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1 I

2 I

3 ( ) 爲 % (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) 71.6% (19.3%) (41.0%) (9.2%) (r=.39) (r=.25) (r=.64) (r=.35) 44.1% (71.2%) (50.2%) II

4 (43.7%) ( ) ( ) ( ) III

5 The study of community leaders environmental health behavior intentions, behaviors and promoting environmental health education of community in central area of Taiwan. Abstract Environmental health of community is related to the quality of public life. If environmental health is not well, it would affect the health, life quality of the residents, even health and life. The community leaders are the promoter of community business. Therefore, it would help the communities to promote their environmental health tasks to realize the community leaders environmental health behavior intentions and behaviors. This study was to explore The community leaders environmental health behavior intentions, behaviors and the needs of environmental health education of communities in central area of Taiwan. The subjects of this study were heads of village and subward, chairmen of community organizations, committee leaders of apartment houses, who lived in central area of Taiwan. There were 950 community leaders which were stratified randomly and sampled out as subjects of the questionnaire. To fulfill the needs of this study, four environmental health experts, ten leaders of model environmental community and twenty officers of environmental health were interviewed. The results were shown as follows: only 30.6% respondents were satisfied with environmental health of their communities; and the most important problems of community environmental health were environmental cleaning(57.8%), wastes treatment(50.2%), beautifying and greenifying(49.8%), stray dogs(39.1%) and vectors(33.6%). There were 71.6% respondents obtained the environmental health information from televisions, 19.3% were from newspapers and magazines. Besides, 41.0% respondents expressed environmental health education of communities were not enough, and 9.2% showed extremely not enough. This revealed the environmental health education of the community must be reinforced. The scores of community leaders attitude, IV

6 subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavior intention and behavior of environmental health were positive. The correlations among attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, behavior and behavior intention were significant and positive. In the structure of behavior intention, both the respondents community environmental health attitude and perceived behavioral control would affect the respondents behavior intention, which could explain 44.1% variation of behavior intention. Respondents also expressed a shortage of funds(71.2%), manpower(50.2%) and residents uncompliance(43.7%) which were the main reasons obstructed community environmental health tasks. According to the results of questionnaire survey and interview, this study provided community environmental health problem solving and education model. (1) Problems solving model for community environmental health: Enthusiastic community leaders appeal and gather people to plan for the environmental health problems of community, and establish volunteers organization. At the beginning, they improve the environmental cleaning, wastes treatment, etc. That would put around people force, participation feeling together, and then community environmental health work can be practicable. (2) Environmental health education of community model: When solving community environmental health problems and promotings of environmental health education were conducted at the same time. Both propaganda for volunteers and community environmental health being improved would let residents concern their community environmental health problems more, and let them have positive environmental health attitude; then more and more residents participated the community environmental health works voluntarily. Then the residents who had positive environmental health behaviors would propagandize and encourage other residents to participate, and also reinforced their cognition. It formed the feedback mechanism of community environmental health education. Keywords: Community leader, environmental health of community, behavior intention, behavior, environmental health education of community V

7 ... I...II Abstract...IV...VI... VIII...XI VI

8 VII

9 VIII

10 Cronbach IX

11 ( ) ( ) X

12 XI

13 (Environmental Health) ( ) 90,032 24, % 22, % 30, % 25.30% 22.92% ( 2002)

14 Ajzen ( 1998) The Theory of Planned Behavior 2

15 3

16 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4

17 ( 1980) (Environmental Health) ( 1998) ( 1998) ( ) 5

18 1977 UNESCO ( 2002) ( 1991) 6

19 (The Poor Law) (Edwin Chadwick) 7

20 ( 1995) ( 1995) ( ) 1. (1)1895 (2) 2. (1) (2) 8

21 3. 71 (1) (2) ( ) ,192 2, (1970 ) 9

22 ,622 ( 2002) ( 921 ) ( ) 10

23 (Environmental Health) ( 1998) ( 1998) ( 1995) (1990) ( ) ( )

24 ( 2002) ( 2003) (sanitation of drinking water) (treatment of waste & refuse) (food hygiene) (vector control) (housing hygiene) (eradication of public nuisances) 12

25 Maslow ( 2001) ( 1995) (Koren & Bisesi ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 13

26 ( 1995) ( ) 2-1 ( ) 14

27 NO NO 2 4. NOx O 3 5. CO CO CO 6. ( ) 15

28 16 ( ) ( 1995) ( 2003) ( ) A ( 1996)

