106 886-2-23630231#2893#102 886-2-23620028 ntuhistory@yahoo.com.tw http://140.112.142.15/publish/publish.asp ISSN 1012-8514 7577
1 17 33 53 75 101 145 183 207 243 289 307
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.1-16 2002 12 1~16 2002.7.13 2002.9.20
2 1 2 1 10 1972 2
3 3 4 5 3 5 308~310 4 1932 5 1982 61~63
4 6 6 1970 43~68
5 7 8 9 7 1963 1956 8 1315 9 1998 420~421
6 10 11 10 1 1980 11 7 221~231
7 12 12 9 70~72
8 413 13 13 1979 98~103
9 438
10
11 14 14 7 300~308 338~342
12
13
14
15 * 2002 6 26~28
16 The Aristocratic Polity during the Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties and the Making of the East Asian World Viewed from the Establishment of Military Governorship Tanigawa Michio Abstract One of the characteristics of the Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties is the rise of non-han peoples. Another is the prevalence of aristocracy. Actually, these two features appeared basically at the same time. By analyzing this synchronicity, this article tries to examine the nature of the East Asian World of the time. The establishment of the local Military Governorship (Dudu zhuzhou junshi) from the Wei-Jin Period was for better control of local areas by the Central Government in China. However, this policy was based on the increasing local autonomy. This could be seen in the fact that the officials in the Military Governments were staffed by the local ruffians and warlords. The Yongjia Rebellion (311) undermined the Han Chinese regime in China proper. Its impact on the Korean Peninsula and Japanese Islands accelerated the unification of these two countries. This change, in turn, also contributed the making of the East Asian World centered around China. The countries in East Asia, such as Po-ji and Japan, were connected with China through the institution of investiture and enfeoffment. In doing so, China first recognized the administrative power of the locality and then invested Military Governorship to the local kings. This Military Governorships in the various East Asian Countries had become the most important institution coming from the Chinese Emperor, and later gradually developed their respective independence in the East Asian World. Keywords: Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties, East Asian World, aristocratic polity, Military Governorship, Title of General, investiture, Kaogouli, Poji, Wo.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.17-32 2002 12 17~32 2002.7.15 2002.9.20
18
19 1 140 360 360 300 500 500 400 400 2 1 1986 95~105 1984 176~184 310~328 2 1
20 720 3 798 3 1988 15
21 776 784 798 798 784 784 782~805 782~823 810~ 833 798 4 784 798 798 5 4 1976 783~786 5
22 701 757 6 7 8 9 10 嶋 153 1993.12 46~69 6 50~53 118~128 313 7 1974 46 8 1971 9 840 9 1977 8 851 10
23 706 11 12 651 13 14 11 1972 12 1983 1947 65 66 13 1973 2 4 14 54 1 1977.1 2001 1 2001.1 4 2001
24 15 822 16 17 18 808 19 20 840 842 843 15 1990 16 57~61 17 1996 2 18 20 19 1986 3 152 164 166 20 81 94 106 1990 200~201
25 846 嶋 855 858 863 866 843 870 21 21
26 22 23 24 25 26 27 22 1976 577 274 23 24 24 25 196~205 26 27 6 1990 11
27 28 29 30 28. 1992 6 29. 4 30. 4
28 31?~692 32 654~? 33 34 31. 1978 124~139 6 1974 1984 1985 5 32 46 33 46 34 140~152
29 750 716~735 35 36 37 38 35 1972 137~168 1972 113~139 36 1969 425~481 37 47 38 1984 5 2 1990 3 3
30 39 40 845 41 1970 2 6 1918.12 369~387 1995 6 68~109 39 40 1989 613~649 41
31 42 * 2002 6 26~28 42 4127
32 The Common Education of Intellectuals in Ancient East Asia Kao, Ming-shih Abstract In traditional East Asia, education generally proceeded from pre-school books such as Thousand Words, to the Classic of Filial Piety, the Analects and other Confucian classics. Such a pedagogic procedure was first put into practice in Han China, and became common in East Asia as a whole. All private as well as official education in East Asia shared this procedure in common. The philosophical foundation of this education with East Asian character was Confucianism. Keywords: Edict during the reign of Yoro, imperial university, village cultural center, local young elite, temple schools.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.33-51 2002 12 33~51 2002.8.23 2002.10.3
34 1877 1 1 1985 107
35 2 3 4 5 1885 6 2 2001 103 3 602 603 4 144 5 1985 10 350 6 3 1987 83
36 1123 7 8 7 1997 40 1 8 5 381 1975 1
606 37 660 665 9 619 9 1975 84 2795
38 1368 10 445 665 11 10 1978 30 507 11 1996 48
39 701 718 12 727 763 762 778 12 2 18 24 1906 2 701 702 718 757
40 13 839 849 14 778 857 15 13 5 89 1906 4 14 5 90 15 2002 202 218
41 690 553 16 534 541 17 16. 19 105 17 1997 59 30
42 18 602 19 593 20 604 690 604 18 100 19 22 178 20 29 1969 107
43 21 603 604 607 22 420 479 661 604 21 47 22 1997 41 6
44 23 690 645 24 604 691 692 604 691 23 29 675 24 1957 79
45 692 697 26 25 27 25 1975 26 48 27
46 674 28 665 728 690 29 30 31 1996 27 28 1982 7 82 29 32 1152 30 31
47 677 32 894 839 849 937 32 1989 185 186
48 838 33 554 602 604 674 675 678 690 692 718 734 757 763 778 780 33 8 255 3
49 781 822 856 857 859 861 937 957 1078 1303 1369 1371 1625 1684 * 2002 6 26~28
50 The Dissemination of the Tang Calendar in East Asia Wang, Yong Abstract The dissemination of Chinese calendar in East Asia has its multifold significance and the compound influence. The academic circle has, however, long over-emphasized its effect on the scientific and technological level, while unduly underestimating its political and cultural importance. As a matter of fact, before modern times, the Chinese calendar was adopted by nearly every country in East Asia, not only as a way of learning advanced astronomical knowledge, but, more importantly, as a symbol of their compliance with orthodox calendar to seek cultural identification. On the basis of the above viewpoint, this article aims to explore the impact exerted upon Japanese politics and culture by the Chinese calendar in the background of cultural linkage in East Asia, while tracing the process of the dissemination of the Tang calendar in Japan, with Baiji, Xinluo, and Bohai also brought into the study. Meanwhile, in the light of the achievements already made by my forerunners, I will focus particularly on the following problems: I. The earliest time in, and the initial approach through, which the Chinese calendar was disseminated into Japan. In A.D.554, Wang-Baosun, a doctor of calendar in Baiji, set out for Japan to impart knowledge about calendar, and in A.D.602, Guanle, a monk in Baiji, passed the almanac, together with calendar (Yuanjia Li from the Liang State during the Southern Dynasty), to Tama-furu, which testifies to the fact that even before the 7th century, the systematic calendar of the Southern Dynasty had already been imported into Japan. II. There are two sayings concerning the time when Japan began to adopt the Chinese calendar: one is the introduction of Yuanjia Li by Guan Le in A.D.604; another is the simultaneous importation of Yuanjia Li and Yifeng Li. Personally, I believe that the calendar used in 604 was the one introduced from Baiji, while the one used in 690 was made natively by Japanese on the basis of Chinese calendar.
