I
I
( ) 爲 950 30.6% (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) 71.6% (19.3%) (41.0%) (9.2%) (r=.39) (r=.25) (r=.64) (r=.35) 44.1% (71.2%) (50.2%) II
(43.7%) ( ) ( ) ( ) III
The study of community leaders environmental health behavior intentions, behaviors and promoting environmental health education of community in central area of Taiwan. Abstract Environmental health of community is related to the quality of public life. If environmental health is not well, it would affect the health, life quality of the residents, even health and life. The community leaders are the promoter of community business. Therefore, it would help the communities to promote their environmental health tasks to realize the community leaders environmental health behavior intentions and behaviors. This study was to explore The community leaders environmental health behavior intentions, behaviors and the needs of environmental health education of communities in central area of Taiwan. The subjects of this study were heads of village and subward, chairmen of community organizations, committee leaders of apartment houses, who lived in central area of Taiwan. There were 950 community leaders which were stratified randomly and sampled out as subjects of the questionnaire. To fulfill the needs of this study, four environmental health experts, ten leaders of model environmental community and twenty officers of environmental health were interviewed. The results were shown as follows: only 30.6% respondents were satisfied with environmental health of their communities; and the most important problems of community environmental health were environmental cleaning(57.8%), wastes treatment(50.2%), beautifying and greenifying(49.8%), stray dogs(39.1%) and vectors(33.6%). There were 71.6% respondents obtained the environmental health information from televisions, 19.3% were from newspapers and magazines. Besides, 41.0% respondents expressed environmental health education of communities were not enough, and 9.2% showed extremely not enough. This revealed the environmental health education of the community must be reinforced. The scores of community leaders attitude, IV
subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavior intention and behavior of environmental health were positive. The correlations among attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavior and behavior intention were significant and positive. In the structure of behavior intention, both the respondents community environmental health attitude and perceived behavioral control would affect the respondents behavior intention, which could explain 44.1% variation of behavior intention. Respondents also expressed a shortage of funds(71.2%), manpower(50.2%) and residents uncompliance(43.7%) which were the main reasons obstructed community environmental health tasks. According to the results of questionnaire survey and interview, this study provided community environmental health problem solving and education model. (1) Problems solving model for community environmental health: Enthusiastic community leaders appeal and gather people to plan for the environmental health problems of community, and establish volunteers organization. At the beginning, they improve the environmental cleaning, wastes treatment, etc. That would put around people force, participation feeling together, and then community environmental health work can be practicable. (2) Environmental health education of community model: When solving community environmental health problems and promotings of environmental health education were conducted at the same time. Both propaganda for volunteers and community environmental health being improved would let residents concern their community environmental health problems more, and let them have positive environmental health attitude; then more and more residents participated the community environmental health works voluntarily. Then the residents who had positive environmental health behaviors would propagandize and encourage other residents to participate, and also reinforced their cognition. It formed the feedback mechanism of community environmental health education. Keywords: Community leader, environmental health of community, behavior intention, behavior, environmental health education of community V
... I...II Abstract...IV...VI... VIII...XI...1...1...3...4...5...7...7... 13... 31... 38... 49... 61... 68... 71... 72... 74... 77... 82... 91... 91... 160... 163... 170 VI
... 182... 185... 196 200... 203... 207... 210... 213... 219... 219... 223... 227... 234... 236... 239... 241... 242... 246... 249 VII
2-1...15 2-2...16 2-3...17 2-4...24 2-5...30 2-6 89 -...32 2-7 89 -...32 2-8 89 -...33 2-9 91...34 2-10...36 2-11...37 2-12...37 2-13...53 2-14...56 2-15...58 2-16...60 2-17...65 2-18...66 2-19...68 3-1...77 3-2...78 3-3...79 3-4...80 3-5...82 3-6...85 3-7...87 VIII
