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筏亚康
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1 Feb Studies in Qing History No11 [ ] : ; ; ; [ ] [ ] D929 [ ] A [ ] (2004) Suzerain - vassal State Relationships in the Qing Dynasty Research on the suzerain - vassal state relationship in the Qing dynasty has been the subject of much attention in the academic circles1 This article examines the origins, semiotics, and legal principles of the suzerain - vassal state relationship in the Qing dynasty1 The author puts forward some innovative viewpoints1 :,, ( Hugo, ) ( Savigny, ) ( Puchta, ) (Maine, ), ( ),,,,, (pecu2 liar of genius),, [ ] [ ] (1966 ),, ;

examines the origins, semiotics, and legal principles of the suzerain - vassal state relationship in the Qing dynasty1 The author puts forward some innovative

2 ,,,,,,,,, : (,, ),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,, :, ( ) ;,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Barbarian, Macedonia Actolian : (Barbarian),, Hostis, Hostis,, (a concentric hierarchy),,,,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 22 :,

3 ,,,, 221,, (1985 ),,, (1957 ) (1958 ) (1968 ),, :,,,,, (,, ),,, ;,,,, ;,,, (1879),,,, :,,,,,, ( ),,, ;, 751,, gλϖ,, 23

4 ,,,,,,,, ( ),,,,, ;,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,,,,, gλω,, ( 16 ),, :, 24,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, (imagining of empire), 1706,,?,? : :, : gλψ,,, gλξ

5 ;,,, 1740, :,,,, gλζ,, :,,, gλ{ (1764) :? gλ,,, gλ}, (1589),, (1393),,, gλ,,,, gµυ,, :,,,, (1597) (1605) : gµϖ ( 1616),, abka geren gurun be ujikini seme sindaha genggiyen han (, ), aisin gurun (, ),,,,, gµω,,,,,,, :,? :, gµξ, (1599),,, (1593) 25

6 ,,,, ( The Colonial ( ),,, gµ{, (1606 ) ( Kundulen han,,, ) ; (1636),, ( daicing gu2 run),, ( gosin onco h waliyasun enduringge han), ( ), (monggo jurgan ),,, (1638)?, ( ) ( ), gµψ Tulergi Golo be dasara jur2 26 gan ( ), Gadaradu Mongroluntor - yiujasha yabual un yamon ( ) ( 1975 ) gµζ Board),,,,,,,,,,,,

7 ,,,,, 17,, ( ) ( ),,, ;, gµ,,,,,, ( ) ),,, ( ) gµ,, :,, : gνυ,, :,, gνϖ,,, gνω,,,,,,,, gνξ,, (, 27

8 gνψ,,,,,,,,,,,, gνζ,, 397 gν, gου, :,, ;,,, ( ),,, : :,,, ;, 28,,,, gν{, :, gν,,, :,,,,,,,,, gν},, ( 1691 ),,,,, gοϖ (1721) ( ) ( ),, (signed) (signer)

9 : (the Inner Mongolia) ;,,,,,,,,, gοω Mark Mancall (the Board of Rites) (the Li - fan yuan) : (the societies of the northwest2 ern Crescent) (the China proper),, ; ( the southeastern Crescent) gοξ, (1661),, ;, (inclusion without rul2 ing), :, ;, gοψ,,,, ( ), :,,,,,,,,,,, gοζ (the Outer Mongolia) ( ) ( ), ;,,,,,,,, gο{,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ( ),,, gο, gο},,,,,, 29

southeastern Crescent) gοξ, (1661),, ;, (inclusion without rul2 ing), :, ;, gοψ,,,, ( ),

10 ,,,,,, :,, (accounts of foreign countries), 1800 (experience of interstate rela2 tionship) gο (equal adver2 saries), :, :,,,,,,,,, < > :,,, gπυ ( ), 30, ( Korea) (Loochow) ( Annam) ( Siam) ( Sulu) (Burma), gπϖ 39 :,,,,,,,, gπω, gπξ, : (1), ; :,,,,,,, (2), :,,,, ( ) ;,,, ;,, gπψ :,, 97 :,,,

:,,, gπυ ( ), 30, ( Korea) (Loochow) ( Annam) ( Siam) ( Sulu) (Burma),

11 , sovereign states) 20,,,, ( Protected states) (vas2,,, :, :, ( ;, ) ;, ( ) gπζ (modernist fiction), gπ{ ;, : ( ) ( ),,,,, (3), gπ,,, ( half - sovereign states Semi - sovereign states) (Wheaton) ( Element of International Law, ) :,, gπ},, ( Part - : sal states), ( member state of a staatenbund),, ( Protec2 torate), (Suzerainty),,,, gπ : (Vassal state) (protected state), gθυ, :,, 31

(Wheaton) ( Element of International Law, ) :,, gπ},, ( Part - : sal states), ( member state of

12 ,, gθϖ,,,,,,,,,, Tributary and Vassal states, (the free city of Cracow) (the United states of the Ionian Islands),,,,, 32,,,, The Principalities of Moldavia, Wallachia, and Servia, under t he Suzerainet of the Ottoman Porte and the protec2 torate of Russia, as defined by t he successive treaties between these two powers, confirmed by the treaty of Adrianople, gθω,, ; ;,, gθξ,,,,,, gθψ, evolution ( )

Suzerainet of the Ottoman Porte and the protec2 torate of Russia, as defined by t he successive

13 ,, :, (1894),,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, gθζ,,, (suzerain), (suzeraint ),,,, gθ{, 1934 :,,,, ( Indian Vassal States of Great Britain),, gθ :, gθ} :,,,,,,,, gθ 70,,,,, gρυ 33