51 III. The enigma of Yifeng Li. For a long period of 73 years, Japan had followed Yifeng Li, which, as generally acknowledged by academics, is the alternative name for Linde Li. Yet, no evidence has ever been found in both Chinese and Korean literatures to prove this hypothesis. In accordance with the record in the chapter Linde Li the Eighth Volume, Yifeng Li the Third Volume in Nihonkoku Genzaisyo Mokuroku, the two calendars actually belonged to different volumes, and there might have been three volumes of Yifeng Li in Chinese history. Keywords: Sino-Japanese relationship, Qiantangshi, East Asia, Tang calendar, calendar, Yuanjia Li, Yifeng Li, Linde Li.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.53-73 2002 12 53~73 2002.9.4 2002.9.20
54 1 1
55 2 3 2001 2 1992 3 1999
56 4 4 1 1 2 2 1999 2001 109 9 2000 2002 107 8 1998 109 10 2000
708 5 734 6 842 57 5 98 12 1989 1993 6 25 805
58 7 8 Stein Mark Aurel 750 P.2803 9 7 22 8 9 1998
59 10 10 1973 1973 1989 1993
60 11 12 11 1995 12 1992
61 13 14 15 16 17 13 46 14 3624 15 1984 1999 58 4 2000 16 790 17 1975 60 3 2001
62 18 486 19 1 2 3 4 18 1979 19 2855
63 20 21 20 21
64 22 23 24 25 26 22 31 4 1973 23 24 1984 1996 25 6 26 2000 1983
65 726 27 724 742 28 690 27 1985 2001 28 1984 1989
66 29 694 30 583 609 31 29 30 1967 1986 31 1575
67 741 32 33 32 52 1 1969 33
68 34 34 9
69 35 36 35 1948 36 1996 2
70 37 736 37 95 12 1986
71 737 38 2002 B02 38 95 2 1986
72 2002 6 26~28
73 The Law and Code System in Japan and the Cultural Zone of Ancient East Asia Ōtsu Tōru Abstract One important constituent of the East Asian World was the Law and Code System. By examining this system in Japan, we found its differences from the Tang Law and Code System, and identified its Japanese uniqueness which later contributed to the rise of the Emperorship. This essay tries to trace the operation of the rent and tax system in ancient times and its role in the making of distinctive Japanese law and code system. In Tang China, all the adult males were taxed evenly. The basic government unit in charging tax is Xiang district and San-zhang official during the Han, Northern Dynasties and Tang. The problem is the false report of the numbers of adult males by the local officials. In Japan, just as in Tang China, local administrations were responsible for the creation of tables and lists of the household and male statistics. In case of Tang China, that local administration was the Xiang district and Li village; whereas in Japan it was the County (jun) to be accounted for. Moreover, to avoid malpractice, in both countries there was a Mao-yue system to supervise the tax collecting. Unlike Tang China, the Li village and Guo district offices did not play a significant role in the Japanese Tax System. This is one of the differences between China and Japan. Keywords: Law and code system, Tax and Corveé Order, Household Order, land rent, tax in silk and corveé, corveé system, tax ledger, physical feature examiner, household control, local statistic report to the court.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.75-100 2002 12 75~100 2002.9.19 2002.11.4
76 1 1 1973 1 1983 1980 嶋 1983 5 1987 1986 1~45 1993 1993
77 1603~1867 2 2
78 3 4 3 1988 604 4
79 670 690 672~686 5 6 7 8 9 5 684 6 668 681 689 1990 7 8 9
80 645 10 690 691 10 645
81 687~696 697~707 12 13 11 11 68 12 1982 1 13 1996 148
82
83 14 15 16 17 18 14 15 16 17 1982 1 18 1
84 710~784 19 20 19 1953 53 20 684~729 1991
85 21 22 23 24 25 21 1983 5 22 5 23 17 24 3 197650~51 25
86 26 22,765 22,406 15,385 15,060 6,957 1,258 27 662 1970 2000 3 1 2002 26 13 27
552 362 255 22 20 17 15 12 11 28 9 8 29 30 31 87 28 3 1976 54 3 29 10 30 31
88 32 33 34 32 33 15 34 15
89 35 36 37 38 35 16 36 37 85 38
90 39 40 29 39 1947 261~269 40 13
91 41 42 43 44 45 46 41 79 42 12 43 5 44 1996 483~488 45 13 46 11 106
92 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 47 1994 19a 557 48 15 49 4 50 107 51 109 52 PHP 1983 46 53 693 276~277
93 54 55 56 57 54 1983 4 55 12 56 50 57 11
94 58 59 60 61 58 1989 2 10 213~239 59 11 60 11 61 9
95 62 63 64 62 127 63 11 64 11 766 1980 141
96 65 66 67 68 810~823 69 9 11 13 65 7 66 67 10 68 10 69 813 19
97 70 71 70 嶋 120~126 71 1
98 72 72 1982 285
99 1185~1333 * 2002 6 26~28
100 Social Structure of Nara Period as Seen from the Legal System Xu, Jian-xin Abstract The Ancient Japanese Legal Status System was in fact a hierarchical system in its social structure. In its process of crystallization of ancient eastern cultural circle, which was patterned on ancient Chinese culture, the ancient Japanese state transformed the status system into a social hierarchical system of Chinese-style, while following legal system of Chinese Tang Dynasty. The status system was indeed the instrument by which the government controlled its people. In the so-called community of the nobles, the struggle and separation of classes remained. Analyzing from the identity and career of the noble and the humble, their rights and duties (esp. privileges) in social life in ancient Japanese society, the division of three social classes, that of noble, citizen and humble, could be completed. Keywords: social structure, legal status system, ranked noble, noble, humble.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.101-144 2002 12 101~144 2001.3.22 2002.5.13
102 1627~1705 1855~1944 1904~1987 1 1
103 1130~1200 2 139 2 6
104 1483~1544 Antony 3 Flew 1923~ 3 Flew 1992 Henry Sidgwick
105 4 1 2 3 4
106 5 6 1 5 6
107 7 8 9 10 11 12 7 22 8 9 126 10 8 53 11 9 52 12 8 59
108 13 14 13 8 46 14
109 15 16 15 8 16
110
111
112 17 18 17 18
113 19 20 19 24 20 1
114 1912~1999 21 1618~1682 1630~1714 21 3 4 1962
115 1608~1648 1622~1685 1666~1728 22 23 22 12 23 7
24 116 24 24
117 25 27 26 25 15 26 1997 28~31 27
118 [ ] 28 [ ] 28 15
119 29 30 29 19 30 23
120
121 31 31
122 [ ] 32 [ ] 33 32 62 33 60
123 [ ] 34 [ ] 35 712~770 34 34 35 39
124 1143~1194 36 36 37
125 37 37 38
126 38 207~157B.C. 180~157B.C. 39 38 39 135 3224
127 1561~1619 40 40 42
128 41 41 53
129 42 43 42 50 43 18
130?~1207 1357~1402 44 1602~1867 44 25
131 1914~1996 45 45 1961 3~33
132 46 46
133
134 47 47 1980 1979 1988
135 48 49 1102~1162 50 51 1133~1180 52 48 19 49 62 50 75 51 72 52 50
136 53 1139~1192 54 55 56 53 54 36 55 4 56
137 yama mountain 1992 205
138 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
139 8 1 2 5 6 7 8 6 sensation sensation
140
141 sensation
142 utility utilitarianism
143
144 Tokugawa Confucian Ito Jinsai's Conception of Zitsu ( ) Tung, Chang-yi Abstract The importance of Tokugawa Confucian Ito Jinsai( ) in Japanese Neo-Confucian history lies on his anti-zhu Xi( ) character, including his: 1.emphasizing political utilitarianism rather than individual moralism; 2.stressing the importance of daily human relationships rather than Zhu Xi s investigation of things to explore principle, etc. To trace the intellectual critical crossroad between Ito Jinsai and Zhu Xi, the author would like to point out the Chinese charactor (pronounced shi in PINYIN, and as "zitsu" in Japanese). The character is the most conspicious and frequent one in Ito Jinsai's writings. It is usually used by Ito Jinsai to connote social and utilitarian meanings of a uniquely Japanese style. Especially, the term is used by Ito Jinsai to exlude any ontological and metaphisical meanings, as conspiciously connoted in Zhu Xi's thought. Starting from this special usage of the character, Ito Jinsai developed up his explanation of Confucianism in great contrast with that of traditional Chinese intellectuals represented by Zhu Xi. Keywords: Ito Jinsai ( ), Shi ( ), Shi-li ( ), Shi-gan ( ), Tokugawa intellectual history, utilitarianism.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.145-182 2002 12 145~182 2002.10.2 2002.11.4 *
146
147 1855~1926 1 1904~1966 2 1868 1870 1873 1 The New Japanese Civil Code, as material for the Study of Comparative Jurisprudence Tokyo: Maruzen 1912 chap. 36 2 Rudolf Von Ihering, 1818~1892 1964 9 1
148 3 4 670 671~1868 1868~1881 1882 5 3 1 17 48 5 50 5 6 4 1971 312~451 5 646
149 6 200 7 592~628 593~621 646~1185 1185~1868 1868~ 1976 172~187 6 1981 10 683 7 樋
150 603 604 644 8 9 10 646 8 1977 1983 151~152 9 58 5 1940 10 6 683
151 11 668 681 701 718 834 738 11 54 4 1982 21 1997 1966 10 41~120 1 1986 30~43
152 1203~1868 12 1232 1742 12 1203~1466 1467~1615 1615~1867 1933 46~52
153 1867 13 14 1869 13 9~10 1868 342 14 1983
154 15 15 10 12 1 1990 3 2 1959 118~119
155 16 1. 16 14 31~74 2001 3~160
156 40 15 11 22 10 16 14 5 8 10 9 5 10 6 11 17 17 15
157
158 18 1 2 3 2. 19 1767 1862 18 4 403 19 1927 2 69
159 20 21 1. 20 6 685 21 19 130~132
160 22 2. 22 1998 423~450
161
162 1. 23 23
163 24 2. 24
164 3. 1916 26~28
165 4.
