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1 May Studies in Q ing H istoryno12 19 [ ] 19 ( ),, () ( ),, 19,, ( GDP),,,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] (2006) The Educa tiona l Industry of Hua ting - L ou Area in the Early N ineteen th Cen tury The education in p re - modern China has been seen lim ited to a small part of the total population and thus can hardly have been regarded as an industry1 But the author of this article challenges this conventional wisdom1 Taking the area of Huating - Lou ( the two Q ing counties of Huating and Lou) as a case, the author hasmade an analysis of the major types of school in this area and their functions, the size of education ( the number of students and teachers in schools of different types), the investment in education, and the position of education as an industry in tocal economy1 The author concludes that considering the number of individuals emp loyed in education and its share in the total emp loyment, as well as the a2 mount of investment and its share in total investment, education had become an important industry by the m id - nineteenth century1,,, ( GDP),,, 20, 19, 20,,,,,,, [ ] [ ] (1949 ),, ;

of this article challenges this conventional wisdom1 Taking the area of Huating - Lou ( the two Q ing counties of Huating and Lou) as a case, the author hasmade an analysis of the major types of

2 ,,,,,,,, 19,,, 19, 19,,,,, 19,, ( ),, (),, 1:,,,,,,,, (1) :, (, ), (), (2 ) :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλϖ, gλω,, ; gλξ (3) :,,,,, gλψ,, gλζ, 19, ( ),,, 13,,,, gλ{ 2 :, 61

3 ,,,,,,, gµω,, :,,, :, ;, gλ,, ;, ( ), ( ),, ( ),, gλ}, 1 :,,,,,, 2 :, gλ () gµυ,,,, ( ), 62 3 :, ( ), gµϖ,,,, gµξ,, gµψ, : ;,,,,,,,, gµζ,, gµ{,,, gµ, gµ} gµ,, 1-2 gνυ, gνϖ, gνω,, ,,,,, 3,, gνξ,,,,,,

gµξ,, gµψ, : ;,,,,,,,, gµζ,, gµ{,,, gµ, 1 000-2 000

4 , gνψ :, :, gνζ,,,,,, gν{,,, ;,,, gν :,,,,,,,,, gν},, gν,,, gου, 115,,, 1 : , :,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) 19,,,,,, gοϖ 19,,,,, gοω,, gοξ,,,,,, gοψ 19, 40, 25 gοζ ; 63

6 115, :,, (),,,,,,,,,,,,, () ( ) 19,,,,,,

5 24, 32, 22 gο{, 128, 104 gο, (Joseph Marrie Am iot), 20 gο}, gπξ,,,, gπψ, gπζ, : 1,,,, 1, ; ( ), 3-4 gπ{ 4, 19 2 ( ), 3 200, 3, 2, 2, 4 ( ) ; 11, gο ( ), ( ) 19 19, 70, 50 gπυ ; 170, 1, 3 3 ( ) 3, 2, 1 3, 12 ( 4 ), ( ),,,, 19 30% gπ gπ} 56 gπ, 38, %, 818, (18 ), 3, , gθυ,,,, gθϖ, gθω, 1: 4, (W illiam A1 P1 Martin) (), 2 000,, 1-2% gπϖ :, gπω, 1 350, 750, ,, 10, 1 000, 1 800,

4 ), ( ),,,, 19 30% gπ 19 10 38 gπ} 56 gπ, 38, 182915 30%, 818, 4 400 (18 ), 3, 13 200, gθυ,,,, gθϖ, 19 3 000 gθω,

6 , 216 gθξ , 1 000,, gθζ gθψ 5 000, ( ) 128 (2 500) (170) ?,?, : (1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ), 1 (1) :, 49, 35,,, ;, gθ{ ; gθ, gθ}, 390, 780 ( ) (2) :, : 45, 200, 45 39, 60, 40 gθ 1, 2, 443, , (3) : 3, 7 ; 2, 2, 12, 4, 712 ; 9718 gρυ (4) :,, 4 gρϖ 64, , ( ),

, : (1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3) ( ), 1 (1) :, 49, 35,,, ;, 2 966 gθ{ ; gθ, 5 8801 854 15 gθ}, 390, 780 ( ) (2) :, :

7 ,,,,,,,,,, gρω 717, 502, 514 gρξ (015/ ), , gρψ, gρζ ,,,, 1 560, :,,, gρ{, ( ),,,, 1 700,, gρ, 817 gρ}, gσ 817 gρ, gσυ,, gσϖ,,, gσω,, , , 5 500, ( ) 19, gσξ, 11,,, (),,, gσψ, 2 500,, gσζ,, 120, 8, 24 gσ{, 5: 1 144, ( 1: 1500), 96,, 350,,,, 1 000,, 500,, 34, 3 12, 408, 2 400

gσυ,, gσϖ,,, 66 34 gσω,, 11 374, 5 461 1 700, 5 500, 7 200 ( ) 19, gσξ, 11,,, (),,, gσψ, 2

