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1 May Studies in Qing History No12 3 [ ] : [ ] [ ] K249 [ ] A [ ] (2005) Water Resource Environment and Social Change in the Upper Hanshui River Region during the Qing Period This essay explores the integral relationship between state and local society and delineates the evolution of local soci2 ety the ecological - environmental and financial and economic basis of irrigations systems through a case study of weir - ditch irrigation in Hanzhong Prefecture in the Upper Hanshui River region during the Qing period1 Weir - ditch irrigation in Hanzhong Prefecture is also examined against the background of long - term local physical and social changes1 The au2 thor argues that the obvious erosion of the water resource environment in Hanzhong during the mid - and late Qing period was the result of the interaction of multiple factors1 It was closely related not only to immigrants opening up of the re2 gion which hastened the speed of erosion but also to the region s geological and geomorphic features as well as climate changes1 The Qing period saw the steady increase of irrigation works constructed by local communities along with a ten2 dency for local managers to assume control of irrigation works previously administered by the government1 These trends coincided with alterations in the physical environment fiscal and financial reforms and changes in the management of ir2 rigation organizations which demonstrated a downward shift social control and the government s increasingly indirect control of irrigation systems and local society1 [ ] [ ] (1968 ) ;

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20 gρ{ gρ gβοξ : gβλυ gσω gσ} ( ) : 3 gβλϖ gσ ( ) : 3 26 gτυ gτζ 24 6 ; gτϖ gτω 2 17 gτξ : ; gτψ gτ{ 12 1 gτ 3 6 gτ} 531 gβλ gτ : 46 gβµυ gβµ ( ) : gβκυ gβµ} gβµ gβνω gβοω gβκϖ : 46 gβνϖ gβν 8048 gβκω : gβνψ ( ) : gβκξ ( ) : ( gβν} ) gβκψ ( ) : gβκζ ( ) : gβκ{ ( ) : 7-8 gβκ gβκ gβλω 2 ; ; gβλξ 11 9 gβλζ 10 1 gβλ ( ) : ( ) ; ( ) gβλ} gβνζ ( ) : 2 28 gβου ( ) : gβοψ 20

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,,,,, ( ),,, gλ{,,,,,,,,, ( The Macclesfield), (the Second Hoppo),,,, gλω gλξ,, ;,,,,, gλψ,,, gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, 19 19 gλ},,,,, gλ, :,,,, gλϖ, 2003 11 Nev12003 4 Studies in Qing History No14 [ ],,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0044 - 14 The Analysis on Personal administration system of tax outposts in Qing Government The administration