H. Michael H. Michael H. Michael Victoria Victoria 31 The significance of the biological connection is that it offers the natural father an opportunity that no other male possess to develop a relationship with his offspring. If he grasps that opportunity and accepts some measure of responsibility for the child s future, he may enjoy the blessings of the parent-child relationship and make uniquely valuable contributions to the child s development. If he fails to do so, the Federal Constitution will not automatically compel a state to listen to his opinion of where the child s best interests lie. Id. 32 Id.
18 2004 12 Michael Victoria Michael Victoria Michael Victoria Jessica 33 33 Batya F. Smernoff, California s Conclusive Presumption of Paternity And The Expansion Of Unwed Father s Rights, 26 GOLDEN GATE U. L. REV. 337 (1996).
19 34 35 Scalia Michael H. 36 34 42 2003 35 5 36 Emily Buss, Parental Rights, 88 VA. L. REV. 635 (2002).
20 2004 12 37 38 39 40 37 1995 38 38 46 39 1055 2 40 JOSEPH GOLDSTEIN ET. AL, BEYOND THE BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD (1979).
21 41 41 7
22 2004 12 42 42 245 1999
23
24 2004 12
25 43 44 Michael H. 43 227 1997 371 2000 7 279-280 44 1065
26 2004 12 45 45 Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U. S. 110 (1989). 25
27 46 47 48 46 372 1985 47 46 392 48 1063 2
28 2004 12 49 49 563 2004
29 50 51 52 50 78 2001 51 49 52 Mike McGowan, The Presumption of Legitimacy In California And New York, 11 J. CONTEMP. LEGAL ISSUES 481 (1999).
30 2004 12 53 53 Note, Rebutting the Marital Presumption: A Developed Relationship Test, 88 COLUM. L. REV. 369, 383-389 (1988).
31 54 54 48 13
32 2004 12
33
34 2004 12 1995 20 365 2002 1985 Glendon, Mary Ann, The Transformation of Family Law--State, Law and Family in The United States And Western Europe (1977). Witte, John Jr., From Sacrament To Contract-Marriage, Religion, and Law in The Western Tradition (1997). Fineman, Martha Albertson, The Neutered Mother, The Sexual Family--and Other Twentieth Century Tragedies (1995). Goldstein, Joseph, et. al, Beyond the Best Interest of the Child (1979). 186 (2004) 41 2003 42 2003
5 371 2000 176 1998 13-16 2004 71 2001 245 1999 78 2001 Buss, Emily, Parental Rights, 88 Va. L. Rev. 635 (2002). Dubler, Ariela R., In The Shadow of Marriage: Single Women and The Legal Construction of The Family And The State, 112 Yale L.J. 1641 (2003). Fellows, Mary Louise, A Feminist Interpretation of the Law and Legitimacy, 7 Tex. J. Women & L. 195 (1998). McGowan, Mike, The Presumption of Legitimacy In California And New York, 11 J. Contemp. Legal Issues 481 (1999). Note, Does The Presumption of Legitimacy Actually Protect The Interests of The Child? 24 Stetson L. Rev. 809 (1995). Note, Rebutting The Marital Presumption: A Developed Relationship Test, 88 Colum. L. Rev. 369, 383-389 (1988). Smernoff, Batya F., California s Conclusive Presumption of Paternity AndTheExpansion of Unwed Fathers Rights, 26 Golden Gate U. L. Rev. 337, 340-341 (1996).
36 2004 12 Michael H. v. Gerald D. 491 U. S. 110 (1989). Lehr v. Robertson 463 U. S. 248 (1983). http://www.moi.gov.tw/stat/ 2004/10/27 http://www.lawbank.com.tw/index.php 2004/10/29
7
38 2004 12 The Future of the Presumption of Legitimacy --Toward the Best Interest of the Child Li-Ju Lee Abstract The doctrine of presumption of legitimacy, as one important mechanism to establish paternity in the legal system, is under a lot of stress. Its foundation has been shaken by the changing face of marriage and the increasing demand for equality and welfare for every child, born in or out of wedlock. This article is an attempt to explore the future development of this doctrine. After examining four key considerations concerning the future direction of the doctrine: acknowledging biological parent-child relationship, protecting the integrity of marital family, concerning biological unwed father s rights, and promoting the best interest of the child, the author suggests that the primary concern has to be the best interest of the child. Therefore, regarding the future direction of the legal framework, the author argues that it is necessary to relax the limitation imposed by the current legal doctrine and allow more room for courts to step in to conduct case-by-case review in order to protect the best interest of the child. Key words: the presumption of legitimacy, the best interest of the child, paternity establishment, unwed father s rights.