166 25 25 4 372~373
167
168 26 26 1981 1 200~201
169
170 27 27
171 1872 1834~1874 28 28 6 685 16 5 251~267
172
173 1882 1880 29 29 ( )( ) 98 1 4 1 2
174 30 30
175 1871 31 2 1999 245~250 31 1967 11 209~222
176 32 33 32 1986 13 1983 151 1967 15~60 33 14 1963 215~248 1944 2 15~30
177 34 1882 Gustave Emile Boissonade de Fontarabie, 1825~1910 35 34 14 261~267 1970 3 183~188 35
178 1910 36 1908 1983 157 36 2002 4 505~546
179 37 38 37 1979 851 38 37
180 1880 1890 39 40 41 39 1982 3 66 40 35 162 41 34 3 1989
181 1882 1912~1925 1926~1988 1988~ * 2002 6 26~28
182 The Latest Influence of the Traditional Chinese Law on Japanese Criminal Legislation Huang, Yuan-sheng Abstract It occurs very often among peoples of well-developed cultures, that they usually influence one another so far as their facticities and institutions are concerned. The case is the same with respect to the establishment of legal institutions and the founding of social order. The present paper compares the modern criminal legislation of Japan and China in regard to their incentives, processes and effects. It is expected that the said efforts will be able to discover the limits and defects in our conventional legal culture and will be helpful to our legislative policy-making and the development of our legal system in the future. Keywords: Adoption of foreign law, Meiji Restoration, The legal modernization, Chinese Legal System, Hsin-lu-kang-ling, Kai-ting-lu-li.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.183-206 2002 12 183~206 2002.8.2 2002.9.20 * *
184 1 2 3 4 1 2001 150~172 2 1971 7 6 6~7 3 1997 1996 1992 1 4 1993~1994 7
185 5 6 5 2002 6 1963
186 7 1648~1724 1657~1725 8 7 1999 196~231 8 1996 6~8 1988~1992 2 53 1993 1 219~252
187 1835~1901 9 1885 10 11 12 13 9 1992 9 10 1959 10 238~240 11 1882 3 11 1882 12 7 1959 8 30 427 12 12 1996 13
188 1850~1922 1893 14 15 1996 103~171 155~159 14 1975 1999 212 15 1996 11 3~28
189 1863~1904 1862~1913 16 17 18 16 1994 5 282 17 1968 38 6~7 63 18 1873 1997
190 Victor G. Kiernan Okuma 20 19 1830~1878 21 19 1991 3 81~97 20 Victor G. Kiernan 2001 269~270 21 Douglas R. Reynolds 1898-1912 China, 1898-1912: The Xinzheng Revolution and Japan 1998 32~38
191 22 1839~1890 23 1869~1936 1873~1929 22 1990 221~239 23 2 1986 3 1 229
192 24 25 26 1866~1925 27 24 枬 1977 1 98~99 25 1991 63~64 1898-1912 129 26 1991 1 1897 1991 4 3050 27 1913 2 15 1913 2 23 1984 3 14 16 27 1967 170~172
193 28 1860~1911 29 1874~1924 1976 273~331 28 1924 1984 183~194 29 1 2
194 30 1862~1910 31 1842~1917 1902 32 1891~1892 1860~1938 1841~1909 33 1894~1895 1823~1901 34 30 1983 1898 10 25 278 31 1993 697 32 1978 6 359 33 1993 1 261 311 34 1 1833~1909
195 1839~1867 35 36 35 1958 55 36 1985 173 323
196 1838~1894 1879 37 38 39 37 1987 533 38 4 3050 3187 39
197 40 41 1903 42 40 41 1920 1 29A-B 2 2B 1921 42 1978 6 235
198 43 1875 1823~1882 1830~1904 44 45 46 47 43 1992 13~43 44 1993 1113 45 1973 2 341~342 46 3 2 338~339 47
199 48 1895 49 1838~1922 50 51 1979 103 2682 48 118 3154 49 1996 120 643 50 1985 4 364~365 51 4 1902
200 1902 1875~1931 1860~1938 52 1907 1884~1919 53 54 3 52 1902 10 21 11 5 1986 55 60 53 11 12 1907 11 30 1997 32 54 3 23~24 1986 3 2236 1997 3
201 1889~1927 55 55 1997 2 106~107 253 75 1910 1992 64
202 56 Benidict Anderson 57 58 56 nationalism 1 120 57 120 1 30 58 1998
203 59 59 2
204 * 2002 6 26~28
205 The Imaginative and the Actual: Who Identifies with Asia? Reflections on Japanese and Chinese Asiaist Discourses from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Early Republican Era Ge, Zhao-guang Abstract There can be no doubt that we should take Asia as a historically, culturally and intellectually interrelated space from the viewpoint of which we can rethink the past, the present and the future. However, this view of Asia has lasted a long time which can be traced to the Meiji period of Japan and the late Qing Dynasty of China. The present essay surveys both the Asiaist discourses in the Meiji period in Japan and the reaction of Chinese intellectuals to Asiaism from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republican Era. The author suggests that the radical differences between the two parts which exhibited themselves in their respective positions, emotions and approaches were relevant to the concrete situations Japan and China faced with at that time, especially to their specific development of nationalism and pursuit of modernity. The nationalism at the turn of the 20 th century became a passionate pursuit of modernity on the behalf of the whole country, both in China and Japan, namely, to ensure national survival by searching for power and wealth, which in turn just meant westernization and modernization; henceforth, the mixture of the national positions and the universal values. Therefore, the recognition of the same Asia for Chinese and Japanese during that period differed from each other to a much greater extent. Presently some scholars proposed the implication of Asian Values and The Community of Asia, but in my opinion, we should still ask the following questions: a) What does Asia mean, East Asia or Asia as a whole? b) How can Asia the geographical unit become Asia the unit of cultural identity? c) Is the Asia with which the Japanese identified the same as the political and cultural community with which the Chinese and Koreas identified themselves? d) Finally, is Asia a community which still needs to be constructed or is it already a community
206 which had gained its identification, in other words, is it a history which has been made or is it merely a hopeful yet unfinished actuality? Keywords: Asia, Asiaist, late Qing Dynasty China, Meiji period Japan, identify.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.207-242 2002 12 207~242 2002.6.25 2002.9.20 * *
208 365~416 559 1 2 3 1 2 7 1 1996 225~279 3
209 4 327 557~559 334 1971 316~336 4 T50 no.2059 p.385 c17~19 T
210 559 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 1977 88 7 1981 116~124 8 1994 211 9 1236 10 25 2
211 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 13 12 45 13 9 14 43 15 16 ( 119 ) 318~321 17 1955 127~192
212 18 devaputra 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 1971 4 63~321 19 Sten Konow ed., Kharosht!hī Inscriptions Varanasi: Indological Book House, 1969, rep. 20 John Rosenfield, The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967, 186~88. 21 John Rosenfield, 202, 205~206. 22 T16 no. 663 p. 347 a7~19 2~3 Lévi Fils des dieux (son of gods) Lévi, Devaputra Journal Asiatique, 1934, Paris, 224 23 4 475~484 5 141~182 24 5 23~62 25 2698 26 3765 27
213 29 Chandragupta 30 31 32 33 28 1924 82~87 28 5 152 29 47 1997 289~319 T49 no. 2102 p. 51 a21~23 30 J. Allan, The Cambridge Shorter History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1934), 94. 31 Hermann Kulke, The Devaraja Cult Ithaca: Cornell University, 1978 ; J. W. Mabbett, Devaraja, Journal of Southeast Asian History 10 1969, 202~223. 32 7 1998 300~322 (Mahaiśvara) 1 2 3 33
214 365~416 34 35 1976 1~46 34 2687 35 2745
215 36 37 38 379 382 39 40 36 2928 37 2967 38 1996 16~31 39 T50 no. 2059 p. 327 b8~13 40 2964
216 41 42 43 41 T50 no. 2059 p. 363 b5~6 42 T50 no. 2059 p. 365 a13~19 386 T42 no. 1824 p. 29 a4 1976 246
217 傉 44 43 229~277 44 3103 3072 3111
218 45 399 398 46 401 402 47 48 399 49 45 2979~2980 46 2090 47 T55 no. 2145 p. 78 a7~8 T55 no. 2145 p. 57 c12~13 48 T55 no. 2145 p. 63 c9~10 49 381
219 50 51 52 53 54 55 50 2000 73~74 51 267 52 338 53 1265 54 2078 55 272~275
220 56 57 58 59 60 56 2762 57 1968 193~195 58 2975 59 2979 60
221 61 62 63 61 47 62 2978~2979 1988 2160 63 290~296
222 64 65 66 67 68 cosmography 69 64 T50 no. 2059 p. 332 b6 65 T52 no. 2103 228a~230a 66 52 29a 67 T50 no. 2059 p. 363 b7~16 68 T52 no. 2102 p. 74b 69 Randy Kloetzli, Buddhist Cosmology: From Single World System to Pure Land (Delhi:
223 70 Motilal Banarsidass, 1983); Akira Sadakata, Buddhist Cosmology (Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing Co., 1997). 70 T1 no. 1 p. 40b14~41a22
224 71 72 mahāsudarśana Sam%kha 73 74 75 71 T1 no. 1 p. 38b23~38c1 72 T 1 no. 1 41b~42b p. 119b~121b 73 T 55 no. 2145 p. 45 a6 74 T55 no. 2145 p. 74c~75a T55 no. 2145 p. 41c E. Lamotte, The Teaching of Vimalakīrti(London: Rouledge & Kengan Paul, 1976), 14~17 75 Stanley J. Tambiah, World Conqueror and World Renouncer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976)
225 76 77 deva devarāja 78 1 2 3 4 5 76 77 T01 no. 5 p. 169c28~170a17 78 T2 no. 99 p. 295c~296a.
