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55-64 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 44.1 53.8 63.2 64.4 24.9 43.1 22.2 31.3 35.4 41.0 9.9 21.8 49.1 57.4 64.0 66.0 34.8 49.0 57.1 65.5 69.1 73.3 45.9 57.6 43.8 55.0 47.1 55.7 40.8 54.3 32.9 39.6 39.3 44.3 26.9 35.0 39.8 44.2 55.9 54.8 24.7 33.8 41.5 41.2 59.5 58.7 24.3 25.3 87.2 84.3 93.5 89.7 81.1 78.8 42.1 50.7 65.0 66.6 19.9 34.5 33.4 31.8 53.0 44.0 15.5 20.4 64.7 66.0 83.3 82.5 47.2 50.1 94 20 59 62.4 59.7 77.2 73.5 49.6 46.5 1392 28.4 31.3 43.2 39.1 13.8 23.3 841 30.9 46.3 45.8 58.7 16.8 33.6 59 43.8 68.9 56.8 78.2 30.7 59.6 63.1 68.8 72.8 74.3 53.9 63.1 492 48.0 53.2 66.5 62.8 32.3 44.8 35.3 40.1 44.4 62.5 62.7 19.4 27.2 70.5 73.1 75.5 76.0 65.8 70.2 63.8 67.3 86.4 79.1 43.8 55.7 53.0 58.0 68.1 68.0 38.7 48.3 55.9 62.3 67.8 68.7 45.2 56.3 OECD Employment Outlook 2005 94 98 9465 50 33.25 15.95 20

96 2 2007 19752 10 10 (Decade for Women) 1995 4 21

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European Foundation on Social Quality EFSQ 2000 social economic securitysocial inclusion social empowerment Peter Herrmann 2006 1. workfareemployment security quality of employment 2. access to paid employmentsocial rights 3. 1990 Active Labour Market Programmes ALMPs ALMPs ALMPs 2005 ALMPs OECD ALMPs 2000 2005 2001 2005 1.income replacement rate 2. 3. 4. 2004 structural flexibilites 2005 29

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41 28 3 7 18 1 2004 276 2% 2005 15 10 11/15 4

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96 3 300 2 OSHA Strategic Partnership Program 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Felt Leadership 8. 9. 10. 1. 49

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3 1987 2,510 2,099,813 1,160 703,526 1,286 1,396,287 34.20 4.17 30.72 36.27 1988 3,041 2,260,585 1,285 696,515 1,680 1,396,287 37.58 4.38 29.52 42.74 1989 3,315 2,419,664 1,345 698,118 1,883 1,721,546 38.06 4.42 30.57 42.79 1990 3,524 2,756,620 1,354 699,372 2,083 2,057,248 43.34 4.44 31.30 50.65 1991 3,654 2,941,766 1,350 692,579 2,217 2249187 47.99 4.16 29.29 59.73 1992 3,657 3058414 1,300 669,083 2,271 2389331 48.06 3.88 28.33 59.70 1993 3,689 3,172,116 1,271 651,086 2,333 2,521,030 49.53 4.27 28.51 61.19 1994 3,706 3,277,833 1,237 637,095 2,382 2,640,738 48.86 4.07 27.36 60.28 1995 3,704 3135875 1,204 598,479 2,413 2,537,396 46.58 3.89 25.35 58.05 1996 3,700 3,048,270 1,190 587,559 2,422 2,460,711 44.60 3.88 23.58 56.06 1997 3,714 2,952,833 1,196 588,997 2,427 2,363,886 42.20 4.27 23.03 53.25 1998 3,732 2,921,400 1,176 575,606 2,464 2,345,794 41.09 4.13 22.06 52.12 1999 3,804 2,927,361 1,175 613,963 2,534 2,313,398 39.98 4.08 22.53 50.03 2000 3,836 2,868,300 1,128 588,832 2,613 2,279,498 38.46 3.88 20.88 49.16 2001 3,945 2,879,627 1,091 584,337 2,726 2,295,290 39.40 3.72 20.89 50.88 2002 4,093 2,860,298 1,104 561,140 2,848 2,299,158 38.40 3.80 20.28 49.19 2003 4,158 2,901,972 1,103 558,195 2,902 2,343777 38.30 4.10 19.42 49.83 2004 4,290 2,964,611 1,109 593,907 3,024 2,370,704 37.69 3.50 19.64 49.02 2005 4,310 2,986,804 1,027 618,006 3,119 2,368,798 36.95 3.27 19.64 47.98 2006 4,476 2,978,973 989 579,291 3,277 2,399,682 35.94 3.17 18.11 47.15 2006 72007 3 77