3-8...88 3-9 Cronbach...89 4-1... 107 4-2... 119 4-3... 120 4-4... 127 4-5... 132 4-6... 136 4-7... 137 4-8... 142 4-9... 144 4-10... 145 4-11... 147 4-12... 149 4-13... 151 4-14... 154 4-15 159 4-16... 162 4-17... 166 4-18... 167 4-19... 168 4-20... 173 4-21... 176 4-22... 181 4-23... 182 4-24... 184 IX
4-25... 185 4-26... 186 4-27 ( )... 188 4-28... 189 4-29 ( )... 190 4-30... 198 4-31... 202 4-32... 203 4-33... 204 4-34... 205 4-35... 206 4-36... 209 X
4-1... 140 4-2... 141 4-3... 143 4-4... 193 4-5... 212 4-6... 217 XI
(Environmental Health) ( ) 90,032 24,929 27.69% 22,711 25.23% 30,462 33.83% 25.30% 22.92% ( 2002) 246.66 5 50 1. 2. 3. 91 1
Ajzen ( 1998) The Theory of Planned Behavior 2
3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4
( 1980) (Environmental Health) ( 1998) ( 1998) ( ) 5
1977 UNESCO ( 2002) ( 1991) 6
(The Poor Law) 1601 1834 (Edwin Chadwick) 7
( 1995) 1895 71 ( 1995) ( ) 1. (1)1895 (2) 2. (1) 44 60 (2) 8
3. 71 (1) 71 76 (2) 77 80 ( ) 1. 30 20 2. 35 6,192 2,702 59 310 10 1971 60 (1970 ) 9
3. 80 214 1.05 7 80 80 80 71.83 77.15 1980 2000 2,622 ( 2002) ( 921 ) ( ) 10
(Environmental Health) ( 1998) ( 1998) ( 1995) (1990) ( ) ( ) 89 140 1990 2000 91 11
( 2002) 91 91 12 31 2832 1979 576 5387 ( 2003) (sanitation of drinking water) (treatment of waste & refuse) (food hygiene) (vector control) (housing hygiene) (eradication of public nuisances) 12
Maslow ( 2001) ( 1995) (Koren & Bisesi 2002 1999 1995 1996 1998 1990 1990 1983) ( ) ( ) ( ) 13
( 1995) ( ) 2-1 ( 1990 1995) 14
2-1 1. 2. 3. NO NO 2 4. NOx O 3 5. CO CO CO 6. ( 1990 1995) 15
16 ( ) ( 1995) ( 2003) ( ) 2-2 2-2 A ( 1996)
( 1995) ( ) ( ) ( 1995) 2-3 ( 1999 1999) 2-3 ( 1999) 17
( ) 1. 2. ( 1995) 18
( ) ( ) ( 1995) ( 1997) ( ) ( 1995) 19
(Koren & Bisesi 2002 1995) ( ) (Koren & Bisesi 2002 1995) 91 ( ) 螨 ( 1995) 20
( ) 1. (1988) 2. 90% Toney 1912 21000~100000 800000~500000000 ( 1995) 鈎 21
3. Cochran 1982 鈎 ( 1988) Wright 1979 Nelson Wright 1979 ( 1988) 22
4. ( 1995) 5. ( ) ( 1988 1995 1996) 2-4 23
2-4 螨 螨 ( 1988 1995 1996) 24
(2003) 89 80% ( ) 4.35% 4.9% 0.1%( 1996) 25
26 ( 1983) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ( 1983) ( ) 15~25 1. 2. 3. 4. ( 1983) ( ) 40~70%
27 ( 1983) ( ) ( 1983) U ( ) ( 1983)
( ) ( 1983) ( ) ( ) ( 1983) 28
( ) ( 1983) 1946 2-5 29
2-5 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ( 1983) 30
( 1995) 91 (2001 2002) (2003) (2002) ( ) (PSI) PM 10 89 25,510 (101 PSI 199) 1,321 5.18% 100 ( 2001) 89 35,671 37.27% 19.73% 2-6 ( ) 49.48% 2-7 31
2-6 89-88 (%) ( ) ( ) 35,671 2,018 6.00 13,293 1,672 14.39 7,037 2,084 42.08 5,531 231 4.36 2,554-1,431-35.91 2,376-1,897-44.40 ( 2001) 2-7 89-88 (%) ( ) ( ) 35,671 2,018 6.00 17,650 3,085 21.18 9,262-2,288-19.81 4,352 1,930 79.69 2,786-959 -25.61 1,560 225 17.56 115 25 27.78 ( ) ( 2001) 89 50 2,934 15.4% 13.2% ( ) 89 0.98 7.4% 93.2% 32
( ) 89 39.96% 34.09% 27.16% 2-8 2-8 89 - ( ) (%) 9,342 34.09 7,443 27.16 4,546 16.59 3,109 11.34 2,943 10.74 ( 2001) ( ) 89 1.15% 45.75 % 33
( ) ( ) 2-9 91 2-9 91 81 46 135 54 64 18 92 84 594 436 413 290 4 3 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 19 16 2 2 8 2 4 0 4 3 23 16 6 4 5 3 7 6 1 1 2 2 38 25 76 60 0 0 19 10 4 0 1 1 26 19 123 98 ( 2003) 34
2-9 91 ( ) - - 15218 5387 242 242 28 28 315 162 10148 9175 11713 5075 37 8 0 0 1 1 7 3 378 329 467 172 43 7 0 0 1 1 22 14 644 535 574 257 69 5 0 0 1 1 33 24 807 727 885 347 29 1 0 0 1 1 4 2 256 233 481 169 ( 2003) 2-9 91 ( ) - 230 95 3171 1744 311 19 203 18 1655 1033 1918 237 7 3 132 61 13 0 7 0 106 79 40 2 24 7 243 140 27 0 10 6 85 71 63 7 13 3 212 131 17 2 10 0 35 32 77 6 9 4 78 33 8 1 2 0 56 54 66 28 ( 2003) 2-9 91 ( ) - A B C E b 217 212 420 418 156 156 13 12 1691 70 104 41 4 4 20 20 2 2 0 0 12 1 2 2 6 6 17 17 7 7 0 0 93 4 10 2 3 3 29 29 3 3 0 0 19 0 10 0 1 1 11 11 1 1 0 0 11 0 4 1 ( 2003) 35
( ) ( 1994) 90 178 57 36 26 22 2,955 2 ( 2002) ( 2003) ( ) 86 89 2-10 ( ) 2-10 86 87 88 89 (%) 30.78 31.98 23.72 29.04 ( 2001) 36
( ) 86 89 2-11 2-11 86 87 88 89 ( ) 112,937 104,594 79,115 30,806 ( 2001) ( ) 89 77,300 97,016 2-12 2-12 86 87 88 89 ( ) 132,650 59,031 99,785 77,300 ( ) 23,028 49,079 43,797 97,016 ( 2001) 37
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1980) 54 (1960 ) 38
1990 ( 2002) ( ) ( ) ( 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003) ( ) - 1. 39
2. ( ) - ( ) ( ) 1. ( ) 2. 40
90 89 12,940 ( ) 1,618,861 170 167 161 97 ( ) 1,834 ( 2001) 1,271 395,302 1,417 517,761 3,203 1,846,076 1,139 892,844 ( 2001) 422 622 41
(2003) 2000 4 2003 4 (2002) ( ) ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 42
43 3. (1) (2) OK (3) (4) 4. 5. (1) (2) (3) 90 90,032 246.7 24,929 ( 27.7%) 22,711 ( 25.2%) 17,437 ( 19.4%) ( 2002) 36.7% (17.5%) (17.1%) 68.5% 13.8% 48.8% 31.6% (10.3%) (5.3%)
( ) 1. 89 7 90 10 2. 91 3. (4) (2002) 67.1% 82% ( ) 40.4% ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) 44
( ) 1. 2. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 45
46 ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (2000) 921 ( ) 1. 2. 3.