226 Śakra Śa 2 śak- to be strong or powerful, to be able or competent for 79 Śakra Indra Śakra-devānām-indra Śa devā in (4) Śa devānā= min= Śakra -devā- -indra min 80 81 kauśika Mahābhārata 82 Śakra/Indra Lalitavistara Śakrah! devānām indrah!" Śakra, Lord of the gods 83 Brahmī Ī [m%] drah! devarājā Indra, King of the gods 84 85 79 Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1899), 1044. 80 T5 no. 1509 p. 443 b14~16 81 T53 no. 2121 p. 1c 82 V. P. Varma, Hindu Political Thought and Its Metaphysical Foundation (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1959), 183~184. 83 Gouriswar Bhattacharya, Letter, Oriental Art. 26:1(1980), 130. 84 Gouriswar Bhattacharya 200 BCE 82 CE Pratapaditya Pal, A Kushan Indra and Some Related Sculptures, Oriental Art 25:2(1979), 212~226. 85 T2 p. 292a~c p. 294a~295b
227 86 Śakra/Indra 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 87 88 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 89 86 T28 no. 1546 p. 110 b3~15 T25 no. 1509 p. 135 b7~9 87 T2 no. 100 384c~85a 88 T2 p. 293a~c 89 T2 no. 100 p. 384 b18~22 T2 no. 99 p. 290 c13~17 1
228 91 90 2 3 4 5 6 7 Samyuka-nikaya 11 2 1 90 T25 no. 1509 p. 456 b5~13 91 T25 no. 1509 p. 618 a25~b10 2143
Dīgha-nikāya Sakka-pañha Sutta A. von Le Coq Enst Waldschmidt 92 93 Tokharian Waldschmidt Waldschmidt indra-sala-guha A. Soper 94 229 92 E. Waldschmidt, Central Asian Sūtra Fragments and their Relation to the Chinese Āgamas, Die Sprache der Altersten Buddhistischen Über Lieferung, (Symp. II), 1980, 138~139. 93 T55 no. 2145 p. 64 b17 64a 397 401 94 Anada K. Coomaraswamy, Early Indian Iconography, pt. I, Indra, Eastern Art, 1:1 (1928), 32~41; A. C. Soper, Aspects of Light Symbolism in Gandharan Sculpture, Artibus
230 95 96 97 Soper 98 99 100 Asiae 7:3 (1949), 252~283; 7:4 (1949), 314~330; 8:1~2 (1950), 63~85. 95 2000 209~231 96 11 1997 181 97 1992 237 239 98 T1 no. 26 p. 632 c28~a8 99 p. 635 b4~5 100 p. 635 b14~15
231 101 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 102 103 101 T50 no. 2059 p. 326c 102 T55, no. 2145 p. 24c T55 p. 428b T55 no. 2154 p. 657b T55 no. 2157 p. 994c 103 T55 no. 2145 p. 75 a13~14
232 104 105 106 107 108 109 104 T53 no. 2145 p. 74 c21~26 105 T53 no. 2145 p. 75 a10~13 106 T49 no. 2059 p. 332 b6 107 T8 no. 223 p. 310 a8~12 108 T25 no. 1509 514a~b 109
233 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 110 T25 no. 1509 p. 469 a22~29 111 4656 2721 112 2985~2986 113 傉 114 405 2985 115 T49 no. 2059 p. 335 a19~20 T25 no. 1509 p. 458 a20~21 T5 no. 1509 p. 476 a25~29 116
234 117 2995~2996 117 T53 no. 2121 p. 1c~2a Frank Reynolds & Mani Reynolds, Three Worlds According to King Ruan (Berkeley: Asian Humanities Press, 1982) T55 no. 2145 p. 24
235 118 119 120 Champputra Śrībhadravarman 121 122 118 5 29a 119 2994 120 3018 121 2383 122 1985 215~216
236 123 124 125 644 123 Franklin Edgerton devaputra deva Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit, vol. I(New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1953), 670 21 124 3212 125 398 3030
237 127 126 126 1987 43~86 127 3018
238 1 318 2290 2 330/2 2746 3 335 337 2762 2765 4 350 196 5 351 2869 6 357 7 388 2884 3382 8 396 3060 9 399 3063 10 399 3065 11 401 3069 12 390 2969 13 399 2082 14 400 3103 15 401 3527 16 407 17 407 3202 3108 18 409 3128 19 430 3819 20 476 2361 21 542 304 22 557 46 23 559 53 24 577 111
239 3130 563 560 148 T52 no.2108 p.452a
240 1983 95 639
241 T49 no.2035 307b
242 Yao Xing, A Chinese Buddhist Devarāja around the Fourth Century CE Chou, Po-kan Abstract By critically examining historical accounts of a powerful proto-tibetan king, Yao Xing, who replaced his regal title huangdi (emperor) with tienwang in 399 CE, in an official history, Book of the Jin (completed in 644), the article determines that tienwang actually refers to Śakra/Indra, the ruler of Trayastrim%śā Heaven, often called as devarāja(king of gods), representing the Buddhist ideal king, rather than the Confucian concept of tienwang (heavenly king) as suggested by other scholars. The article argues for this explanation with materials from various sources: the Buddhist conception of Śakra/Indra in the scriptures and sculptures that were then circulated in China, Chinese Buddhist records on Yao Xing, and the Buddhist usage of devarāja in the regions other than China. For Yao Xing s regime was short-lived, the article reaches the conclusion that Buddhism s political operation in the name of devarāja was essentially incongruous, and therefore unworkable, with the existing Chinese statecraft. Keywords: Buddhism, Buddhist concept of kingship, devarāja, Sakra, Indra, Tienwang, Northern Dyansties, intercourse between Buddhist and Chinese political thoughts.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.243-288 2002 12 243~288 2002.8.16 2002.11.4 * *
244 Paul Cézanne, 1839~1906 Claude Monet, 1840~1927 Auguste Renoir, 1841~1919 Camille Pissarro, 1830~1903 1 Charles Baudelaire, 1821~1867 2 3 Edgar Degas, 1834~1917 J. A. D. Ingres, 1780~1867 1 baigneuse La 1 Francis Jourdain, Cézanne, (1950); Émile Bernard, Paul Cézanne, L Occident, July 1904; Jules Borély, Cézanne à Aix, (1902) L Art vivant, no.2, 1926; repr. in Michael Doran, ed., Conversations avec Cézanne (Paris: Macula, 1978), 84, 37, 22. 2 Hippolyte Taine, De l intelligence (Paris, 1870), I, 76~85; II, 122. John Gage, Colour and Culture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993), 210. 3 Charles Baudelaire, Le peintre de la vie moderne, 1863, in Œuvres complètes, ed. Claude Pichois, II (Paris: Gallimard, 1976), 682~724 Œ.C.
245 Toilette 4 Gustave Courbet, 1819~1877 Édouard Manet, 1832~1883 Judgment of Paris 5 2 6 T. J. Clark 7 3 4 Beatrice Farwell, Courbet s Baigneuses and the Rhetorical Feminine Image, in Thomas B. Hess and Linda Nochlin, eds., Woman as Sex Object. Sutides in Erotic Art, 1730~1970 (New York : Allen Lane, 1972), 67; Manet s Bathers, Arts Magazine 54 (May 1980), 124~133 (124). 5 Françoise Cachin, in F. Cachin and Charles Moffett, Manet. 1832~1883 (Paris : Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1983), 165~173. 6 Beatrice Farwell, Manet s Bathers, Arts Magazine 54 (May 1980), 124~133. Bruno Foucart et al, L Art du nu au XIX e siècle. Le photographe et son modèle (Paris : Hazan, 1998). 7 T. J. Clark, The Painting of Modern Life. Paris in the Art of Manet and His Followers (Princeton University Press), 79~146.
246 8 4 John Reward 9 nymphs Roger Fry, 1866~1934 10 5 Meyer Schapiro, 1904~1996 8 Eunice Lipton, The Bathers. Modernity and Prostitution, Looking into Degas. Uneasy Images of Women and Modern Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986), 168~ 169. 9 V: Lionello Venturi, Cézanne, son art - son œuvre, catalogue raisonné (Paris, 1939, rev.ed.; repr. San Francisco: Alan Wofsy, 1989); NR: John Rewald, in collaboration with Walter Feilchenfeldt and Jayne Warman, The Paintings of Paul Cézanne. A Catalogue raisonné (New York: Abrams, 1996); Ch Adrien Chappuis, The Drawings of Paul Cézanne : A Catalogue Raisonné (New York: Graphic Society,1973); R : John Rewald, Paul Cézanne, Watercolours, a catalogue raisonné, Boston: Little and Brown, 1983 ; Les aquarelles de Cézanne, catalogue raisonné, tr. by Jacques Chavy (Paris : Arts et métier graphiques, 1984). 10 Roger Fry, Le développement de Cézanne, L'Amour de l'art, décembre 1926, 389~418 ; see also Cézanne. A Study of His Development (London, 1927; repr. University of Chicago Press, 1989), 77~78.
247 V550 V551 11 6 Mary Louise Krumrine Lawrence Gowing 12 7 13 14 Krumrine 1900~1906 15 Richard Shiff 11 Meyer Schapiro, The Apples of Cézanne : An Essay on the Meaning of Still-Life, Art News Annual, 34, 1968, 35~53 ; repr. in Modern Art. 19th and 20th Centuries. Selected Papers (New York: G. Braziller, 1979), 1~38 (11~12). 12 L. Gowing, L œuvre de jeunesse de Paul Cézanne, in Cézanne, les années de jeunesse, 1859~1872 (Paris, Musée d'orsay, 1988), 17~30. Lionello Venturi (1936, I, 13~65) 1858~72 1872~1878 1878~1887 1888~1900 13 Mary Louise Krumrine, Paul Cézanne. Les Baigneuses (Basel : Kunstmuseum, 1989 ; Paris : Albin Michel, 1990), 33~34. 14 Guila Ballas, Cézanne: Baigneuses et Baigneurs: Thème et composition (Paris: Adam Biro, June 2002) 2002 10 15 William Rubin et al, Cézanne. The Late Work
248 16 Tamar Garb 17 8 9 displacement substitution archetype T. J. Clark Sigmund Freud, 1856~1939 Hermann von Helmholtz, 1821~1894 18 10 19 (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1978) 1995~96 Françoise Cachin et Joseph Rishel, Cézanne (Paris: RMN, 1995; Philadelphia: Museum of Art, 1996). 16 Richard Shiff, Cézanne and the End of Impressionism (Chicago, 1984). Cf. Chiao-mei Liu, Cézanne: la série de Château Noir (Thèse de doctorat, Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne; Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 1998). 17 Tamar Garb, Cézanne s Late Bathers: Modernism and Sexual Difference, in Bodies of Modernity. Figure and Flesh in Fin-de-Siècle France (London: Thames and Hudson, 1998), 197~219. 18 T. J. Clark, Freud s Cézanne, Representations 52 (Fall 1995), 94~122; repr. in Farewell to an Idea. Episodes from a History of Modernism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), 138~167. 19 Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 118~130, 168~172. Richard Shiff, Cézanne's physicality : the politics of touch, in Salim Kemal et Ivan Gaskell, eds., The Language of Art History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 129~180.