29 ( 1995) ( ) ( ) ( 1995) 2-3 ( ) 2-3 ( 1999) 17

30 ( ) ( 1995) 18

31 ( ) ( ) ( 1995) ( 1997) ( ) ( 1995) 19

32 (Koren & Bisesi ) ( ) (Koren & Bisesi ) 91 ( ) 螨 ( 1995) 20

33 ( ) 1. (1988) 2. 90% Toney ~ ~ ( 1995) 鈎 21

34 3. Cochran 1982 鈎 ( 1988) Wright 1979 Nelson Wright 1979 ( 1988) 22

35 4. ( 1995) 5. ( ) ( )

36 2-4 螨 螨 ( ) 24

37 (2003) 89 80% ( ) 4.35% 4.9% 0.1%( 1996) 25

38 26 ( 1983) ( ) ( 1983) ( ) 15~ ( 1983) ( ) 40~70%

39 27 ( 1983) ( ) ( 1983) U ( ) ( 1983)

40 ( ) ( 1983) ( ) ( ) ( 1983) 28

41 ( ) ( 1983)

42 ( 1983) 30

43 ( 1995) 91 ( ) (2003) (2002) ( ) (PSI) PM ,510 (101 PSI 199) 1, % 100 ( 2001) 89 35, % 19.73% 2-6 ( ) 49.48%

44 (%) ( ) ( ) 35,671 2, ,293 1, ,037 2, , ,554-1, ,376-1, ( 2001) (%) ( ) ( ) 35,671 2, ,650 3, ,262-2, ,352 1, , , ( ) ( 2001) , % 13.2% ( ) % 93.2% 32

45 ( ) % 34.09% 27.16% ( ) (%) 9, , , , , ( 2001) ( ) % % 33

46 ( ) ( ) ( 2003) 34

47 ( ) ( 2003) ( ) ( 2003) ( ) - A B C E b ( 2003) 35

48 ( ) ( 1994) ,955 2 ( 2002) ( 2003) ( ) ( ) (%) ( 2001) 36

49 ( ) ( ) 112, ,594 79,115 30,806 ( 2001) ( ) 89 77,300 97, ( ) 132,650 59,031 99,785 77,300 ( ) 23,028 49,079 43,797 97,016 ( 2001) 37

50 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 1980) 54 (1960 ) 38

51 1990 ( 2002) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

52 2. ( ) - ( ) ( ) 1. ( ) 2. 40

53 ,940 ( ) 1,618, ( ) 1,834 ( 2001) 1, ,302 1, ,761 3,203 1,846,076 1, ,844 ( 2001)

54 (2003) (2002) ( ) ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 42

55 43 3. (1) (2) OK (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) 90 90, ,929 ( 27.7%) 22,711 ( 25.2%) 17,437 ( 19.4%) ( 2002) 36.7% (17.5%) (17.1%) 68.5% 13.8% 48.8% 31.6% (10.3%) (5.3%)

56 ( ) (4) (2002) 67.1% 82% ( ) 40.4% ( ) (1) (2) (3) (4) 44

57 ( ) ( ) ( )

58 46 ( ) ( ) (2000) 921 ( )

59 (1994) (1995) (1995) (1995) ( 47

60 ) (1996) (1998) (2000) (2001) 48

61 (Hines, 1985 Marcinkowski, 1988) Hungerford and Peyton(1985) environmental actionhudspeth citizen participationhines responsible environmental behavior Marcinkowski, Hungerford 1985 ( ) Persuasion ( ) Consumerism Consumer Action 49

62 ( ) Ecomanagement ( ) Legal Action ( ) Political Action Interaction Smith-Sebasto(1992) ( 1997) Core(1978) Behavior Analogue

63 ( 2001) (independent variable) (dependent variable) (covariate) (explanatory variable) (outcome variable) (predictor) (criterion)(christensen, 2001; Keppel, 1991; 2002) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1985 Hungerford and Tomera Hines et al. (1986) (Meta-analysis) Hines Marcinkowski(1988) 51

64 (1997) 1985 (Sia, 1985 Hines, 1986/87) (Marcinkowski, 1988 Sivek, 1989/90) (Hsu & Roth, )( 2003) behavior model ( ) ( ) (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1980) ( ) (Honnold & Nelson, 1980) ( ) (Hungerford & Tomera, ) ( )Hines (Hines, 1985) ( ) (Ajzen, 1985) ( ) (Hopper & Nielsen, 1991) 52