(1994) (1995) (1995) (1995) ( 47
) (1996) (1998) (2000) (2001) 48
(Hines, 1985 Marcinkowski, 1988) Hungerford and Peyton(1985) environmental actionhudspeth citizen participationhines responsible environmental behavior Marcinkowski, 1988 2002 Hungerford 1985 ( ) Persuasion ( ) Consumerism Consumer Action 49
( ) Ecomanagement ( ) Legal Action ( ) Political Action Interaction Smith-Sebasto(1992) ( 1997) Core(1978) Behavior Analogue 1994 50
( 2001) (independent variable) (dependent variable) (covariate) (explanatory variable) (outcome variable) (predictor) (criterion)(christensen, 2001; Keppel, 1991; 2002) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1985 Hungerford and Tomera Hines et al. (1986) (Meta-analysis) 1971 128 Hines Marcinkowski(1988) 51
(1997) 1985 (Sia, 1985 Hines, 1986/87) (Marcinkowski, 1988 Sivek, 1989/90) (Hsu & Roth,1997 1997 2001)( 2003) behavior model ( ) ( ) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1980) ( ) (Honnold & Nelson, 1980) ( ) (Hungerford & Tomera,1985 2002) ( )Hines (Hines, 1985) ( ) (Ajzen, 1985) ( ) (Hopper & Nielsen, 1991) 52
53 2-13 2-14 2-13 (1989) (1996) - (1997) (p.000) (1997) (1998) (1999) --
54 2-13 ( ) (2000) 47.9 (2000) -- (2001) (2001) -- (2001) (2002) / (2002) -- (2002)
2-13 ( ) (2002) (2002) (2002) 55
56 2-14 Arbuthnot( 1977) Hines (1984) Sia, Hungerford, and Tomera (1985, 1986) 8 7 Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera (1986, 1987) Hallin (1995). Jurin (1995) Steel (1996)
2-14 ( ) Berger (1997) Andreas and Peter (1998) Hsu and Roth (1999) Seguin, Pelletier, and Hunsley (1999) Bratt (1999) Hwang, Kim, and Jeng (2000) Niicole (2000) Huang (2001) ( ) (r=.220) (r=.480) - 5 ( ) ( ) 57
2-13 2-14 2-15 2-16 2-15 (2002) (1997) Huang (2001) (2002) (2002) (1998) (1997) Nicole (2000) Huang (2001) (2000) (2000) (2000) Huang (2001) Huang (2001) 58
2-15 ( ) (2002) (2001) Arbuthnot (1977) Hines (1984) (2002) (2001) (2000) Andreas Hwang, Kim & Jeng (2000) Steel (1996) Sia, & Peter Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) Hines (1998) (1984) Arbuthnot (1977) Jurin (1995) (2002) (2002) Hwang, Kim & Jeng (2000) Hsu & Roth (1999) (2002) (1999) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) (1996) Hsu & Roth (1999) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) (2002) Hsu & Roth (1999) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) Hines (1984) Hwang, Kim & Jeng (2000) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) Hines (1984) Hines (1984) (1996) Hines (1984) Seguin, Pelletier & Hunsley (1999) Bratt (1999) 59
2-16 (2002) (2002) (2002) (2001) (1998) (2001) (1996) Huang (2001) (2002) (2001) (2002) (2001) (1998) (2002) (2002) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2000) (1996) Huang (2001) (2002) Nicole (2000) (2002) Berger (1997) (2002) Berger (1997) (2002) Berger (1997) 60
(Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) Ajzen and Fishbein 1980 1985 (The Theory of Reasoned Action, TRA) (Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) (TPB) (TRA) ( 1997) (behavior intention, BI) (behavior, B) 2-1 BI (attitude toward the behavior, AT) (subjective norm, SN) (perceived behavioral control, PBC) 2-1 61
B ~ BI = w 1 AT + w 2 SN + w 3 PBC w 1 w 2 w 3 ( ) Behavior Intention, BI (Ajzen, 1991) Attitude Toward the behavior, AT Subject Norm, SN Perceived Behavior Control, PBC 62
( ) Attitude Toward the behavior, AT Aiken (2002) (Behavioral belief, B i ) (Outcome Evaluation, E i ) AT = l i = 1 B i i E i i l Bi Ei ( ) Subject Norm, SN Normative Belief, NB Motivation to Comply, MC 63
NB j j SN MC j j m = m j = 1 NB j MC j ( ) Perceived Behavioral Control, PBC BI = w 1 AT+ w 2 SN+ w 3 PBC 1. 2. (actual control) Ajzen & Madden,1986 B = w 4 BI+w 5 PBC Control Beliefs, CB Perceived Facilitation, PF 64
