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1 Ξ :,,, ;,,,,, : :, 1, (institutionalized evasion of institutions) 2,,, :, ( ), Ξ,,, 1,:,,2003,354 2,, : ;,;,,,;,,,,,,;() :,, 2001,86 37

2 2005 3, ; 3, 4,( ) : ( ), (), :() ; (),( ), ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (law enforcement discount) 5 :,,, (),,, :, ;, (),,,,,, 6 3,,, 4,,: 5,, 6,, 38,:, ;,,, ,, (over inclusive),,,,,,,,william M. Landes and R. Posner,The Private Enforcement of Law, Journal of Legal S t udies, vol. 4, 1975, p. 1 ;,K. C. Davis, Discretionary J us2 tice : A Preli minary Inquiry, University of Illinois Press(1971),,,,,: (,),,,,,

Landes and R. Posner,The Private Enforcement of Law, Journal of Legal S t udies, vol. 4, 1975, p.

3 ,, 7,,,,, :,,, :,, ( ),:,,,1993,282 ; 8,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,, 1993,, 9, ,,,,,, 7,,,,,,, (selective law enforcement),k. C. Davis, Discretionary J ustice : A Preliminary Inquiry, University of Illinois Press(1971), p. 3. 8,,, 282,,,, 106 http :/ / www. morningpost. com. cn/ ArticleView/ / Article- View Htm, , , ,,,,, 39

4 2005 3,80, ,, , 12,,,, (2004), 13, 13,,,, ,106,, :, ( ) ;, ( ) ;, ( non - conforming), 15, () ;,( ),, :,,(),,,,, :,,?, : 16,,:,? 11,http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc, ,http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc, ,2004,13, Htm, :,http :/ / news. sina. com. cn/ c/ / (non - conforming behavior) (aberrant behavior), 16 :http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shouke2 40 http :/ / www. morningpost. com. cn/ ArticleView/ / Article- View- shtml, , ;, ;,;, 2,,82,(civil disobedience),,, jiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc,

Htm,2005 3 14 14:,http :/ / news. sina. com. cn/ c/ 2004-06 - 23/ 16533501869. 15 (non - conforming behavior) (aberrant behavior), 16 :http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu.

5 ,?,?,,,100,, ( ),,,?,, :,,?, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,( ),,,,,,,,, 17,,, () 18,,,,,,19 20,, :, 19, ,,,,18,, 17,,,,,: 18, :,,,,,,, http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc, :,1977,120 41

:, 19,1919 18,,,,18,, 17,,,,,: 18, :,,,,,,, http :/ /

6 , 106,, :,?,,,,: ( ),?,,?,,,, 21,,,,,, ,, 200, ;8 36, , %,84. 6 %,166, ,, 22,:,, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,200??,,??, 21,,, 22 : http :/ / jpkc. ecnu. edu. cn/ ggzcgl/ shoukejiaoan/ jueceanli/ d5. doc, ,,,

9 %,84. 6 %,166,1993 10,, 22,:,, :,,?,,,,,,,,,,200??,,??, 21,,, 22 : http :/ / jpkc.

7 , :,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, :,,, (),,,, 23,,,,, 24, 25, 26, 27,,,,, 23,:,,http :/ / www. ctn. com. cn/ 2290/ 2297/ html, , 25,,,,,, :,,,,,, J. Landies, The A dminist rative Process, 1938, p. 75 ; Richard B. Stewart,The Reformation of American Adminis2 trative Law, in 8 Harvard L aw Review, 1975,pp ,, (), (subjective justice),jerry Mashaw,, (individual dignity), Jerry Mashaw,Administrative Due Process : the Quest for a Dignitary Theory, in 61 Boston U niv. L aw Review, 1981, p ,,, 43

Stewart,The Reformation of American Adminis2 trative Law, in 8 Harvard L aw Review, 1975,pp.