65 (1989) (1996) - (1997) (p.000) (1997) (1998) (1999) --

66 ( ) (2000) 47.9 (2000) -- (2001) (2001) -- (2001) (2002) / (2002) -- (2002)

67 2-13 ( ) (2002) (2002) (2002) 55

68 Arbuthnot( 1977) Hines (1984) Sia, Hungerford, and Tomera (1985, 1986) 8 7 Hines, Hungerford, and Tomera (1986, 1987) Hallin (1995). Jurin (1995) Steel (1996)

69 2-14 ( ) Berger (1997) Andreas and Peter (1998) Hsu and Roth (1999) Seguin, Pelletier, and Hunsley (1999) Bratt (1999) Hwang, Kim, and Jeng (2000) Niicole (2000) Huang (2001) ( ) (r=.220) (r=.480) - 5 ( ) ( ) 57

70 (2002) (1997) Huang (2001) (2002) (2002) (1998) (1997) Nicole (2000) Huang (2001) (2000) (2000) (2000) Huang (2001) Huang (2001) 58

71 2-15 ( ) (2002) (2001) Arbuthnot (1977) Hines (1984) (2002) (2001) (2000) Andreas Hwang, Kim & Jeng (2000) Steel (1996) Sia, & Peter Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) Hines (1998) (1984) Arbuthnot (1977) Jurin (1995) (2002) (2002) Hwang, Kim & Jeng (2000) Hsu & Roth (1999) (2002) (1999) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) (1996) Hsu & Roth (1999) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) (2002) Hsu & Roth (1999) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) Hines (1984) Hwang, Kim & Jeng (2000) Sia, Hungerford & Tomera (1985, 1986) Hines (1984) Hines (1984) (1996) Hines (1984) Seguin, Pelletier & Hunsley (1999) Bratt (1999) 59

72 2-16 (2002) (2002) (2002) (2001) (1998) (2001) (1996) Huang (2001) (2002) (2001) (2002) (2001) (1998) (2002) (2002) (2000) (2001) (2002) (2000) (1996) Huang (2001) (2002) Nicole (2000) (2002) Berger (1997) (2002) Berger (1997) (2002) Berger (1997) 60

73 (Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) Ajzen and Fishbein (The Theory of Reasoned Action, TRA) (Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB) (TPB) (TRA) ( 1997) (behavior intention, BI) (behavior, B) 2-1 BI (attitude toward the behavior, AT) (subjective norm, SN) (perceived behavioral control, PBC)

74 B ~ BI = w 1 AT + w 2 SN + w 3 PBC w 1 w 2 w 3 ( ) Behavior Intention, BI (Ajzen, 1991) Attitude Toward the behavior, AT Subject Norm, SN Perceived Behavior Control, PBC 62

75 ( ) Attitude Toward the behavior, AT Aiken (2002) (Behavioral belief, B i ) (Outcome Evaluation, E i ) AT = l i = 1 B i i E i i l Bi Ei ( ) Subject Norm, SN Normative Belief, NB Motivation to Comply, MC 63

76 NB j j SN MC j j m = m j = 1 NB j MC j ( ) Perceived Behavioral Control, PBC BI = w 1 AT+ w 2 SN+ w 3 PBC (actual control) Ajzen & Madden,1986 B = w 4 BI+w 5 PBC Control Beliefs, CB Perceived Facilitation, PF 64

77 PBC CB K = K PF K = K n= n = k = 1 CB k PF k Ajzen 2-17 ( 1998)

78 TPB (1993) (1995) 23.5 (1996) 27% (1999) (2000) (2000) 38% (2001) -

79 2-18 ( ) TPB (2001) ( 45% 63%) 36% 35.1% (2002) 67

80 ( ) (1998) 83 (1998) - (2000) (2000) 921 (2001) 68

81 2-19 ( ) (2001) ( ) (2001) (2002) ( ) (2001) ( 2001) (1998) - 69

82 ( 2000) ( 2001) 70

83 ( ) ( ) 71

84 3-1 72

85

86 ( )

87 ( ) ( ) %

88 76 3-2

89 ( ) ( ) ( )

90 ( 2003)

91 3-3 ( ) 87 4, , , , , , , , ,302 ( 2003) ( )