PBC CB K = K PF K = K n= n = k = 1 CB k PF k Ajzen 2-17 ( 1998) 2-17 1997 65
66 2-18 2-18 TPB (1993) (1995) 23.5 (1996) 27% (1999) (2000) (2000) 38% (2001) -
2-18 ( ) TPB (2001) ( 45% 63%) 36% 35.1% (2002) 67
( ) 2-19 2-19 (1998) 83 (1998) - (2000) (2000) 921 (2001) 68
2-19 ( ) (2001) ( ) (2001) 1980 2000 (2002) (1980-2000) (2001) ( 2001) (1998) - 69
( 2000) ( 2001) 70
( ) ( ) 71
3-1 72
1. 2. 3. 3-1 73
91 92 2 3 ( ) 2002 12 2003 2 1. 2. 74
( ) 2003 3 5 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 2003 6 9 950 6 30 353 327 34.4% 2002 12 2003 1 2003 7 2003 10 3-2 75
76 3-2
( ) 1. 2. 3. 3-1 3-1 ( ) ( ) 3-2 77
3-2 15 15 15 15 15 15 10 ( 2003) 3-3 78
3-3 ( ) 87 4,682 87 3,764 87 840 88 1,100 89 1,745 90 1,200 90 5,000 91 1,715 91 2,047 91 1,302 ( 2003) ( ) 3-4 79
3-4 80
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 81
3-5 3-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) 224 56 75 19 1,036 259 389 98 334 84 94 24 587 147 458 115 48 12 261 67 243 61 30 8 1,461 368 1,110 279 1,208 303 ( 2002) 25% 950 82
Ajzen Fishbein(1980) (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980 Ajzen & Madden, 1986 1997) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 83
100 35 3-6 84
3-6 ( ) ( ) 85
( ) (validity) ( ) ( ) 2003 4 100 ( ) Cronbach Cronbach ( 2000) Cronbach Cronbach α Cronbach 0.7 0.9 0.7 ( ) 3-7 86
3-7 9 4 6 4 10 5 2 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 87
(SPSS/Windows 10.0 ) ( ) Likert 1 5 3-8 3-8 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 88
3-8 ( ) ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ( ) Cronbach 3-9 3-9 Cronbach Cronbach 9 0.8 9 0.8 4 0.8 5 0.8 5 0.9 4 0.7 10 0.8 10 0.6 5 0.8 2 0.7 3 0.6 89
( ) SPSS10.0 1. 2.t (t-test) 3. (ANOVA) 4.Pearson 5. (mutiple regression analysis) 6. 90
; ( ) 1. (1) ( ) 91
(1) (2) (3) ; (2) 92
(3) B 93
(4) (5) 94
(6) ( ) ( ) B. (7) 95
(8) A. B. C. D. E. F. 96
(9) A. B. C. 2. (1) 97
98 (2) (3) ( )
(4) ( ) ( ) (1) 99
(2) 100
(3) 3. ( ) 1000~2000 101
( ) 4. (1) (2) (3) 102
(4) (5) 5. 103
( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 104
5. 91 105
( ) 1. 2. 106
107 双 4-1 4-1
108 4-1 ( )
87 91 ( ) 1. (1) (2) 109
(3) (4) (5) 10 100 2. 110
111 3. ( ) 4.
(1) (2) (3) 112
(4) (5) 5. 113
( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) 114
(4) (5) 2. 3. 115
(1) (2) (3) (4) 4. 116
( ) ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) 117
( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 118
119 5. 4-2 4-3 4-2
4-3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 120
4-3 ( ) 10 100 121
( ) ( ) ( ) 122
( ) ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 123
( ) 86 (1) ( ) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( ) 300 124
( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 125
( ) 91 126
127 4-4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 60 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 9 ) ( 12 )
128
129 ( ) ( )( ) ( )
130 1. 2. ( : http//www.epa.gov.tw/j/drinkwater/) 3. 4. 97 GMP ( ) ( RO )
131
132 4-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) 10 80 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
133 11 27 ( ) 1200 ( ) 10 2 3 ( ) ( SARS ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 11 )
134 ( 6000 12000) 50 ( ) 1200 6000
(1) (2) (3) ( ) 135
136 4-6 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0800066666 ( ) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 11 ) ( 27 )
137 4-7 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-1 4-2 4-8 ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. ( 23 ) 絶
138 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 8. ( ) 1. (1) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) (4) 4-3 絶 ( 28 ) ( ) ( ) ( 27 )
139 4-3 ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. ( ) 1. ( ) 50 150 2. 3.. 4. 5. 6. 7. 2 50..
