Albrecht et al2003 Rica et al Urban Household Survey UHS UHS2000 UHS glass ceiling effect 2 sticky floor effect 3 4

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永瓦陈
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1 20 6 * Meng % 52. 5% Liu et al 2000 Gustaffon & Li % % Meng & Miller995 Maurer-Fazio & Hughes2002 Rozelle et al * geyuhao@ ruc. edu. cn ruc. edu. cn 09CJY030 09YJC &ZD043 45

2 Albrecht et al2003 Rica et al Urban Household Survey UHS UHS2000 UHS glass ceiling effect 2 sticky floor effect 3 46

3 20 6 UHS 988 UHS UHS 2000 UHS UHS / % % % % 28. 5% % % 2. 5% % % % % % % % % % % % % UHS

4 / Albrecht et al 2003 Rica et al2004 Albrecht et 2006 Kunze UHS

5 20 6 UHS Oaxaca973 2 Oaxaca Machado & Mata2005 Machado & Mata fβ m β m 2 X m X m 2 X m X m 2 β m β m 2 m fβ f β f 2 X f X f 2 / fβ f β f 2 X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m 2 3 fβ m X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m 2 Oaxaca 4 3 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ m X m X m 2 3 Oaxaca Zhang et al2008 JMP Chi & Li2008 Firpo et al2007 RIFrecentered influence function Machado & Mata Oaxaca 3 49

6 fβ f β f 2 X f X f m 2 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ m X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ f β f 2 X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m fβ f β f 2 X f X f m 2 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ β f 2 X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ m β f 2 X f X f m 2 fβ m X m X m 2 fβ X f X f 2 fβ m X m X m 2 Machado & Mata OLS OLS OLS OLS 4 OLS OLS OLS 50

7 OLS f f β f β f 2 X f X f 2 5 f m β m X m X m 2 f fβ m X f X f 2 f m β m X m X m Oaxaca973 D = W m / W f - W m / W f 0 6 W m / W f 0 6 5

11 β gender = lnw m lnw f X r = w f w m = exp- β gender 96 r UHS2000 UHS

12 AlbrechtJ. A. Bjorklund and S. Vroman2003 Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden Journal of Labor Economics AlbrechtJ. A. Vuuren and S. Vroman2006 Counterfactual Distributions with Sample Selection AdjustmentsEconometric Theory and Application to the Netherlands Working Paper. ChiW. and B. Li Glass Ceiling or Sticky FloorExamining the Gender Earnings Differential across the Earnings Distribution in Urban China Journal of Comparative Economics GustafssonB. and S. Li2000 Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China Journal of Population Economics KoenkerR. and G. Bassett978 Regression Quantiles Econometrica KunzeA Gender Wage Gap StudiesConsistency and Decomposition Working Paper. LiuP. X. Meng and J. Zhang2000 Sectoral Gender Wage Differences and Discrimination in the Transitional Chinese Economy Journal of Population Economics MachadoJ. and J. Mata2005 Counterfactual Decomposition of Changes in Wage Distributions Using Quantile Regression Journal of Applied Econometrics Mauer FazioM. and J. Hughes2002 The Effects of Market Liberalization on the Relative Earnings of Chinese Women Journal of Comparative Economics MengX. 998 Male - Female Wage Determination and Gender Wage Discrimination in China s Rural Industrial Sector Labor Economics MengX. and P. Miller995 Occupational Segregation and Its Impact on Gender Wage Discrimination in China s Rural Industrial Sector Oxford Economic Papers

13 Business Group and R&D Investment An Analysis from the Perspective of Knowledge Spillover and Internal Capital Market Huang Jun and Chen Xinyuan The Institute of Accounting and FinanceShanghai University of Finance and Economics AbstractIn this paper we use China industrial corporate data to study the influence of group structurea popular economic form of firm in emerging marketupon one firm s R&D investment. We find that group affiliation can increase firm motivation in R&D through increasing the multiplier effect of R&D investment and decreasing financing cost. This conclusion is strongly evidenced in weaker property protection areas. Furtherour analysis supports that R&D activity of business group has a spillover effect. That isthe technology improvement of group firm is not only attributed to its own R&D investmentbut to R&D investment of other group members. FinallyR&D expenditure by group firm is positively correlated with cash flow of other group members through the internal capital market. Key WordsBusiness GroupR&D InvestmentProperty RightsKnowledge Spillover JEL ClassificationG30O32O33 檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵檵 56 OaxacaR. 973 Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets International Economic Review RicaS. J. Dolado and V. Llorens2004 Ceilings or FloorsGender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain Working Paper. RozelleS. X. DongL. Zhang and A. Mason2002 Gender Wage Gaps in Post - Reform Rural China Working Paper. ZhangJ. J. HanP. Liu and Y. Zhao Trends in the Gender Earnings Differential in Urban China Industrial & Labor Relations Review The Effect of Marker Discrimination on Gender Wage Gap in Urban China Ge Yuhao and Zeng Xiangquan School of Labor and Human ResourcesRenmin University of China AbstractThis paper examines gender wage gap in urban China using a counterfactual analysis based on quantile regression. We have three main findings in this paper. Firstthe degree of gender wage gap varies with the positions of wage distribution. The gap is big in lower positions and small in higher positions of the wage distribution. The trend of the gap varies with the positions too. The gap is bigger and bigger in lower positions and the opposite occurs in higher positions. Secondfemale workers in lower positions suffer more discrimination and those in higher positions suffer less discriminationwhich can account for why the gap is big in lower positions and small in higher positions. Third the reason why the gap is bigger and bigger in lower positions is that female workers there face more and more discrimination. The reason why the gap is smaller and smaller in higher positions is that the difference of productivity characteristics such like educationbetween male and female workers gets smaller and smaller in higher positions. Key WordsWage DistributionGender Wage GapQuantile Regression JEL ClassificationJ6J3J7 92

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