92 3-4 80

93 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 81

94 ( ) ( ) ( ) , , , , ( 2002) 25%

95 Ajzen Fishbein(1980) (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980 Ajzen & Madden, ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 83

96

97 3-6 ( ) ( ) 85

98 ( ) (validity) ( ) ( ) ( ) Cronbach Cronbach ( 2000) Cronbach Cronbach α Cronbach ( )

99

100 (SPSS/Windows 10.0 ) ( ) Likert ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~

101 3-8 ( ) ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ~ 5 1 ( ) Cronbach Cronbach Cronbach

102 ( ) SPSS t (t-test) 3. (ANOVA) 4.Pearson 5. (mutiple regression analysis) 6. 90

103 ; ( ) 1. (1) ( ) 91

104 (1) (2) (3) ; (2) 92

105 (3) B 93

106 (4) (5) 94

107 (6) ( ) ( ) B. (7) 95

108 (8) A. B. C. D. E. F. 96

109 (9) A. B. C. 2. (1) 97

110 98 (2) (3) ( )

111 (4) ( ) ( ) (1) 99

112 (2) 100

113 (3) 3. ( ) 1000~

114 ( ) 4. (1) (2) (3) 102

115 (4) (5)

116 ( )

117

118 ( )

119 107 双

120 ( )

121 87 91 ( ) 1. (1) (2) 109

122 (3) (4) (5)

123 ( ) 4.

124 (1) (2) (3) 112

125 (4) (5)

126 ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) 114

127 (4) (5)

128 (1) (2) (3) (4)

129 ( ) ( ) 1. (1) (2) (3) 117

130 ( )

131

132 4-3 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 120

133 4-3 ( )

134 ( ) ( ) ( ) 122

135 ( ) ( ) 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 123

136 ( ) 86 (1) ( ) (2) (3) (4) (5) ( )

137 ( ) ; ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) 125

138 ( )

139 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 6 60 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 9 ) ( 12 )

140 128

141 129 ( ) ( )( ) ( )

142 ( : http// GMP ( ) ( RO )

143 131

144 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

145 ( ) 1200 ( ) ( ) ( SARS ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 11 )

146 134 ( ) 50 ( )

147 (1) (2) (3) ( ) 135

148 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( 11 ) ( 27 )

149 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 23 ) 絶

150 ( ) 1. (1) (2) ( ) (3) ( ) ( ) ( ) (4) 4-3 絶 ( 28 ) ( ) ( ) ( 27 )

151 ( ) ( ) ( ) 1. ( )

152 4-1

153 4-2

154 4-8 /

155

156 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 40 )

157 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 72 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 7 )

158 4-10 ( 9 ) ( 16 ) 146

159 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

160 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 148

161 ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ( ) ( )

162

163 4-13 (CNS) (FGMP) ( ) ( ) 151

164 ( ) 竉 ( ) 152

165 ( ) / ( ) 153

166 4-14 ( 5 ) ( 6 9 ) ( ) ( ) ( 12 ) ( ) ( 34 ) 154

167 ( 35 ) 34 ( 40 ) ( ) ( ) ( 7 12 ) ( 25 ) ( ) ( 11 ) ( ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( 7 ) ( 9 ) ( 16 ) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 7 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 155

168 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 11 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 27 ( 16 ) ( ) ( ) ( 8 ) 156

169 ( ) ( ) ( ) 157

170

171 4-15 (1) (2) (3) 159

172 % 4-16 ( ) % 10.1% ( ) 41~ % 51~ % 21~30 1.2% ( ) 37.6% 35.5% 25.1% ( ) ( ) 25.4% 23.5% 31.8% 19.3% ( ) 42.2% 25.7% 20.8% 11.3% 160

173 161

174 4-16 (%) ~ ~ ~ ~ ( )

175 ( ) 53.8% 11.9% 30.6% ( ) 70% (93.6%) (90.6%) (82.3%) (73.7%) (71.6%) (70.1%) (70.1%) ( ) (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) ( ) 71.6% (19.3%) (4.0%) ( ) 41.0% 9.2% 40.7% ( ) 93.6% (1998)

176 (2000) (1994) (1995) 164

177 30.6% 165

178 4-17 (%)

179 4-18 (%)

180 ( ) 横 ( )

181 4-19 ( ) 35 横 ( )