249 1872~1880 7 L Estaque 20 Émile Bernard, 1868~1941 Château Noir Une charogne 21 11 22 Joris-Karl Huysmans, 1848~ 1907 20 Ambroise Vollard, La vie et l œuvre de Renoir (Paris, 1919), 114; Vollard, En écoutant Cézanne, Degas, Renoir (Paris: Grasset, 1938 ; repr. 1994), 202. (V902/R132, collection Mr & Mrs Walter Annenberg, Palm Springs, Calif.). Rewald 1888 21 Émile Bernard, Souvenirs sur Paul Cézanne, Mercure de France, octobre 1907 ; in Conversations, 71. 22 Chiao-Mei Liu, 1998, 103~112.
250 23 Stéphane Mallarmé, 1842~ 24 1898 transposition 25 12 V252/NR593 23...des Baigneuses nues, cernées par des lignes insanes mais emballées, pour la gloire des yeux, avec la fougue d un Delacroix, sans raffinement de vision et sans doigts fins, fouettées par une fièvre de couleurs gâchées, hurlant, en relief, sur la toile appesantie qui courbe! Huysmans, Paul Cézanne, La plume, 1 er septembre 1891, 301 ; repr. in Certains (Paris, 1892) ; L'art Moderne/Certains (Paris: Union générale d'éditions, 1975), 271. 24 Mallarmé, The Impressionists and Edouard Manet, Art Monthly Review; 30 September 1876; repr. in Charles Moffett et al, The New Painting. Impressionism 1874~1886 (San Francisco, Museum of Fine Arts, 1986), 27~35 (33), the intrepid M. de Césane [sic] ). 25 V252/NR593, 253/NR591, 255/NR592, R136, R138, Ch463, 464, 465. (2 Samuel 11: 2)
251 R135, 137, 139 9 Ch463 Ch460, 461, 462 Ch464 13 V253/NR591 Honoré Daumier, 1808~1879 12 14 26 27 Eugène Delacroix, 1789~1863 Œ.C., II, 557 Caravaggio, 1571~1610 28 26 Retrospective of Daumier, 1878; exhibition at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, 1888; see Daumier, 1998. 27 1868 (L Autopsie or La toilette funéraire, V105. c.1868. 49 x 80 cm. Private collection). Venturi sees in the drawing Ch463 certain features in common with the painting by Eugène Delacroix, St. Sebastian tended by the Holy women, Robaut no.627. Th. Reff, Burlington Magazine, August 1963, shares Lawrence Gowing s opinion that the Bacchante of Poussin s Education of Bacchus in the Louvre was the model for this female figure; Chappuis, 1973, I, 142. 28 Ch167, 468 ; Chappuis, I, ills.12, 61. (Chapelle de la Vierge, église Saint-Denis-du-Saint-Sacrement) 1843~44 1857 See Arlette Sérullaz et al, Delacroix, les dernières années (Paris: RMN, 1998), 296~297, no.124.
252 Krumrine Deposition 29 Titian, c.1488~1586 J. M. W. Turner,1775~1851 V252 Rembrandt, 1606~1669 30 V253 Ch290 15 Krumrine 31 7 16 V253 32 29 Ch162, 163, 236 ; Ch237, 290 ; Krumrine, 1990, 43, 256, n9. 30 Rembrandt Harmensz van Rijn (1609~69), Bethsabée, Musée du Louvre, Paris. Cézanne, Bethsabée, d après Rembrandt, c.1870. NR173. Private collection, Aix-en-Provence. 31 Krumrine, 1990, 137~165. 32 1870 30% 1884 23% 41% Theodore Zeldin, Religion and Anticlericalism, in France. 1848~1945, II (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1977), 983~1039 (992, 987).
253 Francisco de Goya, 1746~1828 33 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, 1547~1616 34 Ainslie A. Mclees 35 Nadar, Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, 1820~1910 36 Les fleurs du mal, 1857 33 Ch.145, 1856~59; Ch146, 1866~69, in Carnet de jeunesse, Musée du Louvre, Paris. 34 Baudelaire, Quelques caricaturistes étrangers, Le Présent, 15 octobre 1857 ; repr. in l'artiste, 26 septembre 1858 ; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques. L Art romantique et autres œuvres critiques de Baudelaire (Paris : Bordas, 1990), 297 (Œ.C., II, 568). 35 Ainslie Armstrong Mclees, Baudelaire s Une charogne : Caricature and the Birth of Modern Art, Mosaic, 21:4 (Fall 1988), 111~22; repr. in Baudelaire s Argot Plastique : Poetic Caricature and Modernism (Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1989), 1~27. 36 Nadar, Charles Baudelaire discovering carrion in the undergrowth of Les Fleurs du Mal, ca.1848 [1858?], Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris. in Maria Morris Hambourg, Françoise Heilbrun, Philippe Néagu, Nadar (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1995), 60, fig.50.
254 Les paradis artificiels, 1851~1857 37 Eugène Chevreul, 1786~1889 38 V253 Charles Philipon, 1806~1862 Louis-Philippe, r.1830~1848 Le Charivari 17 La Caricature, 1830 Le Charivari, 1832 39 40 37 Baudelaire, Œ.C., I : 500. 38 Des méthodes de composition, in Conseils aux jeunes littérateurs, L'Esprit public, 15 avril, 1846, signé Baudelaire-Dufays; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques, 544. (Œ.C. II, 17). 39 Judith Wechsler, A Human Comedy: Physiognomy and Caricature in 19 th Century Paris (Chicago : The University of Chicago Press, 1982), 71~75. 40 Ch459, Krumrine, 1990, 96.
255 41 18 19 V253 20 42 l enfant terrible harmless wit of tendency 43 30,287 127,753 55,369 44 41 Nina Athanassoglou-Kallmyer, An Artistic and Political Manifesto of Cézanne, The Art Bulletin, vol.lxxii, no.3 (September 1990), 482~492. 1858~1872 42 Albert Wolff, in Le Figaro, 3 April 1876; Louis Enault, in Le Constitutionnel, 10 April 1876; quoted in The New Painting, 184. 43 Sigmund Freud, Wit and its relation to the unconscious, in The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud (New York: Random House, 1938), 633~803 (633~708). 44 Jean-Marie Mayeur, in Les débuts de la III e République.1871~1898 (Paris: Seuil, 1973), 9~ 54, 103; English translation by J. R. Foster, J.-M. Mayeur and Madeleine Reberioux, The Third Republic from its origins to the Great War, 1871~1914 (Cambridge University Press; Paris: Maison des Science de l homme, 1984), chap.1, 3.
256 45 L Éclipse Le Hanneton 46 1868~1919 1862~1868 47 Chantilly 48 satyre 49 figure-ground V551 Ambroise Vollard, 1868~1939 50 45 Robert Justin Goldstein, Censorship of Political Caricature in Nineteenth-Century France (Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1989), 202~229. 46 Th. Reff, Pissarro's Portrait of Cézannne, Burlington Magazine (Novembre 1967), 627~632. Reff 47 R. J. Goldstein, 1989, 204, 183, 180. 48 John Rewald (NR591) 1885~90 1885 1885 13 49 (biche) 1870 Henri Mitterand, preface, in Zola, Nana (Paris: Gallimard, 1977), 9~10. 50 Rishel, 1993, 106.
257 51 21 52 Robert Macaire, 1838 Histoire ancienne, 1841~1842 Œ.C., II, 555~556 53 54 22 51 Ségolène Le Men, in Daumier, 1999, 219; Judith Wechsler, 1982, 76. 52 Judith Wechsler, 1982, 153~154. Baudelaire, Quelques caricaturists français, Le Présent, 1 er octobre 1857; repr. in L Artiste, 24~31 octobre 1858; in Curiosités esthétiques, 281 (Œ.C., II, 556). 53 Michel Hanoosh, Baudelaire and Caricature. From the Comic to an art of Modernity (University Park, Penn.: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992), 113~51. 54 Cézanne, Cinq Baigneuses, V385, 1879~82. 45.8 x 55.7 cm. Musée Picasso, Paris.
258 55 23 56 Léo Larguier 57 58 Correspondances 55 1875~1900 V390/NR449, V547/NR458, V582/NR748, V724/NR861, V729/NR866 56 Sous-bois, V419/NR815, Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Françoise Cachin, in Cézanne, 1995, 378~380. 57 Léo Larguier, Cézanne ou la lutte avec l'ange de la peinture (Paris: René Julliard, 1947), 73, 90. 58 Une terrible histoire, 29 December 1859; John Rewald, Cézanne. Correspondance (Paris, 1978; 2 nd ed.), 59~61.