8 , ( ) gσ},,,,, gσ 400, 307,,,, 1117, 82618,,,,, gτυ, ;,, gτϖ , 5 280, , ,,, 406,,, , 10,,, 350, 1 400,, ),,,,,,, (:, ;, ),, gτω,, gτξ, 30, gτψ, ( 480 ), , 215, 19 21, 2 130, 1 054, 1 048, 35, gτζ, ; , 129 gτ{ ; gτ gτ}, 685,, 3 602, , 12 gτ,, gβκυ,, gβκϖ, 1 093,, (4 700) (,, gβκω,,, () 3 800, ,, 67

1 208 982, 215, 19 21, 2 130, 1 054, 1 048, 35, 141 482 gτζ, 1 048 2 788 ; 141 482, 129 gτ{ ; 2 917 gτ

9 ( ),,, 19, 112 ( ), 19,, 11 ( ) ( ) ( ),,,, gβκξ, 19 (Martin M iller), gβκψ 19 34,, 85, 425 gβκζ,,,, gβκ{,,,,, ;,,,, gβκ, 40, gβκ}, 40, 19, 34, 50 gβκ,, , 50-67, gβλυ ( ) 100, 50 gβλϖ, 50 gβλω, 50 gβλξ 19, , gβλψ, 100, 50 gβλζ 5 000, 3 000,, ( ),, 50, , , ( ), 1 800, gβλ{, 4,

60 000-80 000, 50-67, gβλυ ( ) 100, 50 gβλϖ, 50 gβλω, 50 gβλξ 19, 50 115, gβλψ, 100, 50

10 3 19 ( ) ( ) ( ) , gβλ,, 2 ( ) 5 000, 1,, , , ( ) 19, 19,, : , 26, ( GDP) 790 gβλ} : 1 19 (), 4 000, 119% 216, (56) 416%, 6-16(1417) 1717%, , (5 ) 217% gβλ 4 19, 1 2,, 113, 3 ; 113, 7 ; gβµυ, 6 ; 300 gβµϖ, 115, : , %, 10, 1415, gβµω , GDP (790) 716%, 018, GDP (14 ) 517%, 1995 GDP 69

1930 1 333, (5 ) 217% gβλ 4 19, 1 2,, 113, 3 ; 113, 7 ; 2 500 gβµυ, 6 ; 300 gβµϖ, 115, : 13 000 3 39 000 13 000 7 91 000 2 500

11 , 2141% gβµξ, gβµψ, GDP ( gβµζ ) 014%, 19, 20 ( ), 1,, 66, 163 gβµ{, gβµ,,, 19, gβµ}, :,,,,, ;,,, ;,,,, gβµ,,,, gβνυ,, 2, , gβνϖ,,, gβνω, gβνξ, gβνψ 19 gβνζ 10, ( 26 ) 38%,,, ( ), gβν{,, gβν, gβν},, ( ) gβν,, :, ( GDP),,,, (, ), 70

gβνυ,, 2, 1823-29, gβνϖ,,, gβνω, gβνξ, gβνψ 19 gβνζ 10, ( 26 )

12 gβµξ gβµψ:, gβλ gβµω gβµζ Angus Maddison: Chinese Econom ic Per2 formance in the Long Run, Development Centre of The Ogranisation for Econom ic Co - Operation and Develop2 ment ( Paris), 1998, Tables 3-7, 3-9, C - 4, D - 1, C - 5 : :, () 20034,, 1725, 1725,,,,,,, ( 1912 ) 3 ( 1914 ), 1959,, 1998,, -, gπ gσωgβκ} gβλ () gβλ} gβνζ , 43 gτω , ; ( ) 106 gλϖ gλξ gο :, () 1984, 104 ; 105 ; 89 gλω,, 24 gλψ 69, 10 gλζ Angela Leung: Elementary Education in the Lower Yangtze Region in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centu2 ries, in Papers in Social Sciences ( Taipei), No194-5 gλ{ : (1), (2) 16,,,, ( : % %, 28,, 1997 ) gλ :, 18, () 2002, 545 gλ},, gλ :, ( ) 2004, 55 gµυ,, gµϖ 15,,,,,, 25,,, :, gµω : : ( ) gµξ, : % % gµψ gµζ:,, 27, 56 gµ{, : gµ :,,,,,, :,, () 1985, 668 gµ} :,,,, :,, (), 1936, 0986, 1 gµ, ( : < >, :, <>

104 ; 105 ; 89 gλω,, 24 gλψ 69, 10 gλζ Angela Leung: Elementary Education in the Lower Yangtze Region in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centu2 ries, in Papers in Social Sciences ( Taipei), No194-5