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4 1991 1,090 444,847 112 167,383 7 15,582 52 4,504 --- --- 1992 1,004 421,790 110 166,344 9 15,405 53 4,616 --- --- 1993 1,011 406,121 112 164,472 9 14,517 51 4,994 --- --- 1994 983 398,051 114 161,472 9 13,768 44 4,793 --- --- 1995 939 383,930 116 134,460 9 13,525 45 5,093 --- --- 1996 915 372,713 116 132,293 110 9,452 51 10,702 --- --- 1997 918 365,904 117 129,802 9 8,641 56 22,849 --- --- 1998 902 356,491 119 128,450 10 8,748 55 22,507 --- 1 52 1999 886 357,185 117 128,949 11 30,294 64 34,658 --- 8 3,891 2000 844 335,178 111 127,228 12 9,954 54 53,115 --- 17 5,509 2001 797 321,965 113 127,390 12 9,358 56 56,947 --- 21 7,714 2002 795 311,170 111 120,660 14 10,196 64 54,840 11,025 24 8,965 2003 792 310,032 113 121,540 13 9,174 63 54,701 26 10,931 27 9,062 2004 795 311,702 116 156,276 12 9,090 62 54,781 26 10,925 28 9,081 2005 704 307,886 116 154,846 13 9,444 65 54,631 26 11,104 31 10,289 2006 672 297,672 110 126,784 13 9,904 65 54,235 25 10,871 33 10,369 2007 3 25 2006 69 23 36 16 105 1.80.5 19.5 2006 12 5.6 2. 3. 79

5 1987 2,510 2,099,813 25 -- 23 -- 16 -- 1,160 1,286 34.20 1988 3,041 2,260,585 25 -- 23 -- 28 -- 1,285 1,680 37.58 1989 3,315 2,419,664 25 3126 23 680 39 448 1,345 1,883 38.06 1990 3,524 2,756,620 25 3332 23 659 39 444 1,354 2,083 43.34 1991 3,654 2,941,766 25 3415 23 652 39 493 1,350 2,217 47.99 1992 3,657 3058414 25 3508 21 610 40 478 1,300 2,271 48.06 1993 3,689 3,172,116 25 3534 20 595 40 525 1,271 2,333 49.53 1994 3,706 3,277,833 25 3555 20 575 42 521 1,237 2,382 48.86 1995 3,704 3135875 25 3395 20 562 42 518 1,204 2,413 46.58 1996 3,700 3,048,270 25 3381 20 560 43 585 1,190 2,422 44.60 1997 3,714 2,952,833 25 3400 20 540 46 609 1,196 2,427 42.20 1998 3,732 2,921,400 25 3396 20 527 47 618 1,176 2,464 41.09 1999 3,804 2,927,361 25 3399 20 512 50 649 1,175 2,534 39.98 2000 3,836 2,868,300 25 3378 20 478 50 647 1,128 2,613 38.46 2001 3,945 2,879,627 31 3382 22 452 75 882 1,091 2,726 39.40 2002 4,093 2,860,298 39 3444 22 443 80 848 1,104 2,848 38.40 2003 4,158 2,901,972 48 3479 23 440 82 850 1,103 2,902 38.30 2004 4,290 2,964,611 53 3595 23 412 81 837 1,109 3,024 37.69 2005 4,310 2,986,804 58 3645 25 379 81 838 1,027 3,119 36.95 2006 4,476 2,978,973 69 3737 36 342 105 792 989 3,277 35.94 2007 32006 12 80

3 2006 18.11 2005 6 12.5 18.7 10.6 globalization 80 right to organize or freedom of association 2006 1945 362006 1,5401983 20.136.2 7.4 Union Members Summary 2006 Employee Free Choice Act EFCA 6 1995 598 25.4 16360 14.9 12614 23.8 1615 15.1 235 13.8 1996 588 23.6 16269 14.5 12451 23.2 1599 13.3 255 14.6 1997 589 23.0 16110 14.1 12285 22.6 1484 12.2 260 14.2 1998 576 22.1 16211 13.9 12093 22.4 1402 12.0 273 14.5 1999 617 22.5 16477 13.9 11825 22.2 1481 12.6 290 15.3 2000 589 20.9 16258 13.5 11539 21.5 1527 14.3 314 15.0 2001 584 20.9 16275 13.5 11212 20.7 1569 14.5 338 16.5 2002 561 20.3 16145 13.3 10801 20.2 1606 13.5 390 19.3 2003 558 19.4 15776 12.9 10533 19.6 1550 13.0 417 20.5 2004 594 19.6 15472 12.5 10309 19.2 -- -- 444 21.5 2005 618 19.6 15685 12.5 10138 18.7 -- 10.6 450 -- -Korea statistical yearbook Singapore yearbook of manpower statistics (hppt://www.mhlw.go.jp)employment and earnings 81