259 59 60 Leonardo da Vinci, 1452~1519 61 62 David Hume, 1711~1776 63 contiguity 59 60 Michel Foucault, La prose du monde, in Les mots et les choses. Une archéologie des sciences humaines (Paris : Gallimard, 1966), 32~40. (English trans. The Order of Things, London: Viking, 1970.) See, for example, Francesco Giorgi (1466~1540), De Harmonia Mundi Totius (Venice, 1525), canto I, vol.iv, ch.5, excerpt in David Englander, Diana Norman, Rosemary O Day and W. R. Owens, eds, Culture and Belief in Europe, 1450~1600 : An Anthology of Sources (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 157~158. 61 Peter Burke, The Italian Renaissance. Culture and Society in Itlay, (Princetion University Press, 1972; rev. 2 nd ed., 1999), 205~208. Peter Burke (numerology) 62 Michel Foucault, Classer, in 1966, 167~175 (chap.5). 63 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Laokoon, oder Über die Grenzen der Malerei und Poesie (1766); Gesammelte Werke (Berlin and Weimar, Aufbau-Verlag, 1968), V, 7~215 (Part I), 219~347 (supplement). English trans. Laokoon (London: G. Bell, 1914).
260 Jonathan Culler 64 Théophile Gautier, 1811~1872 65 Carl Maria von Weber, 1786~ 1826 66 Richard Wagner, 1813~1883 vibration 67 64 Jonathan Culler, Intertextuality and Interpretation : Baudelaire s Correspondances, in Christopher Prendergast, ed., Nineteenth-Century French Poetry (Cambrideg: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 118~137. 65 Cézanne, Mes confidences, in Conversations, 103 ; Gasquet, Cézanne (Paris, 1921; new ed., 1926 ; repr. Paris, 1988), 123. 66 Delacroix, lac de sang hanté des mauvais anges, / Ombragé par un bois de sapins toujours vert, / Où, sous un ciel chagrin, des fanfares étranges / Passent, comme un soupir étouffé de Weber. Œ.C., I, 14. 67 1865 12 23 Heinrich Morstat Alfred H. Barr, Jr. Cézanne d'après les lettres de Marion à Morstatt, Gazette des Beaux-Arts 17 (January 1937), 37~58; Cézanne : In the Letters of Marion to Morstatt, 1865~1868 : Chapter III, Cézanne and Wagner, tr. by Margaret Scolari, Magazine of Art 31 (May 1938), 288~91 Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 191~210.
261 68 E.T.A. Hoffmann 69 70 Théodore Duret, 1839~1927 71 Paul Alexis, 1847~1901 72 enveloppe Une 68 Baudelaire, Richard Wagner et Tannhäuser à Paris, Revue Européenne, 1 er avril 1861 ; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques, 697 (Œ.C. II, 784). 69 Baudelaire, Salon de 1846, in Curiosités esthétiques, 109, 106 (Œ.C. II, 425~426). 70 Baudelaire, Le peintre de la vie moderne, 1863, in Curiosités esthétiques, 488 (Œ.C. II, 714). 71 Théodore Duret, Richard Wagner aux concerts populaires, La Tribune, 26 December 1869 ; repr. in Critique d'avant-garde (Paris : Charpentier, 1885), 292~293. 72 Paul Alexis, Le naturalisme en musique, Le Cri du Peuple, 11 March 1884, excerpt in Paul Alexis, "Naturalisme pas mort". Lettres inédites de Paul Alexis à Emile Zola, 1871~1900, ed.
262 page d amour, 1878 73 Hippolyte Taine, 1882~1893 74 Atelier Suisse 75 Les Rougon-Macquart Edgar Allan Poe, 1809~1849 76 B. H. Bakker (Toronto: Univeristy of Toronto Press, 1971), 486~487. 73 Letter to Zola, 1878, in Correspondance, 163. 74 Zola, M. H. Taine, artiste, La Revue contemporaine, 15 February 1866 ; repr. in Ecrits sur l'art, 74. Cf. Taine, De la nature de l'œuvre d'art, Philosophie de l'art (Paris: Baillière et C ie, 1879, 3 e ed.), 5~73 (13), pour comprendre une œuvre d'art, un artiste, un groupe d'artistes, il faut se représenter avec exactitude l'état général de l'esprit et des mœurs du temps auquel ils appartenaient. Là se trouve l'explication dernière ; là réside la cause primitive qui détermine le reste. 75 Gasquet, 1988, 40. 76 Baudelaire, Edgar Poe, Sa vie et ses œuvres, Revue de Paris, March-April 1852; repr. in Histoires extraordinaires, 1856 ; repr. in Curiosités esthétiques, 617 (Œ.C., II, 317~318).
263 hachures 77 8 78 Charles Blanc, 1813~1882 79 80 7 Joachim Gasquet 77 Theodore Reff 1875 Reff, Cézanne s Constructive Strokes, The Art Quarter ly 25 (Autumn 1962), 214~226 (modulation) Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 146~167. 78 Éric Michaud, Un voyage en barbarie (Delacroix au Maroc), in La fin du salut par l image (Paris : Macula, 1992), 24~34 (30~34). 79 Charles Blanc, Eugène Delacroix, Gazette des Beaux-Arts, February 1864, 113, 115~116. 80 Baudelaire, Exposition Universelle de 1855, in Curiosités esthétiques, 235~236 (Œ.C. II, 594).
264 81 24 1 82 cette belle viande 83 81 Gasquet, 1988, 164. 82 Voici la jeune femme aux fesses rebondies. / Comme elle était bien au milieu des prairies / Son corps souple, splendide épanouissent; / La couleuvre n a pas de souplesse plus grande / Et le soleil qui luit darde complaisamment / Quelques rayons dorés sur cette belle viande. Bernard, Souvenir, 1907, in Conversations, 71~72; quoted in T. J. Clark, 1999, 164. 83 (la chair) (la chère) Fribourg University Prof. Victor Stoichita 2002 3 30
265 la chair la viande Les Halles 84 cette viande-là 85 25 86 87 Krumrine 1989, 96 viande chair 84...une lointaine ressemblance avec le groin de ces cochons, de cette viande..., Émile Zola, Le Ventre de Paris. (1873; Paris : Gallimard, 1979), 77~79. (Bryn Mawr College) Prof. Steven Z. Levine 85 Delteil 3010, in Le Charivari, 27 January 1858 ; Messieurs les bouchers, series of 3 pieces in Le Charivari, January February 1858. cf. D.3010~3021, Nevember 1857 ~ March 1858. 86 Judith Wechsler, Daumier (Paris: Flammarion, 1999), French tr. by Jean-François Allain, 48~49 ; Colta Feller Ives et al, Daumier Drawings (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993), 147~149. 87 Elizabeth C. Childs and Kirsten Powell, eds., Femmes d esprit. Women in Daumier s caricature. Middlebury, Vermont: Middlebury College, 1990.
266 Beatrice Farwell Antoine Watteau, 1684~1721 88 Marthe, 1876 La Fille Elisa, 1877 Guy de Maupassant, 1850~1893 La Maison Tellier 89 90 91 Charles Fourier, 1772~ 1837 92 Harmonie 88 B. Farwell, 1980, 131~132. 89 Charles Bernheimer, Degas s Brothels: Voyeurisme and Ideology, Representations 20 (Autumn 1987), 158~186. 90 Linda Nochlin, A House Is Not a Home: Degas and the Subversion of the Family, in Representing Women (London: Thame and Hudson, 1999), 152~179. 91 V379/NR455, V380/NR456. Guila Ballas (2002, 15~25) 92 Beryl Schlossman, 1992, 555.
267 93 analogie hiéroglyphique aromal cosmogonie 16~20 94 Honoré de Balzac, 1799~1850 95 La peau de chagrin 93 Charles Fourier, Œuvres Complètes. (Paris, 1968) IX : D2 [632] ; commented by Leslie F. Goldstein, Early Feminist Themes in French Utopian Socialism: The St.-Simonians and Fourier, Journal of the History of Ideas 43:1 (January~March 1982), 91~108 (98~107); Claire Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the 19 th Century (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York, 1984), 90~98. 94 Charles Fourier, Œuvres complètes (Paris: Libraire Sociétaire, 1841~48), II, Sommaire du traité de l unité universelle; xxx; IV, Traité de l association domestique-agricole, seconde partie, 212~268 (213~215, 219, 221~224). 95 Fourier; Œ.C., 1968, I :180, n.1; quoted in Priscilla Parkhurst Ferguson, A Cultural Field in the Making: Gastronomy in 19 th -Century France, American Journal of Sociology 104:3 (Nov. 1998), 597~641 (626~327).
268 26 27 T. J. Clark 96 97 cocottes demi-monde 98 Jean-Baptiste Baille 28 99 L Œuvre, 1886 Claude Lantier 96 T. J. Clark, 1999, 164. 97 Zola, 1979 (1873), 45. Kenneth Cornell, Zola s City, Yale French Studies 32 (1964), 106~111 (109~111). 98 Henri Mitterand, preface, in Zola, Nana (1880; Paris: Gallimard, 1977), 9~17. 99 Cézanne, Mes confidences, in Conversations, 102.
269 100 Hortense Fiquet 101 102 Frédéric Bazille, 1841~1870 Georges Seurat, 1859~1891 103 100 Jean-Claude Lebensztejn, Persistance de la mémoire. Note sur la datation des confidences de Cézanne, Critique 555~556 (August~Septembre 1993), 609~630; repr. in Les couilles de Cézanne, (Paris : Séguier, 1995), 38~79, 88~96. 101 Gasquet, 1988, 52 ; Marcel Provence, Cézanne collégiens. Les prix de Cézanne, Mercure de France, t.177, 1925, 825. 102 (Rosa Bonheur, 1822~1899) 103 Georges Seurat, Une baignade, Ansières, 1883~84. 201 x 300 cm. National Gallery, London. Daumier, Vue de la Seine, prise non loin d Asnières, 19.6 x 25.5 cm, in Le Charivari, 19 August 1854.