14 ,,,,, ( 1882) ( Duclere) :,,, gρϖ,, ;,, ;,,,, ;, gρω (the ritual order), (celestial Em2 pire),, gρξ, ( ),, ;, ; ; ;,,,, :,, gρ}, :,, ( ), (1696), 34,,,, ( ),,, gρψ gρζ,,,,,,,,, gρ{,, (1697),,,,, ;, :,?,! gρ,,,, :,,,

15 ,,, gρ, ; ( ), gσυ De Pouvourville :,,?,, gσϖ :,,, gσω,,,,,,,,, 1840,, :, ;,,,,,,,,,, gσξ,,,,, :, gσψ,, ;, gρψ gρ{ , 1985, genetic theory genetic study ( Geneva school, ) 35

;,,,,,,,,,, gσξ,,,,, :, gσψ,, ;, gρψ gρ{ 72

16 (Jean Piapeth, ) ( The principles of Genetic Epistemology),,,,,, :,, ;,,,,, ( geneology) ;,, ;,,,, embryology ( 7, 1995 ) (, ) Frank Dikgtter, The Discourse of Race in Modern Chi2 na, P5, London, , , 1990 (,1960 ), 1975 Fairbank : The Chinese World Order : Traditional Chi2 na s Foreign Relations, Harvard University Pr., 1974, P2. gλϖ, ,,,,,, 36,, (, 6, ),, 211 :,,,,,, 17,,,, gλω,, 101, 1972 gλξ,20, 20 (linguistic turn), (pragmatic turn) 1938,,,,,,,,,, ( Grammar), ( M. Foucault ), ( thick depic2 tion),,,,,,, : (Der Gerbruch ist der Meister) (Derri2 da) : :, gλψ

2 50, 1931 26, 1990 (,1960 ), 1975 Fairbank : The Chinese World Order : Traditional Chi2 na s Foreign Relations, Harvard University Pr., 1974, P2.

17 2001, 11, gλζ 5, 115, 1980 gλ{ 43, 1989 gλ, 116, 1989 gλ} 88,, 1986 gλ ( ), 1980, 112 gµυ 34-35, 1995 gµϖ,, gµω 10, 1988 gµξ,, 692, 1980 gµψ, gµζ ,4 gµ{, 3, 1984, 167 gµ (, 1955 ) :,, ( ),,,,? gµ},, 1984, 153 gµ,, 1985,, 35 gνυ 10, 1980 gνϖ 48, 10 gνω gνξ,, 1998, 99, 87 gνψ, 1992, gνζ 5, 19 gν{, gν, 1994, 134 gν} 518 gν,,, gου 31 :,,,,, gοϖ 1986, 57 gοω 91, gοξmark Mancall : The Ch ing Tribute System : an Inter2 pretive Essay, The Chinese World Order, P :,,,, the China proper,, gοψ 39, gοζ gο{ gο gο} 3, 1984 gο Yang Lien - sheng, Historical Notes on the Chinese World Order, in The Chinese World Order P21. gπυ ( ) 52, (,1897) (,1898) gπϖ, 55, 2000 gπω 39, gπξ,,,, ( ),,,,,,,,,,, gπψ 56, 37

gµ},, 1984, 153 gµ,, 1985,, 35 gνυ 10, 1980 gνϖ 48, 10 gνω 166-176 gνξ,, 1998, 99, 87 gνψ, 1992, 68-70 gνζ 5, 19 gν{, 1996 6 gν, 1994, 134 gν} 518 gν,,, gου 31 :,,,,, gοϖ 1986, 57 gοω

18 80 :,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ;, ; 56 gπζ 13, 1959 gπ{,, gπ ( ) ( 72, 1997 ) ( ) 104 ( 78, 1992 ) gπ},, 9-10 gπ, 1933, 60 gθυ Oppenheim s International Law, Longman, 1992, P267 gθϖ P. Pic, Le R gime du Mandat d apres le trait de Versailes, Revue G nerale de Droit International Public, Vol. 30,1923, P334. gθω 17 Henry Wheaton Elements of International Law P47. gθξ, 365, ,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,? gθψ < >, < >, 26, 1997 gθζ, ( ), 28-29, :,,,,,, gθ{, 60, 1933 gθ Hevia, Cherishing Men from Afar : Qing guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793, P24. Duke Univer2 sity Press, gθ},,, 1899, 3 gθ 38 gρυ,,, 4-5 gρϖ,, 248, 1996 gρω, 133, 1992 gρξ, gρζ ( ), 1, 67, 1984 gρ,, 1980, 49 gρ}, gρ :,, 1999, 38 gσυ Michael Akehurst,A Modern Introduction to Interna2 tional Law, George Allen & Unwin Ltd,1984,P55. gσϖ Revue g n rale de Droit International Public ( 1898), V, P209. gσω1, 1991 ( ) gσξ, 1982, gσψ,1972, 2003

gθξ, 365, 1931 33 169 39 9,, :,,,,,,,,,,,,?

,,,,, ( ),,, gλ{,,,,,,,,, ( The Macclesfield), (the Second Hoppo),,,, gλω gλξ,, ;,,,,, gλψ,,, gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, 19 19 gλ},,,,, gλ, :,,,, gλϖ,

,,,,, ( ),,, gλ{,,,,,,,,, ( The Macclesfield), (the Second Hoppo),,,, gλω gλξ,, ;,,,,, gλψ,,, gλζ,, 11,,,,,,,,,, gλ 19,, 19 19 gλ},,,,, gλ, :,,,, gλϖ, 2003 11 Nev12003 4 Studies in Qing History No14 [ ],,, [ ] [] K249 [] A [ ] 1002-8587 (2003) - 03-0044 - 14 The Analysis on Personal administration system of tax outposts in Qing Government The administration