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1 Nev Studies in Qing History No14 [ ],,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] (2003) The Analysis on Personal administration system of tax outposts in Qing Government The administration of Qing Dynastyπs tax outpost is divided into two forms : specific duty and concurrent post. This article will bring to light the general and particular relationship in the personal administration system of tax outposts in Qing Dynasty, through researching the status, rank, selecting ways of specific duty officials and the rule and its change of the status and responsibility of the part - time officials, through analysis on the relationship between the Inner Affair Bu2 reau (Nei Wu Fu) officials and tax outpost supervisors.,, :, ;, :,,, (1724),,,,,,, ;,,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (1964 ),, ;

This article will bring to light the general and particular relationship in the personal administration system of tax outposts in Qing Dynasty, through researching the status, rank, selecting ways of

2 ,,,,, ( ),,, gλ{,,,,,,,,, ( The Macclesfield), (the Second Hoppo),,,, gλω gλξ,, ;,,,,, gλψ,,, gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, gλ},,,,, gλ, :,,,, gλϖ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gµυ,,, :,,,,,, gµϖ gµω, 45

gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, 19 19 gλ},,,,, gλ,

3 ,,,,,,, :,,, gµξ,,,, ; gµψ,,, :,,, gµ{,, :,, gµ{,,, gµ,,,,,,,, 46 :,,,,,,,,, :,, :,,,, :,,,,,,,, gµ}, :,,,,,,,,, gµ,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,,,,,,,,,

4 ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gνυ,,,,,, gνϖ,,, gνω :,,,,,,,,, gνξ,,,, :,,,, gνψ,,,,,,,, ; ;,,, gνζ,, gν{ :,, gν - - -, 21,,,,,,,,,,, gν},, gν,,, gου,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,, ;,, ;,,, ; 47

5 gοϖ,,,,,,,,,,,, gοω :,,,,,,,,,, gοξ :,,,,, :,,,,,, gοψ,,,,,, : ;, ;, 48, ( ),, gοζ :, gο{, :,,,,,,,,, gο,,,,,,,,,, gο},,,,,, 31,,,, :, gο,,,,,,, gπυ,, :, gπϖ,, gπω

6 gπξ,,,,,,,,,, gπψ,,,,,, :,, gπζ,, :,,,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,, ;,,,, gπ{, :, (), gπ,, :,,,,,,,,,,,, gπ},,,,,, gπ, :,,,, : gθυ, gθϖ 41,, gθω, :,, ;,,, ; ;, gθξ,,,,,,,, gθψ, :,,,,, gθζ :,,,,,,,, 49

7 ,,,,, gθ{, gθ, :,,,,, gθ},,,,,,,,, :, gθ,,,, 10,,, :,, :,,,,,,,,,?,,,,, gρυ,, :,,,, :,, ; ; ; 50 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; gρϖ,,,,, :,,, gρω,,,,,,,,,, gρξ gρψ,,,,,,,,,, gρζ,,,,, :,,, gρ{ gρ gρ}

8 ;,,,, 11,,, :,,,,,,,, :, gρ,, ( gσυ ) gσϖ, gσω,,,,,, gσξ,, gσψ,, gσζ gσ{ gσ gσ} gσ gτυ,,, 28, 18, 6, 4 ;, 4 2,,,, gτϖ 21,,,,,,,, gτω ;,,,,,,,, gτξ,,,,, gτψ, :,,, gτζ,,,,,,,,,,, :, : 51

9 ,,,,,,,?,,,,,?,,,,, gτ{,, 11 gτ, 12, 20, 12 10, : ;, :,, gτ} : gτ,, gβκυ,,,,,, :,,, gβκϖ :,,,,,,,,,,, 52,,,,,,,,,, gβκω,,, 60, 14, 41,,,,,, gβκξ,,,, 34,, 17 20, 14 :,, :,,,, gβκψ,, gβκζ,,,, ;,,,,,,,, gβκ{

10 21, gβκ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,?,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (),,,, gβκ},?, gβκ gβλυ,,,,,,,,,,, gβλϖ,,,,,,,,,, gβλω, ;,, ;,,,,,, 53

11 ,, gβλ, 8582 gβλ},, gβλ,, gβµυ gβµϖ 27202,,,,, gβµω, gβµξ gβµψ gβµζ 9279, gβµ{, gβµ, 14, gβµ},, ,,,,, ;,,,, gβµ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβλξ 60, gβλψ,,,, : gβλζ,, gβλ{, :, 72,, 1984 : 56,, 1994 : ( ), 54,, 3, 57, , 527 7, 1248

gβµ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gβλξ 60, gβλψ,,,, : 25250 gβλζ,, 44254

