Knight & Song 1993 Zhang et al % Meng 2000 Walder Meng 2000 Meng

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "1988 2007 Knight & Song 1993 Zhang et al. 2005 1981 1984 10 1 1994 5% Meng 2000 Walder 1987 1989 1986 1992 2 3 2005 1986 Meng 2000 Meng 2000 1985 1992"

紊淑黄
7 years ago
Views:

1 * Simon Appleton CHIP Machado & Mata % 13. 5% 12. 9% 20. 2% 17. 0% 16. 4% China Household Income Projects CHIP Machado & Mata 2005 * qingjie. xia@ pku. edu. cn lishi@ bnu. edu. cn Lina. nottingham. ac. uk Simon Appleton nottingham. ac. uk JZD

4% 2012 1999-2009 1988 1995 2002 2007 China Household Income Projects CHIP Machado & Mata 2005 *

2 Knight & Song 1993 Zhang et al % Meng 2000 Walder Meng 2000 Meng % % Naughton Appleton et al % % Naughton GDP Naughton % % 6. 5% 25. 1% Meng 2000 CHIP

20 90 20 90 1992 1993 11 20 90 3 12 2003 2818 2004 50% 20 90 12 2004 3. 2 74% Naughton 2007 4 5 Appleton et al.

3 CHIP 30% CHIP CHIP CHIP CHIP Griffin & Zhao 1993 Riskin et al Li & Sato 2006 Gustafsson et al CHIP CHIP CHIP 129

44 2 CHIP 1988 1995 2002 2007 CHIP CHIP 1988 31 10 1995 11 2002 12 2007 9 CHIP

4 CHIP Linge & Forbes CHIP CHIP quantile regression Mincer 1973 X it θ 0 1 Q θ lnw it X it i t θ Q θ lnw it X it = X' it β it θ X it Fleischer & Yang Appleton et al % 130

2 2002 1995 1995 2002 1995 2007 2002 2002 1995 1988 1995 2007 1.

5 β it θ β it θ n -1 Σ n i = 1 ρ θ lnw it - X' it β it θ ρ θ ε = θε ε 0 { θ - 1 ε ε < 0 ρ θ εcheck function ε Koenker 2005 Angrist & Pischke 2009 OLS 1 outliers OLS OLS OLS OLS Koenker & Bassett Buchinsky 1994 Koenker & Hallock 2001 Knight & Song 2003 Machado & Mata Qu & Zhao 2008 Angist & Pischke 2009 ε θ 1 i ε θ 2 i ε θ n i Hao & Naiman 2007 bootstrap Kocherginsky et al rent-sharing theories Chernozhukov & Hansen 2006 Chernozhukov & Hansen 2006 Albrecht et al CHIP MM MM Koenker & Bassett 1978 OLS Deaton

2007 2008 Qu & Zhao 2008 Angist & Pischke 2009 ε θ 1 i ε θ 2 i ε θ n i Hao & Naiman 2007 bootstrap Kocherginsky et al.

6 CHIP Machado & Mata 2005 counterfactual decomposition MM MM α f w 1 - α f w 0 = α f * + α f * w 1 - α covariate f * w 1 X 0 - α f * w 0 coefficients w 1 X 0 + residual 3 f w t t w i t w marginal density f * w t t w * i t w * t = 0 1f * w 1 X 0 t = 1 t = 0 f * w 1 X i 0 t = 1 X i t = 0 x i α f * w 1 - α f * w 1 x i 0 4 MM β i α f * w 0 β i 1 - α f * w 0 5 f * w 0 β i 1 t = 0 x i t = 1 β i 1 t = 0 w 5 MM Oaxaca 1973 index number problem 1 MM w * i t n θ i n ^β t θ i 2 X t n n t = 1 w * i t = x * i t ' ^β t θ i n t = 1 x * i Machado & Mata 2005 MM CHIP 1 Yun Oaxaca 2 Machado & Mata n θ i Albrecht et al Rica et al

w marginal density f * w t t w * i t w * t = 0 1f * w 1 X 0 t = 1 t = 0 f * w 1 X i 0 t = 1 X i t = 0 x i α f * w 1 - α f * w 1 x i 0 4 MM β i α f * w 0 β i 1 - α f * w 0 5 f * w

7 % CHIP % CHIP % % % CHIP OLS % % % % 13% % 16% 11% 95%

8 CHIP % 95 8% 14% % 17% 24% Chamberlin

95 34% 17% 24% 1988 1995 1995 1988 20 90 Chamberlin 1994

9 % % % % Oaxaca-Blinder % 44% % Oaxaca-Blinder Huang % % % FDI 530 OECD FDI Appleton et al CHIPs OLS Oaxaca-Blinder STATA decomp decomp Ian Watson Blinder 1973 Oaxaca-Blinder positive discrimination Oaxaca- Blinder decomp reverse decomposition 135

9800 2004 2009 1. 45 2010 Huang 2008 90 2 1992 26% 2001 68% 2007 78% 1993 2002 2008 3 2003 FDI 530 OECD 2004 2009 FDI 900 2010 Appleton et al.