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4. 5. 30 200631,198 989 3.17 66130 12 48 2 2006 83

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2006 OECD 2006 122006 OECD OECDJoint OECD/Korea Regional Centre on Health and Social Policy, RCHSP12 8 9 OECD(EBRD) 10 Asian version of OECD Pensions at a GlanceRCHSP OECD 2005 9 OECD OECD ILO OECD OECD 2005 OECD Pension at a Glance: Public Policies across OECD Countries OEC income replacement rate 102

OECD OECD 1 normal pension 2 first-tier scheme basic pension minimum pension targeted scheme 3 second-tier scheme D 103

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OECD ( ) (net replacement rate) 1.5 2 2.5 83.5 66.2 56.4 46.1 40.8 37.3 128.1 99.1 84.6 71.1 66.7 63.3 78.4 64.9 63.1 58 55.4 53.9 53.4 56.6 58 59.2 44.4 35.4 39.1 42 43.4 36.7 27.5 21.9 112.9 112.9 112.9 112.9 89.4 71.5 16.1 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.2 16.2 81.8 78.2 77.9 78.1 79.3 78.5 52.5 43.5 39.2 34.3 31.3 25.5 105.3 82.4 71.2 60.9 49.9 40.7 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 59.8 81.4 54.9 41.7 29.4 23.2 19.1 80 80 80 80 80 80.5 117.3 92 79.3 66.7 60.4 48.9 112.3 113 108.6 91.2 67.3 53.9 72.2 72.2 72.2 72.2 72.2 72.2 76 77.4 77.7 69 63.2 59.5 36.8 36.8 36.8 36.8 30.8 24.9 66.1 49.2 41.1 30.6 24 19.8 67.4 58 52.4 47.9 43.2 38.6 71.4 71.9 73.4 72.8 72.4 73.6 2006 OECD OECDOECD OECD 106

1993 657 65 10.04 2007 27.58 2006 2006 6 2026 20.6 45-64 46.22051 37 200065 1/8 12.3 2004 World Population Prospects 20042050 1/5 20.6 502000 23 2020 3065 2000 32030 5.230 35 OECD 107

1 2000 2050 2 2000 2050 Source: OECD estimates based on the Current Population Survey and popjections from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. International Data Base. Soucre:OECD estimates based on the Current Population Survey and population projections from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Data Base, and assuming constant participation rates by gender and five-year age grups at their 2000 levels. 50 GDP 50-64 2/3 65-74 1/5OECD 1. (Old-Age and Survivors InsuranceOASI) 62 65Primary Insurance Amount ;PIA 5/962 80 62 1983 Cost Of Living Allowance Adjustments65 67 1960 62 62 108

70 80 2. 1974 (Employee Retirement Income Security Act, ERISA) 401K 401k 20 1 2 401(k) 1 2 The Age Discrimination in Employment Act, ADEA ADEA 20 25 40 65 1967 ADEA 197865 70 109

1986 60 EEOC 1. 2001 50 AARP Best Employers for Workers over 50National Employ Older Workers Week 2. Workforce Investment Act WIA Senior Community Service Employment Program; SCSEP Trade Adjustment Assistance Program ; TAA one-stop center WIA 18-21 17 SCSEP,Senior Community Service Employment Program 55 60 110

Older Americans Ac OAA Trade Adjustment Assistance Program ; TAA 50 50% 10,000 26 10 Self- Employment Assistance (SEA) programme 3 GATE (Growing America through Entrepreneurship) 2001 1 2 3 111

4 3 2000 2050 a) See text for an explanation of the different scenarios. Source:OECD estimates derived from Australian Bureau of Staticw, Labour Force Surver, and Australian Bureau of Statistics, Population Projections, Australia, 2002-2101, Cat No. 3222.0, Series B. 65 60 55 2015 2025 60 65 2000 60 2014 65 2005 The Mature Age Worker Tax Offset 55 2004/05 10,000 48,000 2004/05500 112

50 (3.25%) 58 58 56 56 60 12.7% 15100% Prime Minister s Community Business Partnership 2004 Mature Age Employment and Workplace Strategy 50 2003 160 45 45 Jobwise Website Mature Age Industry Strategy 113