182 ( ) (4.68) (4.64) (4.63) (4.62) (4.58) (4.57) (2.00) (2.05) (2.29) 4.38

183 171 (98.5%) (98.5%) (97.6%) (97.2%) (97.2%) (96.3%) (10.1%) (5.2%) (4.9%) ( ) (4.79) (4.72) (4.67) (4.61) (4.56) (4.52) 4.26 (99.1%) (98.8%) (97.6%) (97.2%) (96.6%) (93.9%) ( ) (4.69) (4.61) (4.52) (4.20) 4.50

184 (99.6%) (99.1%) (98.2%) (86.9%) ( ) 172

185 4-20 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * * * (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * * * (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * 173

186 4-21 ( ) (4.50) (4.42) (4.36) (4.29) (4.24) 4.36 (97.2%) (93.6%) (88.4%) (88.4%) (88.4%) ( ) ( ) (4.41) (4.35) (4.28) (4.27) (4.25) 4.31 (97.2%) 174

187 175 (96.9%) (93.9%) (93.9%) (91.1%) ( ) (4.51) (4.50) (3.95) (3.80) 4.19 (4.51) ( ) ( )

188 4-21 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. ( ) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) 1. ( ) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

189 ( ) (4.04) (3.80) (3.77) (3.76) (3.74) (3.90) (3.41) (3.35) % (71.2%) (50.2%) (43.7%) ( ) (4.46) (4.41) (4.37) (4.36)

190 178 (4.35) (4.10) (4.06) (3.85) (3.57) (3.52) (94.2%) (91.7%) (90.5%) (90.2%) (74.6%) (74.0%) (65.7%) (53.8%) ( ) (3.83) (3.70) (3.52) (3.50) (3.41) 3.59 (68.5%) (66.4%) (54.7%)

191 179 (52.3%) (52.0%) 30% (71.2%) (50.2%) (43.7%) ( 2000) 54.7% (2000) (2000)

192 180

193 4-22 (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * * * * * (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * * * * * (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) * 181

194 (4.22) (3.85) % 70.4% (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

195 % 52.3% 66.4% 30.9% 52.9%

196 4-24 (%)

197 Pearson 0.35 (0.32) *** *** 0.20 *** *** *** *** 0.25 *** 0.64 *** 0.35 *** 1.00 *** p<

198 % ( =0.563) ( =0.182) 4-26 *** R 2 F Beta( ) t (AT) *** (SN) (PBC) *** ***p<.001 BI( )=.182AT *** +.070SN+.563PBC ***, R 2 =.446, p=.000 *** 186

199 187

200 % 44.1% 3.7% 44.1% (2002) (1996) (1995) (1994) 4-27 ( ) R 2 R 2 F Beta( ) t *** *** *** ***p<.001 BI( )=.570PBC *** +.205AT ***, R 2 =.441, p= *** *** 188

201 % % 14.0% 4-28 R 2 F Beta t *** (BI) *** (PBC) * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 (B)=.254BI *** +.157PBC *, R 2 =.140, p=.000 *** 189

202 4-29 ( ) R 2 F Beta t (BI) *** *** (BI) * *** (PBC) * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 (B)=.254BI *** +.157PBC *, R 2 =.140, p=.000 ***

203 (Harrison, 1995) ( ) 191

204 ( ) 4-4 X1 X2 X3 X X5 X6 X7 X X9 X10 X11 X12 X % (w=.570) (w=.205) ( ) X14 X X16 X17 X %; 14.0% 192

205 4-4 (BI)=.570PBC *** +.205AT ***, R 2 =.441, p=.000 (B)=.254BI *** +.157PBC *, R 2 =.140, p=.000 *** X1 X2 193

206 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10 X11 X12 ( ) X13 ( ) X14 X15 X16 X17 X18 194

207 12.5% 40.4% 1.5% 195

208 t 4-30 ( ) (3.643) (3.121) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 196

209 ( Huang, 2001 Nicole, 2000) ( ) (Berger, 1997) ( 2002) ( 2002) ( ) ( ) ( 2000) 197

210 t *** ~ ~ ~ ~ F ( ) F ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<

211 4-30 ( ) F F ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<

212 t 4-31 ( ) ( ) (p=.000 *** ) (p=.000 *** ) (p=.012 * ) Scheffe ( ) 200

213 (p=.000 *** ) (p=.001 ** ) (p=.000 *** ) Scheffe ( ) (p=.038 * ) 201

214 F F ***.000 ***.012 * > > > > > > > F ***.001 **.000 *** > > > > > > t * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<