4-1
4-2
4-8 /
1. 2. 3. 4. 4-3
144 4-9 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. 59 ( 40 )
145 4-10 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 72 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 7 )
4-10 ( 9 ) ( 16 ) 146
147 4-11 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 148
149 4-12 ( ) ( ) ( ) 0800-066666 0800-066666 0800-231885, 4-0800-066666 04-22291748 04-22291747 04-22181228 04-7115762, 04-7118972 ( ) ( )
4-14 4-13 150
4-13 (CNS) (FGMP) ( ) ( ) 151
( ) 竉 ( ) 152
( ) / ( ) 153
4-14 ( 5 ) ( 6 9 ) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. ( 12 ) ( ) ( 34 ) 154
( 35 ) 34 ( 40 ) ( ) ( ) ( 7 12 ) ( 25 ) ( 30 52 ) ( 11 ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) ( 16 ) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 155
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 11 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 27 ( 16 ) ( ) ( ) ( 8 ) 156
( ) ( ) ( ) 157
4-15 158
4-15 (1) (2) (3) 159
950 353 327 34.4% 4-16 ( ) 327 89.9% 10.1% ( ) 41~50 37.0% 51~60 34.3% 21~30 1.2% ( ) 37.6% 35.5% 25.1% ( ) ( ) 25.4% 23.5% 31.8% 19.3% ( ) 42.2% 25.7% 20.8% 11.3% 160
161
4-16 (%) 294 89.9 33 10.1 21~30 4 1.2 31~40 32 9.8 41~50 121 37.0 51~60 112 34.3 61 58 17.7 116 35.5 123 37.6 ( ) 82 25.1 6 1.8 166 50.8 12 3.7 84 25.7 3 0.9 62 19.0 83 25.4 77 23.5 104 31.8 63 19.3 138 42.2 84 25.7 68 20.8 37 11.3 162
163 4-17 4-18 ( ) 53.8% 11.9% 30.6% ( ) 70% (93.6%) (90.6%) (82.3%) (73.7%) (71.6%) (70.1%) (70.1%) ( ) (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) ( ) 71.6% (19.3%) (4.0%) ( ) 41.0% 9.2% 40.7% ( ) 93.6% (1998)
(2000) (1994) (1995) 164
30.6% 165
4-17 (%) 241 73.7 307 93.6 148 45.3 234 71.6 211 64.6 221 67.6 229 70.1 206 63.0 229 70.1 296 90.6 269 82.3 63 19.3 164 50.2 20 6.1 110 33.6 62 19.0 62 19.0 55 16.8 70 21.4 128 39.1 189 57.8 163 49.8 234 71.6 63 19.3 1 0.3 6 1.8 1 0.3 13 4.0 9 2.8 166
4-18 (%) 6 1.8 24 7.3 133 40.7 134 41.0 30 9.2 9 2.8 100 30.6 176 53.8 39 11.9 3 0.9 306 93.6 18 5.5 167
4-19 4-19 95 93 ( ) 52 38 横 ( ) 35 168
4-19 ( ) 35 横 ( ) 23 8 3 2 2 1 921 1 1 1 169
170 5 1 4-20 ( ) (4.68) (4.64) (4.63) (4.62) (4.58) (4.57) (2.00) (2.05) (2.29) 4.38
171 (98.5%) (98.5%) (97.6%) (97.2%) (97.2%) (96.3%) (10.1%) (5.2%) (4.9%) ( ) (4.79) (4.72) (4.67) (4.61) (4.56) (4.52) 4.26 (99.1%) (98.8%) (97.6%) (97.2%) (96.6%) (93.9%) ( ) (4.69) (4.61) (4.52) (4.20) 4.50
(99.6%) (99.1%) (98.2%) (86.9%) ( 2000 2000 1996) 172
4-20 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 69.4 29.4 0.9 0.3 0.0 4.68 0.51 1 2. 65.1 32.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 4.62 0.54 4 3. 59.6 37.6 2.8 0.0 0.0 4.57 0.55 6 4. 60.9 36.7 2.4 0.0 0.0 4.58 0.54 5 5. 67.3 29.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 4.64 0.55 2 6. 64.2 34.3 1.5 0.0 0.0 4.63 0.52 3 *7. 1.2 8.9 25.4 46.5 18.0 2.29 0.90 *8. 0.3 4.6 13.1 59.0 22.9 2.00 0.76 *9. 0.3 4.9 17.1 54.7 22.9 2.05 0.79 4.38 0.41 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 80.4 18.3 1.2 0.0 0.0 4.79 0.44 1 2. 63.9 33.3 2.8 0.0 0.0 4.61 0.54 4 3. 59.0 37.6 3.4 0.0 0.0 4.56 0.56 5 4. 59.0 34.9 5.5 0.6 0.0 4.52 0.63 6 5. 73.1 26.0 0.9 0.0 0.0 4.72 0.47 2 6. 69.7 27.8 2.4 0.0 0.0 4.67 0.52 3 *7. 2.8 7.3 40.1 41.9 8.0 2.55 0.85 *8. 3.1 7.0 31.5 48.6 9.8 2.45 0.88 *9. 3.7 9.2 31.2 46.8 9.2 2.51 0.92 4.26 0.41 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 69.7 29.7 0.3 0.3 0.0 4.69 0.49 1 2. 61.8 37.3 0.9 0.0 0.0 4.61 0.51 2 3. 53.5 44.6 1.8 0.0 0.0 4.52 0.54 3 4. 33.6 52.9 13.1 0.3 0.0 4.20 0.66 4 5. 4.50 0.44 * 173
4-21 ( ) (4.50) (4.42) (4.36) (4.29) (4.24) 4.36 (97.2%) (93.6%) (88.4%) (88.4%) (88.4%) ( ) ( ) (4.41) (4.35) (4.28) (4.27) (4.25) 4.31 (97.2%) 174
175 (96.9%) (93.9%) (93.9%) (91.1%) ( ) (4.51) (4.50) (3.95) (3.80) 4.19 (4.51) ( 2000 2000) ( )