10 Oaxaca-Blinder E C U % 1 R E + C + U D C + U % E / R % D / R U = D = C + U Appleton et al MM CHIP MM p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p90 / p50 p50 / p CHIP

7 57. 0 55. 6 19. 2 2002 % D / R 43. 3 43. 0 44. 4 80. 8 2007 1 2002 2 U = D = C + U 2002 2002 2007 2005 1997 Appleton et al.

11 p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p50 / p10 p90 / p50 p50 / p p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p90 / p p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p90 / p MM MM 3 4 CHIP % 79% % % % MM MM % 65% 3 MM MM % 20% 90%

014 p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p90 / p50 1995-2002 2002-2007 2002 2007 0. 003 2002 0.

12 MM 5 MM 10% 20% 30% 90% 5 3 MM p90 / p p75 / p p90 / p p50 / p = - 2 = - 4 MM p90 / p p75 / p p90 / p p50 / p = - 2 =

04-0. 01-0. 01 0. 02 p50 / p10 0. 06 0. 01 0. 01 0. 00-0. 04-0. 06 1 = - 2 = - 4 MM 1988 1995 1995 2002 2002 2007 1988 1995 1995 2002 2002 2007 0. 003-0. 014 0. 002-0. 001 0. 007 0. 008 2. 14-4. 55 1.

13 MM MM MM 5 MM p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p90 / p50 p50 / p10 p90 / p10 p75 / p25 p90 / p50 p50 / p MM

02 0. 04-0. 01 0. 77-0. 4 0. 004 0. 03 0. 03 0. 02 0. 00 0. 79-0. 4 0. 006 0. 04 0. 00 0. 01 0. 00 0. 77-0. 5 0. 003 0. 02 0. 01 0. 01 0. 00 0. 79-0. 5 0. 004 0. 19 0. 02 0. 03 0. 06 0. 77-0. 6 0.

14 MM % % 30% M http / / www. mof. gov. cn / pub / caizhengbuzhuzhan / zhengwuxinxi / diaochayanjiu / / t _ html Kernel

15 http / / www. chinanews. com. cn / cj / news /2010 /05-21 / shtml S. Appleton S. Appleton Albrecht J. A. van Vuuren and S. Vroman 2009 Counterfactual Distributions with Sample Selection Adjustments Econometric Theory and An Application to the Netherlands Labor Economics Albrecht J. A. Bj rklund and S. Vroman 2003 Is There a Glass Ceiling in Sweden Journal of Labor Economics Angrist J. D. and J. Pischke 2009 Mostly Harmless Econometrics An Empiricist s Companion Princeton Princeton University Press. Appleton S. J. Knight L. Song and Q. Xia 2004 Contrasting Paradigms Segmentation and Competitiveness in the Formation of the Chinese Labour Market Journal of Chinese Economics and Business Studies Appleton S. L. Song and Q. Xia 2005 Has China Crossed the River The Evolution of Wage Structure in Urban China during Reform and Retrenchment Journal of Comparative Economics Blinder A. S Wage Discrimination Reduced Form and Structural Estimates Journal of Human Resources Buchinsky M Changes in the U. S. Wage Structure Application of Quantile Regression Econometrica Cai F. A. Park and Y. Zhao 2008 The Chinese Labor Market in the Reform Era in Loren Brandt and Thomas Rawski eds. China s Great Economic Transformation Cambridge University Press. Chamberlin G Quantile Regression Censoring and the Structure of Wages In Sims C. Econometrics Sixth World Congress Chapter New York CUP. eds. Advances in Chernozhukov V. and C. Hansen 2006 Instrumental Quantile Regression Inference for Structural and Treatment Effect Models Journal of Econometrics Deaton A The Analysis of Household Surveys John Hopkins University Press. Fleischer B. M. and D. Yang 2004 China s Labor Market Paper presented at the Conference on China s Market Reform Stanford Center for International Development Stanford University September Griffin K. and R. Zhao Eds The Distribution of Income in China Macmillan & Co. London. Gustafsson B. A. S. Li and T. Sicular 2008 Inequality and Public Policy in China Newyork CUP. Hao L. and D. Naiman 2007 Quantile Regression SAGE Publications Inc. Huang Yasheng 2008 Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics New York CUP. Knight J. and L. Song 1993 Why Urban Wages Differ in China in K. Griffin & R. Zhao Eds Distribution of Income in China London Macmillan. Knight J. and L. Song 2003 Increasing Urban Wage Inequality in China Economics of Transition Kocherginsky M. X. He and Y. Mu 2005 Practical Confidence Intervals for Regression Quantiles Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics Koenker R Quantile Regression New York CUP. Koenker R. and G. Bassett 1978 Regression Quantiles Econometrica

