33 2014 12 33-61 臺灣中小學教師職業流動表分析 摘要 hungeg@nttu.edu.tw 2014 05 30 2014 09 02 2014 10 13
Bulletin of Educational Research December, 2014, Vol. 60 No. 4 pp. 33-61 The Occupational Mobility Analysis for Elementary and Junior High School Teachers in Taiwan Yih-Jyh Hwang Abstract The more closed occupational mobility the elementary and junior high school teachers in Taiwan are, more helpful to develop class consciousness it is. This study explores the closed pattern of teachers mobility and the possible development of class consciousness. According to loglinear and multiplicative analysis, in the mobility process from father s occupation to the first occupation, and then to the current occupation, and from father s occupation to the current occupation, the uniform association parameter mainly presenting the larger the gap of socioeconomic status between occupations is, the smaller the opportunity of relative mobility is, and the six parameters on the diagonal mobility tables presenting the immobile closed pattern, make the mobility tables fitted the data. The findings indicate that the teachers closed mobility in the process from the first occupation to the current occupation is the highest. The teachers closed motilities in the process from father s occupation to the first occupation and to the current occupation are the second high. Finally, above three Yih-Jyh Hwang, Professor, Department of Education, National Taitung University Email: hungeg@nttu.edu.tw Manuscript received: May 30, 2014; Modified: Sep. 02, 2014; Accepted: Oct. 13, 2014.
35 mobility tables, the larger the gap of socioeconomic status between teachers and other occupations is, the smaller the opportunity of relative mobility is. Keywords: elementary and junior high school teachers, occupational mobility, class consciousness
36 60 4 2011 2002 10 2011 Blau, 1977; Giddens, 1973; Goldthorpe, Llewellyn, & Payne, 1980; Parkin, 1979 2000 1997 2005 N = 5,379 110 壹 文獻探討
37 一 社會流動與階級意識的關聯 Marx 1989 Elster, 1986 Marx Goldthorpe et al., 1980 Marx Dahrendorf, 1959; Giddens, 1973; Lenski, 1966; Parkin, 1979 Giddens 1973 Parkin 1979 pattern Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Parkin, 1979 Parkin, 1979 Parkin Giddens Parkin Goldthorpe 1980 Goldthorpe 1980
38 60 4 二 職業流動表分析的意義 2000 Bearman & Deane, 1992; Emily, 2009; Florencia, 2005; Guest, Landale, & Mccann, 1989; Hiroshi, Walter, & John, 1995; Hout, 1983, 1984, 1988; Kim & David, 2012; Tak & Vikki, 2013 Goldthorpe et al., 1980 49 98 1997 Bearman & Deane, 1992; Jan, David, Matthew, Reinhard, & Mary, 2009; Michael, Mark, & Susan, 1998 三 國內社會學研究的社會流動表對數線性與對數相乘分析 1970 1990 Featherman & Hauser, 1978; Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Hout, 1988; Western & Wright, 1994 1990 1990
39 2000 1997 1990 1997 1992 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
40 60 4 2001 1992 2002 Wright 6 6
41 1992 一 資料來源 貳 研究方法 2005 N = 5,379 110
42 60 4 二 變項測量 ( 職業 ) 1998 6 6 1998 2003 2003 5 4 3 2 1 三 分析方法 : 職業流動表 Goodman 1984 association model Marsden 1988 Hout, 1983
43 ln R ij R ij ln R ij = B(U i - u)(v j - v) + d ij 1 ln F ij = µ + λ xi + λ yj + B(U i - u)(v j - v) + d ij 2 µ λ xi λ yj i j F 33 2 Goodman 1984 B d ij Marsden, 1988 ln R ij R ij Featherman & Hauser, 1978 ln R ij R ij Giddens, 1973; Goldthorpe et al., 1980; Parkin, 1979 U i Hout, 1984, 1988; Kalmijn, 1994; Marsden, 1988 V j u v B 5 4 3 2 1 u v 3 Duncan 1979 Uniform 1997 2005