4-21 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. ( ) 53.8 42.8 3.1 0.0 0.3 4.50 0.59 1 2. 48.9 39.4 10.4 1.2 0.0 4.36 0.72 3 3. 43.1 44.0 11.6 1.2 0.0 4.29 0.72 4 4. 48.9 44.6 6.1 0.3 0.0 4.42 0.62 2 5. 37.3 51.1 10.4 1.2 0.0 4.24 0.68 5 4.36 0.51 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. ( ) 43.4 53.8 2.8 0.0 0.0 4.41 0.55 1 2. 36.1 57.8 5.2 0.3 0.6 4.28 0.63 3 3. 36.4 54.7 8.6 0.3 0.0 4.27 0.62 4 4. 38.2 58.7 3.1 0.0 0.0 4.35 0.54 2 5. 31.2 62.7 6.1 0.0 0.0 4.25 0.56 5 4.31 0.49 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 26.9 50.2 14.4 8.3 0.3 3.95 0.88 3 2. 19.3 52.3 18.3 8.9 1.2 3.80 0.90 4 3. 54.1 42.2 3.4 0.3 0.0 4.50 0.58 2 4. 56.3 39.8 3.1 0.6 0.3 4.51 0.62 1 4.19 0.53 176
177 4-22 ( ) (4.04) (3.80) (3.77) (3.76) (3.74) (3.90) (3.41) (3.35) 3.27 60% (71.2%) (50.2%) (43.7%) ( ) (4.46) (4.41) (4.37) (4.36)
178 (4.35) (4.10) (4.06) (3.85) (3.57) (3.52) (94.2%) (91.7%) (90.5%) (90.2%) (74.6%) (74.0%) (65.7%) (53.8%) ( ) (3.83) (3.70) (3.52) (3.50) (3.41) 3.59 (68.5%) (66.4%) (54.7%)
179 (52.3%) (52.0%) 30% (71.2%) (50.2%) (43.7%) ( 2000) 54.7% (2000) (2000)
180
4-22 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 19.9 49.5 20.5 8.0 2.1 3.77 0.93 3 2. 16.8 48.0 29.7 4.9 0.6 3.76 0.81 4 3. 15.0 52.9 29.1 3.1 0.0 3.80 0.72 2 4. 15.9 48.9 29.4 5.2 0.6 3.74 0.81 5 5. 23.9 57.5 17.4 1.2 0.0 4.04 0.68 1 *6. 5.2 22.9 30.6 34.9 6.4 2.86 1.01 *7. 1.8 21.4 37.6 33.6 5.5 2.80 0.90 *8. 12.2 37.9 32.4 13.5 4.0 3.41 1.00 *9. 30.3 41.0 19.3 7.6 1.8 3.90 0.98 *10. 12.5 31.2 37.0 17.1 2.1 3.35 0.98 3.27 0.50 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 57.5 33.0 7.6 1.8 0.0 4.46 0.72 1 2. 50.8 38.2 8.6 2.4 0.0 4.37 0.74 3 3. 45.0 46.8 7.6 0.3 0.3 4.36 0.66 4 4. 47.1 47.1 5.2 0.6 0.0 4.41 0.62 2 5. 46.2 44.0 8.3 1.2 0.3 4.35 0.71 5 *6. 19.9 33.9 30.9 14.1 1.2 3.57 1.00 *7. 15.9 36.4 33.6 11.9 2.1 3.52 0.97 *8. 29.1 36.7 25.4 8.0 0.9 3.85 0.96 *9. 43.1 31.5 19.0 5.5 0.9 4.10 0.96 *10. 40.7 33.3 17.7 7.6 0.6 4.06 0.97 3.28 0.38 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 13.1 41.6 32.1 10.4 2.8 3.52 3 2. 19.3 47.1 19.9 11.9 1.8 3.70 0.97 2 3. 10.7 41.6 28.4 16.5 2.8 3.41 0.98 5 4. 18.7 49.8 27.8 2.8 0.9 3.83 0.79 1 5. 16.5 35.5 33.0 11.0 4.0 3.50 1.02 4 3.59 0.27 * 181
(4.22) (3.85) 4.04 90.2% 70.4% 4-23 4-23 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. 32.7 57.5 8.9 0.9 0.0 4.22 0.64 1 2. 20.2 50.2 24.5 5.2 0.0 3.85 0.80 2 4.04 0.64 182
4-24 24.5% 52.3% 66.4% 30.9% 52.9% 4.03 183
4-24 (%) 24.5 52.3 18.7 3.7 0.9 66.4 30.9 2.4 0.0 0.3 8.3 44.6 37.6 8.3 1.2 184
Pearson 0.35 (0.32) 4-25 4-25 1.00 0.36 *** 1.00 0.32 *** 0.20 *** 1.00 0.24 *** 0.04 0.32 *** 1.00 0.39 *** 0.25 *** 0.64 *** 0.35 *** 1.00 *** p<.001 185
4-26 44.6% ( =0.563) ( =0.182) 4-26 *** R 2 F Beta( ) t (AT) 0.182 3.935 *** (SN) 0.446 86.55 0.070 1.576 (PBC) 0.563 12.823 *** ***p<.001 BI( )=.182AT *** +.070SN+.563PBC ***, R 2 =.446, p=.000 *** 186
187
4-27 40.4% 44.1% 3.7% 44.1% (2002) (1996) (1995) (1994) 4-27 ( ) R 2 R 2 F Beta( ) t 0.404 219.96 *** 0.635 14.831 *** 0.441 0.037 127.99 *** 0.570 0.205 ***p<.001 BI( )=.570PBC *** +.205AT ***, R 2 =.441, p=.000 13.013 *** 4.679 *** 188
4-28 14.0% 4-29 12.5% 14.0% 4-28 R 2 F Beta t 0.140 26.30 *** (BI) 0.254 3.799 *** (PBC) 0.157 2.358 * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 (B)=.254BI *** +.157PBC *, R 2 =.140, p=.000 *** 189
4-29 ( ) R 2 F Beta t (BI) 0.125 46.399 *** 0.353 6.812 *** (BI) 0.140 5.558 * 0.254 3.799 *** (PBC) 0.157 2.358 * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 (B)=.254BI *** +.157PBC *, R 2 =.140, p=.000 *** 4.04 4.03 190
(Harrison, 1995) ( ) 191
( ) 4-4 X1 X2 X3 X4.751.835.850.797 X5 X6 X7 X8.833.797.585.543 X9 X10 X11 X12 X13.819.765.786.740.749 44.1% (w=.570) (w=.205) ( ) X14 X15.865.916 X16 X17 X18.875.719.383 12.5%; 14.0% 192
4-4 (BI)=.570PBC *** +.205AT ***, R 2 =.441, p=.000 (B)=.254BI *** +.157PBC *, R 2 =.140, p=.000 *** X1 X2 193
X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 ( ) X13 ( ) X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 194
12.5% 40.4% 1.5% 195
t 4-30 ( ) (3.643) (3.121) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 196