8 2005 3, 28,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :?,?,??,, 29,,,,, 30,,,,, () 1.,, ( ), 31,?, 28:, lic Interest Law : A Step Toward Social Balance, in 13 A riz. L. Rev., 1971, pp ?,?, 1998,186,319 30,,, 31,, 44,,Sheldon,Pub2,, (, ),,,,,,,,,, (symbolic violence),, :,,,,,J. Mashaw, Greed, Chaos, and Governance : I m proving Public L aw Through Pub2 lic Choice, Yale University Press, 2000

9 ,,, ;,, 32 ;,, 2.,, 33,, ( ),,, 34, 35,,, ( ), 36,,, 3.,( ), ( ) : 37,,,,,,,, 38 (),,?,,,,,,, ( ),, 32, 33, :,2002,342 34, ;;, Walter, Critique of Religion and Philosophy, Harvard University Press, 1961, p ,, : :,, , 37,, :, 2001,536 38,,, ( ), 33,,369 45

10 2005 3, 39,,, 40,,,( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,20 90,,, 41,,,,,,, 42,,, 43,,,,,,,,,,, 44 () : 39,,,, 40,:,,, ,Tom Tyler, W hy People Obey the L aw, Yale University Press, , (deterrence curve) Lawrence Friedman,The Deterrence Curve, in The Legal S ystem : A Social Science Perspective, New York : Russell Sage Foundation, ,2004,, 9,,, ( ) ::, ,,,,, 46,,, 522,,,,, ::, 2004,25

42, (deterrence curve) Lawrence Friedman,The Deterrence Curve, in The Legal S ystem : A Social Science

11 , :,,,,,,,,,,,?,, () (non - conforming behavior) (aberrant behavior),, 45,,,,?,,,,,(),,,,,;,,,, ;,,, () ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, 46,, 45, 2,82 46,,, 2,99 47

12 2005 3,,,,,,,,,;,,,, (lose - lose),,,,,,,?,,,,, (, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, (comparative justice), 47,,,,,,,,,,,,, 48,,,,(),,,,,,,,, 47, X, Y ; Academic Publichers,pp ,,,, 48 X Y, X, Y,,X K. C. Davis, Discretionary J ustice : A Preli minary Inquiry, University of Illinois Press 1969,pp ;,M. D. Balyes, Procedural J ustice : A llocating to Individuals, Kluwer :,( ),, : :,

Academic Publichers,pp. 92-94 48,,,, 48 X Y, X, Y,,X K. C.

13 ,, 106,, :,,,,,,,,,,, Abstract :The government is in a dilemma. The lack of effect ual communication result in tension between the standpoint of the government and the civil society ; the excessive dependence on penalty and the ne2 glect of learning f rom t he civil society make t he rules running against practices. The government should communicate meaningf ully wit h t he civil society t hrough instit utionalized system, and should put empha2 sis on self - examination and improving policies in practical matters. Key words : dilemma in law enforcement, standpoints of government, attitudes of the civil society, laws come from life 49

the ne2 glect of learning f rom t he civil society make t he rules running against practices.

中国法治发展报告 No 3 (2005) 全国首例乙肝歧视案 ① 二维权网络化和违宪审查建议书 2003 年 7 8 月间, 一群 HBVER 乙肝病毒携带者, 在一个名为肝胆相照的网上论坛相识聚拢他们通过网络互相沟通联络, 对浙大学生周一超刺杀人事干部案开审和安徽芜湖青年张先著状告当地

中国法治发展报告 No 3 (2005) 全国首例乙肝歧视案 ① 二维权网络化和违宪审查建议书 2003 年 7 8 月间, 一群 HBVER 乙肝病毒携带者, 在一个名为肝胆相照的网上论坛相识聚拢他们通过网络互相沟通联络, 对浙大学生周一超刺杀人事干部案开审和安徽芜湖青年张先著状告当地 2004 年的反乙肝歧视运动陈永苗一背景事件乙肝歧视成为社会关注的焦点开始于 2003 年 2003 年 1 月, 大学毕业生周一超报名参加了嘉兴市秀洲区人民政府公务员招录考试周一超在顺利通过笔试面试后, 于 4 月 1 日参加了体检 4 月