44 60 4 Goodman, 1984; Hout, 1983; Marsden, 1988 1 B(U i - u)(v j - v) Goodman Goodman, 1984; Marsden, 1988 d ij Marsden 1988 B B d ij B B d ij BIC G 2 G 2 BIC BIC = G 2 - df log(n) BIC Mare, 1991; Raftery, 1986 G 2 df BIC 參 研究結果與討論 1 u v (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)/5 = 3 u v B(U i - u)(v j - v) 5 1 B(5-3)(1-3) = -4B
45 一 流動表百分比交叉分析 ( 一 ) 從父職到初職流動 1 16.7% 39.4% 24.2% 1,209 213 124 1 16.7% 5.5% 4.2% 1 8.9% 29.0% 23.4% 16.9% 12.1% 9.7% 1 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 16.7 24.2 39.4 6.1 12.1 1.5 66 8.9 7.5 2.2 0.9 0.4 0.4 1.5 4.2 8.4 54.7 8.4 24.0 0.3 287 9.7 11.3 13.0 5.1 3.2 0.4 6.5 5.5 11.8 46.1 9.3 25.9 1.3 525 23.4 29.1 20.0 10.4 6.3 2.6 11.8 2.9 3.9 34.3 21.2 37.1 0.6 510
46 60 4 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 12.1 9.4 14.5 23.0 8.7 1.1 11.5 2.0 3.7 24.2 10.4 58.1 1.6 1,782 29.0 31.0 35.6 39.4 47.8 10.9 40.1 1.6 2.0 14.0 7.8 57.1 17.6 1,275 16.9 11.7 14.7 21.1 33.6 84.5 28.7 124 213 1,209 469 2,165 265 4,445 2.8 4.8 27.2 10.6 48.7 6.0 100.0 1. Cramer V =.223* 2. * p <.05. ( 二 ) 從初職到現職流動 2 77.2% 2.0% 1.0% 0% 9.9% 2 70.3% 20.7% 6% 2 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 77.2 9.9 9.9 2.0 1.0 101 70.3 2.9 0.9 0.3 0.1 2.8
47 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 1.5 71.1 19.6 5.7 1.5 0.5 194 2.7 40.2 3.4 1.8 0.2 0.5 5.3 2.2 12.1 67.1 9.2 8.7 0.7 1,053 20.7 37.0 63.0 16.0 7.3 3.2 28.8 0.3 3.7 24.3 49.7 20.7 1.3 382 0.9 4.1 8.3 31.4 6.3 2.3 10.4 0.3 2.9 15.6 16.5 60.2 4.5 1,722 5.4 14.6 23.9 46.9 82.4 35.2 47.0 1.9 3.4 106 22.1 62.0 208 1.2 0.6 3.6 3.7 58.9 5.7 111 343 1,123 606 1,258 219 3,660 3.0 9.4 30.7 16.6 34.4 6.0 100.0 1. Cramer V =.554* 2. * p <.05. ( 三 ) 從父職到現職流動 3 18.5% 35.2% 31.5% 320 1,050 103 3 3 9.7% 35.0% 20.4% 13.6%
48 60 4 3 初職列百分比行百分比中小學上層基層買賣勞動農民列小計教師白領白領服務工人 18.5 31.5 35.2 7.4 7.4 54 9.7 5.3 1.8 0.7 0.4 1.6 3.6 19.6 48.7 11.6 16.5 224 7.8 13.8 10.4 4.8 3.3 6.7 5.1 16.7 48.5 10.7 17.5 1.5 412 20.4 21.6 19.0 8.2 6.3 3.0 12.3 3.5 10.6 34.3 23.4 27.1 1.0 398 13.6 13.1 13.0 17.3 9.5 2.0 11.9 2.6 7.2 30.5 15.7 41.4 2.6 1,385 35.0 31.3 40.2 40.4 50.5 17.8 41.4 1.6 5.5 18.6 17.6 38.9 17.8 876 13.6 15.0 15.5 28.6 30.0 77.2 26.2 103 320 1,050 539 1,135 202 3,349 3.1 9.6 31.4 16.1 33.9 6.0 100.0 1. Cramer V =.199* 2. * p <.05. 二 流動表對數線性與相乘分析 ( 一 ) 從父職到初職流動 4 1 G 2 1008 p =.00 BIC = 798 2 G 2 634 p =.00 BIC = 432 3 2 G 2 443 p =.00 BIC = 283 4
49 4 模型適合度最適模型之參數估計 : 模型 4 G 2 df p BIC B S.E. 根據模型 4 父職與初職相同的相對機會 1. 1,008 25.00 798 0.25* 0.014 2. 634 24.00 432 3. 443 19.00 283 0.67 0.35 5.31 4. 99 18.00-52 -1.07* 0.24 0.93 0.29* 0.10 1.72 0.79* 0.12 2.20 0.12 0.23 1.45 2.30* 0.18 27.11 * B p >.05.
50 60 4 G 2 99 p =.00 BIC = -52 4 27.11 5.31 B =.25 ( 二 ) 從初職到現職流動 5 1 G 2 3058 p =.00 BIC = 2853 2 G 2 676 p =.00 BIC = 479 3 2 G 2 334 p =.00 BIC = 178 4 G 2 53 p =.00 BIC = -95 4 252.14 84.77 B =.39 ( 三 ) 從父職到現職流動 6 1 G 2 670 p =.00 BIC = 467 2 G 2 375 p =.00 BIC = 180 3 2
51 5 模型適合度最適模型之參數估計 : 模型 4 G 2 df p BIC B S.E. 根據模型 4 初職與現職相同的相對機會 1. 3,058 25.00 2,853 0.39* 0.025* 2. 676 24.00 479 3. 334 19.00 178 3.97* 0.30 252.14 4. 53 18.00-95 0.00 4.76 0.25* 0.014 1.90 0.95* 0.12 2.59 1.11* 0.10 4.48 2.88* 0.18* 84.77 * B p >.05.
52 60 4 6 模型適合度最適模型之參數估計 : 模型 4 G 2 df p BIC B S.E. 根據模型 4 父職與現職相同的相對機會 1. 670 25.00 467 0.21 0.015* 2. 375 24.00 180 3. 242 19.00 88 1.01 0.37* 6.36 4. 45 18.00-101 -0.47 0.19* 2.21 0.35 0.11* 1.75 0.35 0.13* 1.42 0.18 0.07* 1.48 1.99 0.18* 16.65 * B p >.05.
53 G 2 242 p =.00 BIC = 88 4 G 2 45 p =.00 BIC = -101 4 16.65 6.36 B =.21 ( 四 ) 討論 2011 2001 Goldthorpe 1980
54 60 4 肆 結論與建議 一 結論 ( 一 ) 從父職到初職流動 16.7% 8.9% ( 二 ) 從初職到現職流動 77.2% 70.3% ( 三 ) 從父職到現職流動 18.5% 9.7%
55 5 1 二 建議 ( 一 ) 對實務建議 ( 二 ) 對未來研究建議 1. 2005 N =
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