( 2002 2002 2001 1998 Huang, 2001 Nicole, 2000) ( 2002 2001) (Berger, 1997) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( 2002 2001) ( 2002 2001 1998) ( 2000) 197
4-30 4.504 4.200 3.643 4.054 4.041 4.492 4.091 3.121 3.879 3.939 t 0.145 1.128 3.995 1.497 1.028.885.260.000 ***.135.305 21~30 4.250 4.438 3.550 4.250 4.167 31~40 4.602 4.117 3.375 4.109 4.010 41~50 4.486 4.141 3.524 4.041 4.014 51~60 4.534 4.290 3.636 3.991 4.039 61 4.444 4.121 3.762 4.060 4.052 F 1.154 1.898 1.894 0.375 0.132.331.110.111.826.970 4.468 4.155 3.691 4.017 4.040 4.476 4.189 3.553 4.008 4.019 ( ) 4.567 4.238 3.468 4.085 4.033 4.875 4.208 4.067 4.333 4.056 F 2.401 0.389 2.517 0.703 0.036.068.761.058.551.991 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 198
4-30 ( ) 4.521 4.169 3.475 4.030 4.108 4.477 4.133 3.590 4.058 4.061 4.543 4.226 3.656 4.067 4.035 4.444 4.226 3.635 3.968 3.884 F 0.780 0.595 1.059 0.350 2.260.506.619.366.789.081 4.475 4.187 3.619 4.007 4.048 4.527 4.167 3.681 4.066 3.897 4.563 4.217 3.474 4.044 4.103 4.446 4.203 3.492 4.068 4.135 F 0.876 0.120 1.320 0.184 2.704.454.948.268.907.089 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 199
t 4-31 ( ) ( ) (p=.000 *** ) (p=.000 *** ) (p=.012 * ) Scheffe ( ) 200
(p=.000 *** ) (p=.001 ** ) (p=.000 *** ) Scheffe ( ) (p=.038 * ) 201
4-31 4.527 4.231 3.596 4.051 4.046 4.444 4.131 3.540 3.992 3.931 4.762 4.000 3.867 4.167 4.167 4.423 4.115 3.677 4.039 4.077 4.306 3.917 3.600 3.889 4.222 F 1.167 1.403 0.338 0.289 1.000.157.233.852.885.408 4.667 4.500 4.433 4.500 4.222 4.646 4.135 4.052 4.313 4.347 4.463 4.173 3.614 4.117 4.058 4.498 4.190 3.551 3.985 3.960 4.558 4.242 3.127 3.600 3.933 F 1.225 0.679 8.270 6.543 3.267.300.607.000 ***.000 ***.012 * > > > > > > > 4.722 4.333 4.356 4.556 4.556 4.536 4.190 3.810 4.190 4.183 4.449 4.162 3.474 3.952 3.958 4.583 4.276 3.431 3.962 3.846 3.833 4.250 2.867 3.333 4.000 F 2.113 0.548 7.695 4.958 6.528.079.701.000 ***.001 **.000 *** > > > > > > 4.508 4.191 3.611 4.054 4.311 4.389 4.125 3.378 3.889 4.028 t 1.109 0.513 1.328 1.068 2.089.268.608.185.286.038 * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 202
( ) 4-32 4-32 21~40 41~50 51~60 61 (%) (%) (%) (%) 2.8 21.5 44.6 67.2 χ 2 =69.424 36.1 46.3 33.9 27.6 p=.000 *** ( ) 61.1 32.2 21.4 5.2 47.2 24.0 29.5 6.9 χ 2 =23.374 11.1 25.6 25.0 24.1 p=.005 ** 27.8 32.2 27.7 41.4 13.9 18.2 17.9 27.6 30.6 41.3 43.8 48.3 χ 2 =30.914 16.7 24.0 26.8 32.8 p=.000 *** 47.2 24.8 17.9 1.7 5.6 9.9 11.6 17.2 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 203
( ) 4-33 4-33 (%) (%) 94.9 81.8 χ 2 =6.410 5.1 18.2 p=.011 * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 ( ) ( ) 4-34 204
4-34 ( ) (%) (%) (%) 87.6 75.0 71.4 χ 2 =8.303 12.4 25.0 28.6 p=.016 * 31.0 28.5 43.2 χ 2 =13.295 61.2 57.7 38.6 p=.010 * 7.8 13.8 18.2 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-35 205
4-35 (%) (%) (%) (%) 23.9 33.3 55.9 27.0 χ 2 =24.097 63.8 51.2 32.4 62.2 p=.001 ** 12.3 15.5 11.8 10.8 97.1 91.7 85.3 100.0 χ 2 =13.665 2.9 8.3 14.7 0.0 p=.003 ** ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 206
41.0% 9.2% 40.7% 7.3% 71.3% 50.2% 43.7% 28.1% 23.2% 207
208
4-36 4-36 209
( ) ( ) ( ) 4-5 ( ) 86 210
4-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) 211
4-5 212
(57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) ( 4-1 ) ( 4-2 4-3 ) ( 4-14 ) 4-15 4-6 (a) (b) 4-6 213
( ) 4-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 214
( ) ( ) ( ) 215
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-6 216
217 (a) (b) 4-6 1. 2. 3. 4. ( ) ( )
218
53.8% 11.9% 30.6% (93.6%) (90.6%) (82.3%) (73.7%) (71.6%) (70.1%) (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) 219
71.6% (19.3%) (4.0%) 41.0% 9.2% 40.7% 57.5% 32.7% 24.5% 52.3% 66.4% 30.9% 220
221 8.3% 44.6% (r=.39) (r=.25) (r=.64) (r=.35) 50.2% (71.2%) (50.2%) (43.7%) 44.1% (w=.570) (w=.205) 14.0%
222 ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. ( ) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
223