270 104 Hubertine Auclert, 1848~1914 Alexandre Dumas fils, 1824~1895 Alfred Naquet, 1834~1916 105 Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, 1809~1865 Jules Michelet, 1798~1894 106 107 De l amour, 1858 104 Norma Broude, Edgar Degas and French Feminism, ca.1880: The Young Spartans, the brothel monotypes, and the bathers revisited, Art Bulletin 70 (December 1988), 640~659. 105 Norma Broude, 1988, 644~645. C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 197~227 (214~21). 106 Proudhon, De la justice dans la Révolution et dans l église (Paris, 1858); La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes (Paris, 1875); Michelet, De l amour, 1858 ; La femme, 1860 ; see C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 151~172. 107 Proudhon, De la justice dans la Révolution et dans l église (Paris, 1858); La Pornocratie ou les femmes dans les temps modernes (Paris, 1875); Michelet, De l amour, 1858 ; La femme, 1860 ; see Claire Goldberg Moses, French Feminism in the 19 th Century (Albany,
271 Jules Ferry, 1832~1893 108 Louis Blanc, 1811~1882 Le Siècle Louis Jourdan 109 110 Berthe Morisot, 1841~1895 grande bourgeoisie Maria Desraisme, ~1893 111 N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 1984), 151~172. 108 J.-M. Mayeur, 1973, 95~133; English translation, 1984, chap.3. 109 C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 194~195, 186. 110 J.-M. Mayeur, 1973, 16. 111 M. Desraismes, Ce que veulent les femmes, Le Droit des femmes, 10 April 1869, 1; quoted in C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 185~186
272 Pontoise Le Républicain de Seine-et-Oise 113 114 115 116 112 117 112 Fernand Caussy, Psychologie de l'impressionnisme, Mercure de France, t.52, Decembre 1904, 622~647 (631, 634). 113 C. Goldberg Moses, 1984, 198. 114 Bernard, letter to his mother, 5 February 1904, in Conversations, 24. 115 Rewald, Cézanne. Une biographie (Paris,1986), repères biographiques. 116 Richard Brettell, Pissarro and Pontoise. The Painter in a Landscape (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990); French translation, Pissarro et Pontoise (Édition du Valhermeil, 1991), 33~34, 41~42, 208, n13. R. Brettell 117 1906 9 8 Chiao-Mei Liu, 1998, 12~13, 212~221.
273 118 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, 1908~1961 119 transposition harmonie générale 120 se confondent / se répondent Walter Benjamin, 1892~1940 anagramme 121 le flâneur 118 Schapiro, 1979, 27. 119 Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Le doute de Cézanne, (1946), repr. in Sens et non-sens, (Paris: Nagel, 1966), 15~44. 120 Cézanne, Mes confidences, in Conversations, 102. 121 Walter Benjamin, Zentralpark, quoted in Beryl Schlossman, Benjamin s Über Einige Motive bei Baudelaire: The Secret Architecture of Correspondances, MLN 107 (1992): 548 ~579. Le Paris du Second Empire chez Baudelaire
274 Paul de Man anthropomorphism Correspondance transport 122 123 discontinuity Henri Bergson, 1859~1941 Marcel Proust, 1871~ 124 1922 temporality 125 (1938), in Charles Baudelaire. Un poète lyrique à l apogée du capitalisme (Frankfurt, 1955; Paris: Payot, 1979), 55~98. 122 Paul de Man, Anthropomorphism and Trope in Lyric, in The Rhetoric of Romanticism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 239~262 (251). 123 Cécile Dauphin, Pierrette Lebrun-Pezerat, Danièle Poublan, L enquête postale de 1847, in Roger Chartier et al, La Correspondance. Les usages de la lettre au XIX e siècle (Paris: Fayard, 1991), 21~119. 124 Chiao-mei Liu, 1998, 264~287. 125 Walter Benjamin, Über Einige Motive bei Ba udelaire (1939), French translation, Sur quelques thèmes baudelairiens, X, in Charles Baudelaire. Un poète lyrique à l apogée du capitalisme (Paris : Payot, 1979), 188~191. Marcel Proust, Le monde de Baudelaire est un étrange sectionnement du temps où seuls de rare jours notables apparaissent, À propos de Baudelaire, Nouvelle Revue Française, 1 June 1921, 652; repr. in Contre Sainte-Beuve (Paris: Gallimard, 1971), 628.
275 Ce père nourricier, ennemi des chloroses,/éveille dans les champs les vers comme les roses vers 126 127 1863 128 129 (zerfällt) 126 Susan Blood, The Caricatural Mechanism, in Baudelaire and the Aesthetics of Bad Faith (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1997), 104~108. 127 Gasquet, 1988, 48. 128 Manet, Bal masqué à l Opéra, 1876. National Gallery of Art, Washington, see Françoise Cachin, in Manet (1983), 349~52. Linda Nochlin, Manet s Masked Ball at the Opera, in The Politics of Vision. Essays on Nineteenth-Century Art and Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1989), 78. 129 John House, Renoir s Baigneuses of 1887 and the politics of escapism, Burlington Magazine 134 (Septemter 1992), 578~585.
276 130 metonymy 131 132 1872~1880 133 134 8 1905 130 T. Garb, Painterly Plenitudes : Pierre-Auguste Renoir s Fantasy of the Feminine, in Bodies of Modernity, 144~177. 131 J. Culler, 1990, 129. 132 Henri Guillemin, in Zola, 1979 (1873), 462, n.15. 133 Portrait de Victor Chocquet, 1877. V373/NR296, Colombus, Ohio, Colombus Museum of Art. See Julie Manet, Journal, 1893~1899 (Paris: Scala, 1987), 174; quoted by Henri Loyrette, in Françoise Cachin & Joseph Rishel, Cézanne (Paris: RMN, 1995), 166~167. 134 Portrait de Victor Chocquet, V283/NR292, 1876~77. 46 x 36 cm, New York, private collection, La Petite République Française, 10 April 1877; cf. The New Painting, 215.
277 1932~1933 * 1872~1880 2002 3 30
278 Cette belle viande: Cézanne s Bathers and the Notion of Correspondences in the Mid-Nineteenth Century Liu, Chiao-mei Modern woman is one of the major Impressionist subjects. The variations on indoor toilette and outdoor baigneuses are particularly fascinating, signaling the radical change of French society since the 1860s. From 1880 onward, bath scenes are among the most spectacular works of Cézanne. In his female bathers, the rough figures are rendered almost expressive by the vibrating touches and colors of the landscape. The personages become numerous in the 1890s, while the landscapes turn more vibrating with differentiated touches. Cézanne s numerous female bathers are not very different from his bathers. Cézanne s separation and assimilation of the two sexes are not only psychological reflection, but also pinpoint the gender problem in France in the second half of the nineteenth century. Cézanne s figure painting and modern subjects had not been duly considered until recent psychological approaches concerning his bathers. Such studies, however, focus on the figures or some certain shapes. I trace a series depicting Bathsheba and explain how Cézanne transfers his nudes from toilette setting to bath scenes around 1875. Adopting the technique of transposition in caricature, he stresses on the landscapes rather than on the figures. His bath scenes after 1880 tune to Baudelairean correspondences in pursuit of the primeval harmony between man and nature, reflecting contemporary gender relationship. Viewed from Cézanne s approach, Impressionist landscapes are expressions of human emotion, not only the objective representations of nature. Keywords: Baudelaire, Caricature, Cézanne, correspondences, Impressionism, nature, nineteenth century, woman.
