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4 empowerment Perkins & Zimmerman, 1995 (Pinderhuges, 1993) (Chesler, 1991; Gartner & Riessman, 1998; Mok, 2001;, 2005) (Adams, ) 2003 (NASW, 2001) (Parsons, Guiterrez, & Coz, 1998) 58

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6 2006 ( ) & 2006 Patterson 1988 Laub Nagin & Sampson, 1998 Mandelco & Peery, 2000 & 2002 Garmezy, Masten, & Tellegen 1984; Bartone, Ursano, & Wright, 1989 &

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13 (2009). NGO. (2006). < >, (2006). < > (2005). < >,5, 1-8 (2008). [ ] shtml (2008). < > (2007). < > (2006). < >, 5, < > (2005). < > 3, (2008). < >,, Adams, R. (2003). Social work and empowerment (3 rd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Bartone, P. T., Ursano, R. J., & Wright, K. M. (1989).The impact of a military air disaster on the health of assistance workers. A prospective study. Journal of nervous and mental 67

< > 6 424 427 (2006). < >, 5,539 541 2008. < > 4 76 79. (2005). < > 3, 1-28. (2008). < >,, 4 15 18 Adams, R. (2003). Social work and empowerment (3 rd ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

14 diseases, 177, Chesler, M. A. (1991). Mobilizing consumer activism in health care: The role of self-help group. Research in Social Movements, Conflict and Change, 13, Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child Development, 55, Gartner A., & Riessman, F. (1998). Self-help. Social Policy, 28(3), Gutierrez, L. M., & Nurius, P. (1994). Education and research for empowerment practice. Seattle: Center for Social Policy and Practice, University of Washington. Laub, J. H., Nagin, D. S., & Sampson, R. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63, Mandelco,B. L., & Peery, J. C. (2000). An organizational framework for conceptualizing resilience in children. Journal of Children and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing 13(3) Mok, B. H. (2001). The effectiveness of self-help groups in a Chinese context. Social Work with Group, 24(2), NASW (National Association of Soial Work). (2001). NASW standards for cultural competence in social work. Washington, DC: NASW Press. Parsons, R. J. Guiterrez, L. M., & Coz, E. O. (1998). A model for empowerment practice. In L. M. Guiterrez, R. J. Parsons, & E. O. Cox (Eds.), Empowerment in social work practice: A source book (pp. 3-23). Pacific Grove, CA: Books/Cole. Patterson, J. (1998). Families experiencing stress: The family adjustment and adaptation response model. Family Systems Medicine, 5(2), Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), Pinderhuges, E. (1983). Empowerment: for Our Clients and for Ourselves. Social Casework, 64, Simon, B. (1994). The empowerment tradition in social work practice. New York: Columbia University Press. Yip, K. S. (2004). The empowerment model: A critical reflection of empowerment in Chinese 68

(1998). Self-help. Social Policy, 28(3), 83-86. Gutierrez, L. M., & Nurius, P. (1994). Education and research for empowerment practice.

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