12 ( ; 7, 923 ) ( ; 7, 885 ) (33, ) 15, 316 ; 363,,,,,,,, gλϖ gπ gπ gθϖ gρ gσωgτϖ gβκυ ( ), gλω317 gλξ : 431,, gλψ, :, ( ) 1, 256 gλζ ( ), : ( ) 79,, 1991 gλ{236, 779 gλ 125, 3674 gλ} 26, 5075 gλ 83, 4-5 gµυ54, 426,, 1985 gµϖ 90, 7279 gµωgµξ, gµψ 8, 2062 gµζ gµ gν{ gπζ gθξ236, 780 gµ{236, 780 :,, ; () gµ},,,,,, 26, 5077 gµ gνϖ 26, 5077 gνυ 51, 1843 gνω, gνξ gν 236, gνψ236, 783 gνζ 8, 2062 gν} gν gου gπϖ 90, 7279 gοϖ 236, 781 gοω236, 783 gοξ236, 784 gοψ, gοζ gο} gο{ gπυ gπωgπξ gπψ gθωgρω236, 779 gο gθζ236, 785 gο,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, () gπ} ( ) 595, 626 gθυ ( ) 599, 715 gθψ 26, 5079 gθ{236, gθ 236, 781 gθ}236, 784 gθ ( ) 58, 938 gρυ ( ) 672, 510 gρϖ 236, 788 gρξ42, gρψ43, 525 gρζ43, 771 gρ{,,

gνω, 1984 1 gνξ gν 236, 781-782 gνψ236, 783 gνζ 8, 2062 gν} gν gου gπϖ 90, 7279 gοϖ 236, 781 gοω236, 783 gοξ236, 784 gοψ, 433-434 gοζ gο} gο{ gπυ gπωgπξ gπψ gθωgρω236, 779 gο gθζ236, 785

13 , 786 gρ 236, 783 gρ}, 236, 786 gσυ,,,, (64, 54 ) ; :,,,,,,,,,,,,? (, 671 ) gσϖ,, ( 38, 83 ),,,,, (, 549 ) gσξ 62, 678 gσψ,,,, :,, ( ) gσζ,, (54, 727 ),,,, ( ) 67, ), gσ{, (41, 462 ) gσ, 56 gσ},,, ( 59, 179 ) gσ,,, (66, ) gτυ, ( 57, 819 ) gτω236, gτξ236, 782 gτψ 87, gτζ236, 786 gτ{ 27, 5086 gτ () 1189, gτ} : gτ 2 gβκϖ () 1059, 160 gβκω () 1302, 522 gβκξ gβκζ gβκ} gβλω gβκψ1190, 852 gβκ{ ,, 1998 gβκ, :, ;, : ( ),, ;, : ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ),, ;, : ( ), ;, ( ) ( ) ( ), ( ) gβκ :,,,,,,,

56 gσ},,, ( 59, 179 ) gσ,,, (66, 442 677 789 ) gτυ, ( 57, 819 ) gτω236, 783-784 gτξ236, 782 gτψ 87, 1922-1923 gτζ236, 786 gτ{ 27, 5086 gτ

14 :,,, ( ( ), 200 ),,,, (, 17, 353 ) :,,, :,!! ( ( ) 1433, 17 ),, gβλυ,, :,,, (Boyi),,, (, 641 ),,,, ( 74, 619 ) gβλϖ,, ( ),,,, ;,, 20,,,,,, :??, :,?,,,,,, (, 318 ) gβλξ, gβλψ128 gβλζ, 8 28, 427 gβλ{ 28, 743 gβλ, 30, gβλ}, 48, 603 gβλ, 32, gβµυ, , 29, gβµϖ 10361,, 33, 223 gβµω, 30, gβµξ 6400, 5, 205 gβµψ 949, 5, 207 gβµζ 1930, 11, 556 gβµ{, , gβµ, 38, 548 gβµ} ( ),, , gβµ, 12 % 57

,,,,,,,, 19,,, 19, 19,,,,, 19,, ( ),, (),, 1:,,,,,,,, (1) :, (, ), (), (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,, ; gλξ (3) :,,,,, gλψ,, gλζ, 19, ( ),,, 13,,,, g

,,,,,,,, 19,,, 19, 19,,,,, 19,, ( ),, (),, 1:,,,,,,,, (1) :, (, ), (), (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,, ; gλξ (3) :,,,,, gλψ,, gλζ, 19, ( ),,, 13,,,, g 2006 5 May12006 2 Studies in Q ing H istoryno12 19 [ ] 19 ( ),, () ( ),, 19,, ( GDP),,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2006) - 02-0060 - 15 The Educa tiona l Industry of Hua ting - L ou Area in the Early