50 2002-2012 2002 2004 World Population Prospects 2004 2000 65 1/6 17.220501/3 35.9 502000 36.1 203042.9 8 65 69 35 69.6 65.71997-200260 (20 64 ) 50 1971 1971 65 1976 55 6% 114

4 2000 2050 5 2000 2050 5 a) The three variants differ in their assumptions about future fertiluty rates. Source: National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. Population Projection for Japan:2001-2050. Soucre:OECD projections based on Labour Force Survey and National Institute of population and Social Security Research, Population Projection for Japan:2001-2050(medium variant). and assuming constant participation rates by sex and five-year age groups at their 2000 levels. 60 60 2005 6065 2006 ( 18 ) 2013 ( 25 ) 65 65 25 50 50 300 60-64 15% 15,000 15% 60-64 20,000 2001 10 115

1998 Talent Banks 26 40 Career Exchange Plazas12 Older Persons Vocational Experience Utilization Centers 60 Elderly Employment Support Centers/Corners 1. ( )( ) 116

5 5 1994 2000 6560 65 1994 (flat-rate) 20012013 31 65 2006 2018 2000 (earnings-related) 65 2013 20252018 20302000 5% 200317.35% 13.58% 150 200260-64 65-69 2. 45-60 90 33065 1995 5 60 64 60 25% 200315% 15%65 1986 1995 1996 117

1989 1990~1999 1994 12 1995 1999 2000-21 2000-2004 family-friendly employment policies 1. 2. 118

1. 65-67 2. 3. 4. 1. 55 6% 2. 3. 4. 5. SEA 6. 7. 55 119

1. 2. 3. 4. 55 5. 50 1. 2. 120

3 14 1 166 2 borderless 3 1 2 2007 1 256 23 150 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 121

1959 1968 1976 6 2004 3 122 2

123

3 4 4 5400 6 1 1. 5,400 5,40061 900 54009006,300 2. 900 7 90076,300 7 65 7 1 5,51465,400 24 40 8 4 12 255 112,000 8 112,00012 658.82 255 8 677 658.82677 124

8 8 7 5 1. 2. 5 125

3. 4. 1. 16 15 2. 42 3. 11 2500 24 5 2 2430 1 5 2 1959 24 1 126

1959 1972 ILO 6 7.34% 41.1%35.9% 30 6 127

24 -- -- 24 128

129

130

131

132

133

1 2 14 94 7 95 363.5 10.8 9584.8 6.6 95 24.7 68.6 11.2 31.2 1 0.3 13.8 38.3 8.1 22.5 3.1 8.5 956.01 6.00 6.02 5.04 5.915.79 5.65 134

95 1~29 95 34 94.4 30~99 1.5 4.3 100~499 0.4 1.1 500 0.1 0.2 % 94 95 95 ( ) 325,190 360,359 100.0 35,169 10.8 6.01 5.04 829 981 0.3 152 18.3 6.00 5.79 102,828 112,255 31.2 9,427 9.2 321 351 0.1 30 9.3 6.00 5.65 76,475 81,154 22.5 4,679 6.1 6.01 5.04 226 231 0.1 5 2.2 6.00 5.91 25,806 30,519 8.5 4,713 18.3 6.00 5.27 221,533 247,123 68.6 25,590 11.6 125,074 137,993 38.3 12,919 10.3 6.01 5.14 7,478 8,661 2.4 1,183 15.8 6.00 4.59 8,868 9,577 2.7 709 8.0 6.01 5.11 4,673 4,842 1.3 169 3.6 6.01 5.10 7,390 8,799 2.4 1,409 19.1 6.01 5.37 24,112 26,102 7.2 1,990 8.3 6.02 4.65 8,669 11,408 3.2 2,739 31.6 6.01 4.90 16,569 18,068 5.0 1,499 9.0 6.01 5.01 4,003 4,293 1.2 290 7.2 6.01 4.76 13,688 15,884 4.4 2,196 16.0 6.02 4.71 1,009 1,496 0.4 487 48.3 6.00 5.17 % 78.2 84.8 6.6 1. 2.() 100 135