( ) ( ) ( ) 34.4% ( ) 224
( ) ( ) ( ) 225
226
(1995) 14(1) 1-12 (2002) SAS 1997 8(1) 95-121 1998 43(2) 67-91 (1997) 16(3) 258-272 (1997) - 1994 22 28-37 (2003.4.24) http://203.65.81.59/index.html (2003.4.24) http://www.tcepb.gov.tw/scense/case1/index.asp (2003.4.24) http://www.hbtc.gov.tw/news/whpmas.nsf (2003.4.24) http://www.teepb.gov.tw/ (1996) (2001) - (2003.4.07) http://www.dgbas.gov.tw (1995) (2002.11.11) http://food.doh.gov.tw/life/default_poisoning.htm (2003.5.13) http://www.doh.gov.tw/statistic/index.htm (2002.11.11) http://www.epa.gov.tw/statistics/ (2002.12.23) 227
http://www.epa.gov.tw/statistics/ (2003. 5.13) http://www.epa.gov.tw/epalaw/index.htm (2001) (2002) (2001) (2000) (2002) 18 110-123 (1989) (1995) 69 53-61 (1996) 73 106-113 (2000) - (1996) (2002) 1995 (1988) (1997) (2002) - (1994) 13(1) 28-34 (1996) (2000) (2000) (2003.4.24) http://www.ntshb.gov.tw/index.htm 228
(2003.4.24) http://www.ntepb.gov.tw/ (2001) - (1986) (1991) (2002) (2001) (1995) (2001) - (1983) (1995) (1995) (2002) (2001) - (1990) (1998) (2002) - (1998) 1992 7 115-125 (1998) (1996) (1989) 3 1-32 (1993) 15 10-14 (2002) 2001 229
(1996) 9 81-96 (2000) 13 53-72 (1995) (2001) - (1994) 21 47-59 (1997) 10 1-14 (2002) (2003.4.24) http://www.chshb.gov.tw/index.asp (2003.4.24) http://www.chepb.gov.tw/ 1999 (1990) (1998) - 25(1) 33-47 (1994) (1999) - (2002) (1980-2000) 4(2) 34-68 (2003.05.15) http://udndata.com/library/ (2000) (1990) (1999) 1999 (1990) 230
(1997) 1993 231
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( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 87 87 87 88 89 90 90 91 91 91 234
235
236 ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 237
( ) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. ( 1 2 3 4 ) 3. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 238
239 ( ) ( ) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 04-22263181-582 0931-363582
240 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 21~30 31~40 41~50 51~60 61~70 71 ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 241
1. 2. 3. 5; 1. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 ( 1~9 ) 1. 4 3 2 1 5 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 3. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 4. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 6. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 7. 5 4 3 2 1. 5 4 3 2 1 8. 5 4 3 2 1. 5 4 3 2 1 9. 5 4 3 2 1. 5 4 3 2 1 1. 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 3. 5 4 3 2 1 4. 5 4 3 2 1
( ) ( ) 1. ( ) 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 3. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 4. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 4. 5 4 3 2 1. 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 3. 5 4 3 2 1 1 243 ( ) 1. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 3. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 4. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 5. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 6. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 7. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 8. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 9. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1 10. 5 4 3 2 1 5 4 3 2 1
1. 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 3. 5 4 3 2 1 4. ( ) 5 4 3 2 1 5. ( ). 5 4 3 2 1 1. 5 4 3 2 1 2. 5 4 3 2 1 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 244
21~30 31~40 41~50 51~60 61 ( ) 245
; ( ) ( ) ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 1. 2. 3. ( 1 2 3 4 ) ( ) 4. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 247
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 21~30 31~40 41~50 51~60 61 5 5~10 11~15 16~20 20 248
; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. 2. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 91 249
250 04-22263181-588 582 04-22236532 90,032 30,462 33.83% 25.30% 22.92%( 2002) 91 ( 11 ) ( )
1. 2. ( ) 3. 4. 5. 251