Vroman 2009 Counterfactual Distributions with Sample Selection Adjustments Econometric Theory and An Application to the Netherlands Labor Economics 16 383 396. Albrecht J. A. Bj rklund and S.

16 Koenker R. and G. Bassett 1982 Robust Tests for Heteroscedasticity Based on Regression Quantiles Econometrica Koenker R. and K. F. Hallock 2001 Quantile Regression Journal of Economic Perspective Lardy N. R China s Unfinished Economic Revolution Washington DC Brookings Institution. Li S. and H. Sato ed Unemployment Inequality and Poverty in Urban China London and New York Routledge Curzon. Linge G. and D. K. Forbes 1990 China s Spatial Development Issues and Prospects In Linge Godfrey Forbes Dean K. Eds. China s Spatial Economy Recent Development and Reforms Panther Press Hong Kong. Machado J. A. F. and J. Mata 2005 Counterfactual Decomposition of Changes in Wage Distributions Using Quantile Regression Journal of Applied Econometrics Meng X Labour Market Reform in China London Cambridge University Press. Mincer J /1993 Schooling Experience and Earnings New York Columbia University Press and then New York Gregg Revivals. Naughton B Chinese Economy Cambridge MIT Press. Oaxaca R Male female Differentials in Urban Labor Markets International Economic Review OECD 2004 Trends and Recent Developments in Foreign Direct Investment June Qu Zhaopeng and Zhong Zhao 2008 Urban-Rural Consumption Inequality in China from 1988 to 2002 Evidence from Quantile Regression Decomposition IZA Discussion Paper No Rica S. J. Dolado and V. Llorens 2008 Ceilings or Floors Gender Wage Gaps by Education in Spain Journal of Population Economics Riskin C. R. Zhao and S. Li 2001 China s Retreat from Equality Income Distribution and Economic Transition M. E. Sharpe Armonk New York. Walder A Wage Reform and the Web of Factory Interests China Quarterly Walder A Factory and Manager in an Era of Reform China Quarterly Yun M. S A Simple Solution to the Identification Problem in Detailed Wage Decompositions Economic Inquiry Zhang J. S. Y. Zhao A. Park and X. Song 2005 Economic Returns to Schooling in Urban China Journal of Comparative Economics Effect of Changes in Wage Structure and Employment Shares of State-owned Units on Income Distribution Xia Qingjie a Li Shi b Song Li na c and Simon Appleton c a School of Economics Peking University b School of Economics and Business Administration Beijing Normal University c University of Nottingham Abstract This paper examines the effect of changes in wage structure and employment shares of state-owned units on the wage inequality of urban China by using CHIPs data. It applies quantile regressions Machado & Mata 2005 decomposition and the extension of it to single out respectively the factors representing the change of wage structure and employment shares of the public sector and SOEs that affect urban wage inequality. The econometric results show that after the radical SOEs reform aimed at solving over-manning and improving efficiency in the late 1990s the sharp fall of the employment share of SOEs reduced urban wage inequality but the rise of the wage premium to the state sector versus nonstate sector raised the urban wage inequality. Key Words State-owned Unit Urban Wage Income Gap Quantile Regression Counterfactual Analysis JEL Classification J31 J38 142

2006 Unemployment Inequality and Poverty in Urban China London and New York Routledge Curzon. Linge G. and D. K.

Albrecht et al2003 Rica et al Urban Household Survey UHS UHS2000 UHS glass ceiling effect 2 sticky floor effect 3 4

Albrecht et al2003 Rica et al Urban Household Survey UHS UHS2000 UHS glass ceiling effect 2 sticky floor effect 3 4 20 6 * Meng998 80 99. 9% 52. 5% Liu et al 2000 Gustaffon & Li2000 988 52. 49% 995 63. 20% Meng & Miller995 Maurer-Fazio & Hughes2002 Rozelle et al2002 2004 2005 * 00872 geyuhao@ ruc. edu. cn zengxq @ ruc.