95 8 22.2 6.6 18.3 2.9 8.1 2.8 7.8 2.7 7.5 2.6 7.3 6,376 5,546 3,241 2,679 2,579 95 4400 95 429.136.7 9.4 % 94 95 325,190 360,359 100.0 35,169 10.8 74,455 80,001 22.2 5,546 7.4 23,463 26,142 7.3 2,679 11.4 59,415 65,791 18.3 6,376 10.7 3,324 3,955 1.1 631 19.0 25,903 29,144 8.1 3,241 12.5 4,308 5,023 1.4 715 16.6 4,060 4,687 1.3 627 15.4 25,460 28,039 7.8 2,579 10.1 16,767 18,549 5.1 1,782 10.6 3,021 3,506 1.0 485 16.1 3,488 4,145 1.2 657 18.8 2,664 3,150 0.9 486 18.2 10,903 12,041 3.3 1,138 10.4 11,507 13,123 3.6 1,616 14.0 4,083 4,798 1.3 715 17.5 1,249 1,512 0.4 263 21.1 2,666 3,305 0.9 639 24.0 301 431 0.1 130 43.2 3,054 3,432 1.0 378 12.4 5,778 6,487 1.8 709 12.3 24,781 26,897 7.5 2,116 8.5 3,105 3,575 1.0 470 15.1 10,939 12,031 3.3 1,092 10.0 426 513 0.1 87 20.4 70 82 0.0 12 17.1 % 94 95 325,190 360,359 100.0 35,169 10.8 1~29 306,561 340,231 94.4 33,670 11.0 30~99 14,258 15,407 4.3 1,149 8.1 100~499 3,771 4,064 1.1 293 7.8 500 600 657 0.2 57 9.5 136

95 95 76.8 5.5 95 219.4 18.5 9.2 209.6 95 % 94 95 3,923,796 4,291,152 100.0 367,356 9.4 2,009,416 2,194,179 51.1 184,763 9.2 1,914,380 2,096,973 48.9 182,593 9.5 (15-24 ) 703,606 678,971 15.8-24,635-3.5 (25-44 ) 2,665,125 2,928,696 68.3 263,571 9.9 (45-64 ) 544,215 668,831 15.6 124,616 22.9 (65) 10,850 14,654 0.3 3,804 35.1 3,897,829 4,265,023 -- 367,194 9.4 360,592 305,567 -- -55,025-15.3 % 71.35 76.81 5.4 1. 2.() 100 18.3 9.5 95 51.1 48.92.2 (25-44 ) 292.9 68.3(15-24 ) 67.9 15.8 (45-64 ) 66.9 15.6 (65) 1.5 0.3 26.4 9.9 12.5 22.9 0.4 35.1 2.5 3.5 95 254 59.2 22.2 9.6 174.5 40.7 14.4 9.0 0.7 0.2 137

22.2 152.9 35.6 109.2 25.4 26.3 6.1 95 124.6 29.0 64.6 15.1 40.1 9.3 26.7 6.2 25.6 6.0 24.7 5.8 95 95 8.6 5.6 2.8 2.5 2 95 30.194 36.1 9594 % 94 95 3,923,796 4,291,152 100.0 367,356 9.4 5,502 6,726 0.2 1,224 22.2 1,600,541 1,744,769 40.7 144,228 9.0 2,341 2,599 0.1 258 11.0 1,415,413 1,528,928 35.6 113,515 8.0 6,867 8,948 0.2 2,081 30.3 175,920 204,294 4.8 28,374 16.1 2,317,753 2,539,657 59.2 221,904 9.6 1,025,309 1,091,611 25.4 66,302 6.5 131,041 146,122 3.4 15,081 11.5 145,278 159,298 3.7 14,020 9.7 193,523 202,267 4.7 8,744 4.5 60,043 69,568 1.6 9,525 15.9 248,668 262,533 6.1 13,865 5.6 58,519 84,165 2.0 25,646 43.8 189,129 207,522 4.8 18,393 9.7 72,506 76,095 1.8 3,589 4.9 178,434 203,907 4.8 25,473 14.3 15,303 36,569 0.9 21,266 139.0 5.5 15.3 95426.594 389.8 95 94 36.7 9.4 95 13,501~22,800 173.3 40.4 22,801~28,800 67.2 15.7 28,801~36,300 64.6 15.1 36,301~45,800 56 13.1 6 15.8 138