13 ) gνυ,,,, ( : % % ( Evelyn Rawski), ( Evelyn Rawski: Education and Popular L iteracy in Ch ing China, University of M ichigan Press, (Ann A rbor, 1979, 23 ),,, ( : % %, <> 2000, 92 ) 1-2 ( :, 55 ) gνϖ, gνω,,, ( 21 ) gνξ gν gπψ :, () 1998, ; 317 ; 259 gνψ,, () 1979, 1089 gνζ gν{:, () 1989, 172 gν} gν :, 55 gου25, ( ), 382, gοϖ 1, 5, 3, 17, gοω 1 gοξ,, :, (), gοψ gο} gπϖ gπω : % %, () 1991,, ; 108 ; 101 ; 100 gοζ 17 : :,, ; 72, gο{ 31 ( 8 ), 14, 14, ; 16, 11 ; 10, 10, 16, 11 ; 102 gο 6 gπυ 5:,, (4 ) ;,, gπξ gπ{ gρ gσ gβκξ gβκψ gβλυ gβλϖ :, 2001, 108 ; 108 ; 39 ; ; 101 ; 101 ; 100 ; 101 gπζ,, ( 1),, ( 1 : ),, 19 : % %, 99 gπ} ( : :, , <> 2000, ), () 3615 () J1 C1 Yuan ( : % %, 105 ), () 3917 (), 38 ( 2 ) gθυ,, ( 8 ), gθϖ , 100, 3-4 ( :, 89, 100 ), 2, 5 ; 3, 715 ; 5, 1215

1991,, 82-84 ; 108 ; 101 ; 100 gοζ 17 : :,, ; 72, gο{ 31 ( 8 ), 14, 14, ; 16, 11 ; 10, 10, 16, 11 ; 102 gο 6 gπυ 5:,, (4 ) ;,, gπξ gπ{ gρ gσ gβκξ gβκψ gβλυ gβλϖ :, 2001, 108 ; 108 ; 39 ; 93-94 ; 101

14 gθω , 10,, 2 560, 3 000, 85%, gθξ,,, ( ), gθψ:,, <> 1980, 28 :, 89 gθζ ( :, 106 ), gθ{ 17, 5 gθ 24 1: 1727, 3 1: 1510: % %, : 5, (),, 1991 gθ} 1124, 15 gθ 25 :, ( ) 1996, 541 gρυ gρϖ 6 gρωgτζ 30 gρξ 31, gρψ , 2166 gρζ , ; , ( , ), 0112, , , 0144 gρ{, gρ} 45, 200, 39, gρ 7 ; 12, 712 ; 817 gσυ :, ( ) 2003, 118 gσϖ:,, :,, gσξ 7 :,, gσψ gσζ gβκϖ 8 gσ{ gβκω gβκ 7 gσ},,, ,,, gσ : ( 11 ), :, () 1980, 491 gτυ :,, gτϖ:,, () 1998, gτξ12%, gτψ31: 1510, 41: : 1500 gτ{ : : : 1100 gτ, gτ} 5 gτ 31 gβκυ : : : : : 1100, gβκζ, 85 gβκ{ :, (), gβκ,, 73

172 gρ 7 ; 12, 712 ; 817 gσυ :, ( ) 2003, 118 gσϖ:,, :,, 90 113 gσξ 7 :,, gσψ gσζ gβκϖ 8 gσ{ gβκω gβκ 7 gσ},,, 20 3024,,, gσ : ( 11 ), :, () 1980, 491 gτυ :,, 489-490 gτϖ:,, () 1998,

15 19, gβλω,, (, 895, ) 12 18, 7, (, <> 1971, 12),, 1215, 8 (: ),, 12(1 /5, 214 ) 1414,, 1813, 916 gβλξ, 5: 1 gβλψ ( ), 50 22, 415,, 11 ( ),, ( ) 50 gβλζ, 19,, gβλ{,,, gβµυ, gβµϖ gβµ{ 13 gβµ 5, gβµ} :,,,, (, :, 88 ), gβµ 8, :, 90 (, ),, gβνυ,, ( ), ( ), gβνϖ gβνω, gβνξ :, , <> 2000, 137 gβνψ, (:, <> , <> ),, gβν{ gβν 1,, :, : ( 1 ), () 2005,, gβν} ( over - commercialization), Mark Elvin: The Pattern of the Chinese Past, Stanford University Press ( Stanford), 1973, 277 gβν : 12,,,,?,,,, 74

gβνυ,, ( ), ( ), gβνϖ gβνω, gβνξ :, 1550-1850, <> 2000, 137 gβνψ, (:, <> 1996 8, <> 20002 ),, gβν{ gβν 1,, :, : ( 1 ), () 2005,, gβν}

,,,,, ( ),,, gλ{,,,,,,,,, ( The Macclesfield), (the Second Hoppo),,,, gλω gλξ,, ;,,,,, gλψ,,, gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, 19 19 gλ},,,,, gλ, :,,,, gλϖ,

,,,,, ( ),,, gλ{,,,,,,,,, ( The Macclesfield), (the Second Hoppo),,,, gλω gλξ,, ;,,,,, gλψ,,, gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, 19 19 gλ},,,,, gλ, :,,,, gλϖ, 2003 11 Nev12003 4 Studies in Qing History No14 [ ],,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0044 - 14 The Analysis on Personal administration system of tax outposts in Qing Government The administration