215 ( ) ~40 41~50 51~60 61 (%) (%) (%) (%) χ 2 = p=.000 *** ( ) χ 2 = p=.005 ** χ 2 = p=.000 *** ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<

216 ( ) (%) (%) χ 2 = p=.011 * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 ( ) ( )

217 4-34 ( ) (%) (%) (%) χ 2 = p=.016 * χ 2 = p=.010 * ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 ( ) ( ) ( )

218 4-35 (%) (%) (%) (%) χ 2 = p=.001 ** χ 2 = p=.003 ** ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<

219 41.0% 9.2% 40.7% 7.3% 71.3% 50.2% 43.7% 28.1% 23.2% 207

220 208

221

222 ( ) ( ) ( ) 4-5 ( )

223 4-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) 211

224

225 (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) ( 4-1 ) ( ) ( 4-14 ) (a) (b)

226 ( ) 4-5 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 214

227 ( ) ( ) ( ) 215

228 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

229 217 (a) (b) ( ) ( )

230 218

231 53.8% 11.9% 30.6% (93.6%) (90.6%) (82.3%) (73.7%) (71.6%) (70.1%) (57.8%) (50.2%) (49.8%) (39.1%) (33.6%) 219

232 71.6% (19.3%) (4.0%) 41.0% 9.2% 40.7% 57.5% 32.7% 24.5% 52.3% 66.4% 30.9% 220

233 % 44.6% (r=.39) (r=.25) (r=.64) (r=.35) 50.2% (71.2%) (50.2%) (43.7%) 44.1% (w=.570) (w=.205) 14.0%

234 222 ( ) ( ) ( )

235 223

236 ( ) ( ) ( ) 34.4% ( ) 224

237 ( ) ( ) ( ) 225

238 226

239 (1995) 14(1) 1-12 (2002) SAS (1) (2) (1997) 16(3) (1997) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (1996) (2001) - ( ) (1995) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 227

240 ( ) (2001) (2002) (2001) (2000) (2002) (1989) (1995) (1996) (2000) - (1996) (2002) 1995 (1988) (1997) (2002) - (1994) 13(1) (1996) (2000) (2000) ( ) 228

241 ( ) (2001) - (1986) (1991) (2002) (2001) (1995) (2001) - (1983) (1995) (1995) (2002) (2001) - (1990) (1998) (2002) - (1998) (1998) (1996) (1989) (1993) (2002)

242 (1996) (2000) (1995) (2001) - (1994) (1997) (2002) ( ) ( ) (1990) (1998) - 25(1) (1994) (1999) - (2002) ( ) 4(2) ( ) (2000) (1990) (1999) 1999 (1990) 230

243 (1997)

244 Aiken, L.R. (2002). Attitudes and related psychosocial constructs. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior, Action control: From cognition to behavior, J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann, New York: Springer Verlag, Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, Andreas, D., Peter, P. (1998). Environmental behavior: Discrepancies between aspirations and reality. Rationality and Society, 10(1), Arbuthnot, J. (1977). The roles of attitudinal and personality variables in prediction of environmental behavior and knowledge. Environment and Behavior, 9(2), Berger, I.E. (1997). The demographics of recycling and the structure of environmental behavior. Environment and Behavior, 29, Bratt, C. (1999). The impact of norms and assumed consequences on recycling behavior. Environment and Behavior, 31(5), Diamond, W.D., & Loewy, B.Z. (1991), Effects of probabilistic rewards on recycling attitudes and behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, Fishbein, M. & Ajzen, I. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, Inc. Hallin, P. (1995). Environmental concern and environmental behavior in Foley, a small town in Minnesota. Environment and Behavior, 27, Harrison, D.A. (1995). Volunteer motivation and attendance decisions: competitive theory testing in multiple samples from a homeless shelter, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(3), Hines, J.M. (1985). An analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Hines, J.M., Hungerford, H.R. & Tomera, A.N. (1986, 1987). Analysis and synthesis of research on responsible environmental behavior: A meta-analysis. Journal of Environmental Education, 18(2), 1-8. Honnold, J.A. & Nelson, L.D. (1980). A prediction model of support for resource conservation, a report of two empirical tests. Journal of Environmental Relations, 1(2), Hopper, J.R. & Nielsen, J.M. (1991). Recycling as altruistic 232

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