% 94 95 3,923,796 4,291,152 100.0 367,356 9.4 1,160,715 1,246,395 29.0 85,680 7.4 246,278 266,767 6.2 20,489 8.3 590,622 646,129 15.1 55,507 9.4 26,712 31,874 0.7 5,162 19.3 372,202 400,517 9.3 28,315 7.6 112,223 123,739 2.9 11,516 10.3 52,284 59,216 1.4 6,932 13.3 230,704 255,784 6.0 25,080 10.9 147,739 161,133 3.8 13,394 9.1 32,270 36,644 0.9 4,374 13.6 40,619 48,857 1.1 8,238 20.3 27,381 32,772 0.8 5,391 19.7 158,581 171,605 4.0 13,024 8.2 121,990 137,256 3.2 15,266 12.5 36,341 43,319 1.0 6,978 19.2 8,913 10,791 0.3 1,878 21.1 22,228 26,650 0.6 4,422 19.9 1,535 2,577 0.1 1,042 67.9 24,518 26,972 0.6 2,454 10.0 149,740 169,814 4.0 20,074 13.4 229,003 246,830 5.8 17,827 7.8 28,644 30,916 0.7 2,272 7.9 100,087 110,922 2.6 10,835 10.8 2,198 3,203 0.1 1,005 45.7 269 470 0.0 201 74.7 95 30,35295 0.3 95 33,485 27,061 6,424 95 55-59 36,159 35-39 35,493 40-44 34,25415 15~19 12,383 14,350 25-29 1,034,47824.1 28,543 30-34 815,864 19.0 33,824 95 65,626 44,785 36,195 19,683 1,528,928 35.6 31,541 1,091,61125.4 27,944 139

ATM 95 12 40 446,169 10.40 95 5,948 1.6 % 94 95 3,923,796 4,291,152 100.0 367,356 9.4 1~29 1,690,258 1,849,402 43.1 159,144 9.4 30~99 712,640 770,262 18.0 57,622 8.1 100~499 736,838 789,012 18.4 52,174 7.1 500 784,060 882,476 20.6 98,416 12.6 7,500 50,359 62,425 1.5 12,066 24.0 7,501~13,500 92,007 99,278 2.3 7,271 7.9 13,501~22,800 1,605,984 1,732,767 40.4 126,783 7.9 22,801~28,800 623,222 672,294 15.7 49,072 7.9 28,801~36,300 593,106 646,218 15.1 53,112 9.0 36,301~45,800 509,634 560,483 13.1 50,849 10.0 45,801~57,800 213,082 245,648 5.7 32,566 15.3 57,801~72,800 114,350 130,961 3.1 16,611 14.5 72,801~87,600 51,423 60,721 1.4 9,298 18.1 87,601~110,100 34,515 39,220 0.9 4,705 13.6 110,101 36,114 41,137 1.0 5,023 13.9 3,897,829 4,265,023 -- 367,194 9.4 360,592 305,567 -- -55,025-15.3 % 71.35 76.81 5.4 4,523 76 1,425 24 3.17 1.4 0.2 1.2 140

% 95 94 95 4,291,152 100.0 30,447 30,352-95 -0.3 2,194,179 51.1 33,664 33,485-179 -0.5 2,096,973 48.9 27,074 27,061-13 -0.1 5 15 20 0.0 13,000 12,383-617 -4.8 15-19 125,213 2.9 14,997 14,350-647 -4.3 20-24 553,738 12.9 21,787 21,375-412 -1.9 25-29 1,034,478 24.1 29,018 28,543-475 -1.6 30-34 815,864 19.0 34,235 33,824-411 -1.2 35-39 608,331 14.2 35,706 35,493-213 -0.6 40-44 470,023 11.0 34,364 34,254-110 -0.3 45-49 325,677 7.6 32,184 32,183-1 -0.0 50-54 209,976 4.9 32,850 32,880 30 0.1 55-59 103,376 2.4 36,885 36,159-726 -2.0 60-64 29,802 0.7 31,384 30,886-498 -1.6 65 14,654 0.3 28,356 27,687-669 -2.4 94 95 139 100.3 5,809 16,315.1 5,948 16,415.4 114 87.6 4,409 13,890.4 4,523 13,978.0 25 12.8 1,400 2,424.6 1,425 2,437.4 60 60.3 4,001 12,843.9 4,061 12,904.2 79 40.0 1,807 3,470.4 1,886 3,510.4 - - 1 0.8 1 0.8 4,061 1.3 1,886 0.4 95 12 1,277.7 1,000 141

% 95 94 95 4,291,152 100.0 30,447 30,352-95 -0.3 6,726 0.2 25,218 24,702-516 -2.1 2,599 0.1 33,064 34,229 1,165 3.5 1,528,928 35.6 31,257 31,541 284 0.9 8,948 0.2 64,679 65,626 947 1.5 204,294 4.8 27,860 27,154-706 -2.5 1,091,611 25.4 28,244 27,944-300 -1.1 146,122 3.4 19,805 19,683-122 -0.6 159,298 3.7 33,645 33,934 289 0.9 202,267 4.7 42,930 44,785 1,855 4.3 69,568 1.6 28,589 28,689 100 0.4 262,533 6.1 35,904 36,195 291 0.8 84,165 2.0 21,204 22,515 1,311 6.2 207,522 4.8 30,265 29,414-851 -2.8 76,095 1.8 31,597 31,266-331 -1.1 203,907 4.8 24,461 24,154-307 -1.3 36,569 0.9 27,171 23,857-3,314-12.2 96 8 1. 2. 142