279 1. Jean Auguste Dominque Ingres and pupils, La source, 1856. 163 x 80 cm. Musée d Orsay, Paris. 1856 2. Édouard Manet, Le déjeuner sur l herbe, 1863. 208 x 264 cm. Musée d Orsay, Paris. 1863 3. Édouard Manet, Olympia, 1863. 130.5 x 190 cm. Musée d Orsay, Paris. 1863 4. Edgar Degas, Femme nue se faisant coiffer, c.1886~88. Pastel on paper, 74 x 60.6 cm. New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1886~88 5. Cézanne, Grandes Baigneuses, V721/NR855, 1900~06. 172.2 x 196.1 cm. The Trustees of the National Gallery, London. 1900~06 6. Cézanne, Leda and the Swan, V550/NR447, c.1880~1882 or 1886~90, Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pa. 1880~82 7. Cézanne, Cinq Baigneuses, V542/NR554, 1885~87. 65.5 x 65.5 cm. Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel, Kunstmuseum. 1885~87 8. Cézanne, Grandes Baigneuses, V719/NR857, 1900~06. 208.5 x 251.5 cm. Philadelphia Museum of Art. 1900~06 9. Cézanne, L Éternel féminin, V247/NR299, c.1877. 43.2 x 53.3 cm. The J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu. 1877 10. Cézanne, Grandes Baigneuses, [1894~1905] V720/NR856 : 1900~1905 ; V. rev. 1900~1903 ; NR856 : 1895~1906. 133 x 207 cm. The Barnes Foundation, Merion, Pa. 1894~1905 11. Cézanne, Château Noir, [1896~1904] V796 : v.1904 ; Rivière: 1904 ; Vollard : 1904 ; NR937 : 1900~04. 73.7 x 96.6 cm. National Gallery of Art, Washington. 1896~1904 12. Cézanne, Bethsabée, V253/NR591. 1875~77, 29 x 25 cm. Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence. 1875~77 13. Cézanne, Page of studies, including one of Bathsheba, Ch464, 1877~79. Pencil on laid paper, 30 x 43 cm. John Wyeth, New York. 1877~79 14. Honoré Daumier, Le peintre: la mise au tombeau ou L Artiste, Maison D I-205, c.1868~1870. 26 x 34 cm. Musée des Beaux-Arts, Reims. 1868~1870 15. Eugène Delacroix, La mort de Sardanapale, Salon de 1827. Musée du Louvre, Paris. 1827 16. Cézanne, Trois Baigneueses, V381/NR360, 1878~82, 53 x 55 cm. Musée du Petit Palais,
280 Paris. Formerly Matisse collection. 1878~82 17. Charles Philipon, The Pears, in Le Charivari, 17 January 1831., 1831 1 17 18. Cézanne, Portrait du peintre Achille Emperaire, V88/NR139, c.1868~70. 200 x 122 c m. Musée d Orsay, Paris. 1868~70 19. J. A. D. Ingres, Portrait of Napoléon I on His Imperial Throne. 1806. Paris, Musée de l Armée. 1806 20. Auguste Renoir, Etude, Torse de femme au soleil, ca.1876, 81 x 64.8 cm. Musée d Orsay, Paris. 1876 21. Honoré Daumier, Grand escalier du Palais de justice. Vue de faces, Planche 2 de la série Les Gens de justice, in Le Charivari, 8 février 1848. Lithographie sur Blanc, deuxième état sur trois, 24 x 18 cm. Cergy-Pontoise, Conseil général du Val-d Oise. (Delteil 1372) 2 Le Charivari1848 2 8 22. Cézanne, Baigneuses, V547/NR458. 1883~87. 36.7 x 39.5 cm. Fujikawa Gallleries, Inc., Tokyo. 1883~87 23. Cézanne, Baigneuses V539/NR669. 1895~98. 28.5 x 51 cm. Stiftung «Langmatt» Sidney und Jenny Brown, Baden. 1895~98 Sidney & Jenny Brown 24. Cézanne, Baigneuse debout, s essuyant les cheveux, V114/NR114, c.1869, 29 x 13 cm, Private Collection. 1869 25. Daumier, Comment.. Vous osez dire que cette viande~là..., / Les bourgeois... ça n est jamais content..., in Le Charivari, 27 January 1858 / 26 January 1858. Delteil 3010 / 3011. 1858 1 27 26 26. Cézanne, L amour en plâtre, c.1895, V706/NR786, London, Courtauld Institute Galleries. 1895 27. Cézanne, Baigneurs, V580/NR665, 1892~94, 60 x 82 cm. Musée d Orsay, Paris. 1894 28. Cézanne, Bathing, Ch38. June 20, 1859. Pen drawing on a letter to Zola. Bibliothèque nationale de France. 1859 6 20
281 1 2 3 4
282 5 6 7 8
283 9 11 10
284 12
285 13 14 15 16 17 18
286 19 20 21 22
287 23 25a
288 24 25b 26 28 27
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.289-305 2002 12 289~305 2002.7.30 2002.9.20
290 1192~1603 1603~1867 1 2 3
291 1 2 3 4 1 1952 7 2 68 8 1996 3 1962 28 1658 4 4
292 574~622 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 5 1949 1 19 6 1980 54
293 7 701 718 820 868 907 1 2 3 7 1975 21
294 728 826 833 859~877 8 8 1 38~39
295 9 1192~1603 1192~1336 1232 9 3 1996
296 1336~1603 1493 1536 1567 1603~1867 1542~1616 1615 1615 1742
297 10 11 10 1983 34 11 4 1996
298 1 2 3 1
299 2 12 Polizeisache Polizeiordnungen Landesordnungen Polizeisache Justizsache Rechte Recht Polizeiordnungen Polizeisache Recht Justizsache 13 12 1986 236~241 13 justizsache=recht Polizeisache=Polizeiordnugen
300 Polizeiordnungen Rechte 14 Justizrecht 14
301 1 2
302
303 16 15 15 2 2001 16 3 1991 72
304 17 18 19 * 2002 6 26~28 1991 22 17 1998 95~96 18 1967 19 1983
305 The Formation and Development of Japan s Ancient Legal Culture and Its Influence on the Modern Legal System He, Qin-hua & Qu, Yang Abstract Japan s existing legal system was developed on the basis of the legal transplant from the western countries, however, it s different from the western ones, and has its own characteristics. Japan s traditional legal culture still function in the formation and development of it s modern legal system and in the present legal life. Therefore, we should review the history of the formation and development of Japan s ancient legal culture for the purpose of understanding the speciality of its existing legal system. Keywords: Japan, ancient legal culture, characteristic, influence.
30 BIBLID1012-8514(2002)30p.307-312 2002 12 307~312 2002.7.30 2002.11.4 2001 350 * *
308
309
310 51
44 100 5 212 2 253 311
312 *
313 Tel: 886-2-23630231#2893#102 Fax: 886-2-23620028 106 Email: ntuhistory@yahoo.com.tw
314 1 1 78 B.C. 766~779 a. 1983 381 b. 42 1985 76~78 c. The Manual of Style 1993 14 Mary Evans, Introducing Contemporary Feminist Thought (Cambridge, England: Polity Press, 1997), 50~51.
315 2 12 17 13 1972 12 1 PC Microsoft Word 6.0 RTF Word http://140.112.142.15/publish/publish.asp
HISTORICAL INQUIRY No.30 December, 2002 Feature: Law, Administration and Culture in East Asia Tanigawa Michio Kao, Ming-shih Wang, Yong Ôtsu Tôru Xu, Jian-xin Tung, Chang-yi Huang, Yuan-sheng Ge, Zhao-guang Articles Chou, Po-kan Liu, Chiao-mei Essays and Discussions He, Qin-hua & Qu, Yang Book Reviews Fang, Cheng-hua The Aristocratic Polity during the Wei-Jin and Southern-Northern Dynasties and the Making of the East Asian World Viewed from the Establishment of Military Governorship 1 The Common Education of Intellectuals in Ancient East Asia 17 The Dissemination of the Tang Calendar in East Asia 33 The Law and Code System in Japan and the Cultural Zone of Ancient East Asia 53 Social Structure of Nara Period as Seen from the Legal System 75 Tokugawa Confucian Ito Jinsai s Conception of Zitsu( ) 101 The Latest Influence of the Traditional Chinese Law on Japanese Criminal Legislation 145 The Imaginative and the Actual: Who Identifies with Asia? Reflections on Japanese and Chinese Asiaist Discourses from the Late Qing Dynasty to the Early Republican Era 183 Yao Xing, A Chinese Buddhist Devarâja around the Fourth Century CE 207 Cette belle viande: Cézanne s Bathers and the Notion of Correspondences in the Mid-Nineteenth Century 243 The Formation and Development of Japan s Ancient Legal Culture and Its Influence on the Modern Legal System 289 A Review of Bao Wei-ming s Songdai Difang Caizheng Shi Yenjiu 307
Editorial Board Editor in Chief Ku, Wei-ying Editors Liu, Tsui-jung Hsing, I-tien Leung, Angela Ki-che Hu, Peing-sheng Yang, Su-hsien Kan, Huai-chen (Executive Editor) Yen, Hung-chung Chief Copy Editor Tung, Chang-yi Assistant Editor Copy Editors Proofreader English Editor Thompson, Kirill Ole Distributor Publisher Address Phone & Fax E-mail Website ISSN Professor of History, National Taiwan University Research Fellow, Institute of Taiwan History, Academia Sinica Research Fellow, Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica Research Fellow, Sun Yat-Sen Institute for Social Sciences and Philosophy, Academia Sinica Professor of History, National Taiwan University Professor of History, National Taiwan University Associate Professor of History, National Taiwan University Assistant Professor of History, National Taiwan University Assistant Professor of History, National Taiwan University Ling, Hua-ling Yeh, Chuan-hung Cha, Hsin Wang, Hsing-an Chen, Yi-hung Chou, Hsu-chi Huang, Yu -yuan Liao, Yi-fang Chang, Yuan Yang, Chun-feng Liao, Yi-fang Weng, Chien-chung Wang, Chen-cheng Professor of Foreign Languages and Literatures, National Taiwan University Department of History, National Taiwan University National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 106 Tel: 886-2-23630231 ext 2893#102 Fax: 886-2-23620028 ntuhistory@yahoo.com.tw http://140.112.142.15/publish/publish.asp 1012-8514 Historical Inquiry is a broad, inclusive journal of historical studies. Founded in 1974 and reorganized in 1999, Historical Inquiry is a specialized periodical containing mainly research articles, as well as discussions on historical research and education, book reviews and related articles. The editorial policy is open; manuscripts are welcomed from any interested scholar, domestic or overseas. Creative, breakthrough articles taking up problematic issues, using solid evidence, ample references and elegant discourse are especially welcomed. Historical Inquiry is willing to engage in exchanges with other humanities journals, domestic and overseas. Please address manuscripts and correspondence to: Editorial Board, Historical Inquiry Department of History, National Taiwan University No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C. 106 Historical Inquiry, previously published as Bulletin of the Department of History, National Taiwan University.