1 2 1 1995 2001 111,917 13,355 31.1 39.0 3.6 3.3 1.5 1.5 % 38.2 25.7 12.6 11.4 % 52.1 62.0 % 35.9 45.3 % 16.4 31.8 % 15.1 30.3 % 32.2 12.3 % 18.1 14.5 Panel Study of Income Dynamics 1,Monthly Labor Review, 2006 7, Brett Theodos Robert BednarzikEarnings mobility and low-wage workers in the United States 143

2001 1995 1995 Q1 Q2 Q3 2 Q3 1996 1995 Q3 45% 2001 1995 Q3 135% Q2 Q3 Q1 1996 1995 Q1 41% 2001 1995 Q1 62% 20031979 10 0.3 2000 8 3 % 1995 2001 36.86 3.28 58.03 1995 99 39.42 4.01 56.57 1995 97 41.61 7.66 50.73 1995 96 40.88 13.14 45.99 Panel Study of Income Dynamics % 25-50- 75- Q1 Q2 Q3 1995 2001-62.15 35.00 135.32 1995 99-58.38 18.44 108.67 1995 97-7.18 5.76 60.51 1995 96-41.00 1.43 45.41 Panel Study of Income Dynamics 2 outliers mean Q1 Q2 Q325 50 75 percentile Q2median 3,Monthly Labor Review, 2005 5, Joseph R. Meisenheimer II Real compensation, 1979 to 2003 analysis from several data sources 144

% 10-25- 75-90- (D1) (Q1) (Q3) (D9) 1980-2.6-3.1-2.6-4.6 1981-3.0-4.3-4.1-2.8 1982-3.9-4.2-1.6-2.4 1983-3.3-4.0-1.5-0.4 1984-3.8-3.4-1.4 1.7 1985-4.8-3.2-1.8 2.8 1986-4.0-1.6 1.7 5.7 1987-4.7-1.2 3.1 6.8 1988-4.8-2.0 2.8 6.4 1989-5.5-3.4 2.0 7.3 1990-5.3-4.5 1.8 7.2 1991-4.4-4.8 2.5 8.1 1992-5.1-5.0 2.9 9.0 1993-4.7-4.5 3.6 8.3 1994-7.8-6.4 4.6 9.8 1995-7.7-6.5 4.3 10.7 1996-7.9-6.5 3.9 12.2 1997-6.3-5.3 5.7 13.4 1998-2.2-1.7 8.8 16.6 1999-1.1-0.1 11.1 20.2 2000-0.9 0.1 12.1 24.0 2001 0.0 1.2 13.3 26.0 2002 0.4 2.2 14.2 27.0 2003 0.3 2.9 14.7 27.0 Current Population Survey CPI-U-RS 4 5 5 4,Monthly Labor Review, 2006 12, Randy E. llg Change in employment by occupation, industry, and earnings quartile, 2000-05 5 145

91 95 95 5 95 91 76 24,000 24,001 30,001 40,001 30,000 40,000 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 55.31 32.19 52.64 66.25 72.85 44.69 67.81 47.36 33.75 27.15 15 24 10.97 24.61 12.34 4.30 1.08 24.4 19.1 25 44 64.01 51.24 70.09 73.09 61.57 45 64 24.65 23.38 17.27 22.48 37.08 14.4 65 0.37 0.77 0.30 0.13 0.27 4.8 4.6 21.09 32.85 23.12 19.11 7.68 3.9 3.2 36.00 44.72 42.24 33.03 21.96 42.91 22.42 34.64 47.86 70.37 2.50.7 10.2 4.4 3 13 7.2 2.4 3 4 15.5 3 4 10.7 5 4 2.2 7 5.4 2.4 146

95 91 8 762,277 128,892 175,385 249,683 208,317 24,892-1,156-812 -3,518 30,378 8,501-828 760-1,656 10,225 9,107-3 -1,790 327 10,573 190,705 7,710 13,411 45,976 123,608 102,440 1,865 6,225 36,147 58,203 43,593 2,398 2,103 15,387 23,705 30,210 3,130 5,168-2,891 24,803 9,916 1,287-46 -509 9,184 244,075 40,686 53,836 104,430 45,123 72,492 5,935 14,903 33,363 18,291 4,245-382 2,303-3,970 6,294 15,739 7,192 2,431 4,128 1,988 24,264 7,865-1,868 17,038 1,229-4,792 1,756 4,821 10,571-21,940 129,628 14,878 33,422 45,618 35,710 46,140 8,310 9,728 27,834 268 35,622 6,627 17,257 9,160 2,578 10,518 1,683-7,529 18,674-2,310 143,803 105,331 29,511 12,516-3,555 54,121 50,626 2,990 4,568-4,063 20,167 14,713 4,500 567 387 69,515 39,992 22,021 7,381 121-6,701-4,188-2,012-4,525 39,222-46,468 32,428 43,754 9,508 49,254-24,855 31,347 36,474 6,288-7,675-14,768 1,438 3,343 2,312 48,326-12,387 37,732 14,455 8,526 5,358 2,597 304 893 1,564 54,633 3,755 27,234 26,712-3,068-9,156-10,271 574-260 801 31,815 31,054-449 2,224-1,014 22,644 26,856-4,763 3,044-2,493 7,040 1,773 4,107-319 1,479 147

148 4 5.5 2.4 4 1 2.4 3 4 4.6 8.6 2.4 4 2.4 4 21.2 8.18 8.16 7.6 6.6 6.36 2 1 3 4 10 4 5.6 18 4 7 3 4 2.4 2.4 4 7.1 95 5 52.246.69 4

95 91 8 762,277 128,892 175,385 249,683 208,317-5,733-2,890 1,411 807-5,061 291,414-12,148 82,605 143,460 77,497-1,797-507 -339-679 -272 212,585 21,360 35,018 100,529 55,678 23,871 9,691 7,697 3,322 3,161-19,350-4,823-7,817-2,223-4,487-22,531-18,831-8,282 5,141-559 -18,077-7,759-7,644-2,108-566 21,278 2,621 18,660 10,912-10,915 34,697 10,295 8,994 340 15,068 179,574 40,408 54,553 49,532 35,081 16,379 3,293 1,717 3,516 7,853-1,006 1,109 1,012-1,615-1,512 81,632-34,110 46,914 45,225 23,603 53,596-12,653 23,262 26,399 16,588 476,596 143,930 91,369 105,416 135,881 81,833 23,414 31,471 33,994-7,046 24,266-14,186 11,567 28,212-1,327 57,567 37,600 19,904 5,782-5,719 42,944 32,166 7,850 2,851 77 33,693 21,990 5,851 5,111 741 28,189-5,488 33,189-1,168 1,656 31,801 2,637 5,356 8,482 15,326 32,509 4,150 3,570 20,118 4,671 19,798-1,051 5,637 7,653 7,559 19,731-716 6,259 7,018 7,170 43,849 7,586-4,376 11,778 28,861 23,347 4,338-2,930 5,470 16,469 65,675 27,510 13,033 9,571 15,561 63,395 14,036-4,276 20,265 33,370 55,593 8,339-3,559 17,674 33,139 5,908 216-4,960-2,441 13,093 76,211 39,472 19,905 11,276 5,558 71,127 40,226 14,548 11,412 4,941 16,993 3,432-11,460 3,155 21,866 149

2. 3 4 25 13.1 11.9 3. 2.43 17.5 10.4 3 95 91 76.2 345.8 330.4 3 7.2 4. 91 95 2.4 11.11.8 23.28 95 91 3 3 95 91 762,277 304,277 458,000 1. 4 91 3,772,697 1,584,360 2,188,337 20.8 95 4,149,742 1,705,898 2,443,844 377,045 121,538 255,507 8.3 95 91 9.99 7.67 11.68 91 2,967,610 2,097,774 869,836 95 3,352,842 2,280,513 1,072,329 12.5 385,232 182,739 202,493 95 91 12.98 8.71 23.28 150

151 3.3 7.2 5. 4 2.6 2.4 1.5 1.3 3.6 2.8 2.5 2.4 5.3 5.1 4.2 2.3 5.6 3.7 2.1 1.2 8 3. 3.85 3.782.11.87 1 5.7 4.9 2.9 2.9 2.69 91 95 4 3 30,001 40,000 2

4 2.6 0.4 1. 2. 7 1. 91 95 8 Q1 Q2 Q3 9 91 2.23495 2.434 2. 6 mobility 7 8 Q1 Q2 22,000 30,000 40,000 91 Q3 26.56 28.07 22.75 22.63 25 50 75 24,000 30,000 40,000 95 Q1 25.58 27.55 23.76 23.10 Q2 Q3 95 91-0.98-0.51 1.02 0.48 1/4 152