Microsoft Word 呂叔湘 for YYKX 简.2.doc

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1 On Ta De Laoshi Dang-de Hao He Teaches Well and Related Problems The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Accessed Citable Link Terms of Use Huang, C.-T. James On ta de laoshi dang-de hao he teaches well and related problems. Linguistic Sciences 3, no. 34: February 18, :52:17 AM EST This article was downloaded from Harvard University's DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at (Article begins on next page)

2 7.3 (34): (2008 ) event On ta de laoshi dang-de hao he teaches well and Related Problems Abstract Modern Chinese exhibits a number of apparent syntax-semantics mismatches, giving rise to many examples with fake possessives and fake nominal quantifiers, which pose non-trivial problems for a theory of syntax-semantics mapping and lead to other peculiar phenomena. This article assumes a lexical decomposition approach and proposes a head-movement explanation of the apparent mismatches, according to which a verb moves out of a gerundive construction into a higher performative light verb position. The proposal not only solves the apparent problems discussed, but is supported by several independent motivations and theoretical bonuses. The paper also broaches the question of linguistic variation, showing that the observed phenomena are by-products of Modern Chinese as a highly analytic language. Key words: fake nominal modifiers, syntax-semantics mismatches, lexical decomposition, head movement, syntactic analyticity

3 * (1) (2) a-d (3) a. b. c. d. (4) a. b. c Huang (1994, 1997)

4 3 4a 2-3 NP N 2-4 (2)-(4) a 5b 5c (5) a. b. c a (6) a. b. c. (5)-(6) NP (7) NP1 NP2 [ NP NP1 NP2] [ NP NP1 NP2] NP1 NP2 NP1 NP2 NP NP 1 NP 2-4 NP NP NP1 NP2

5 c 9c (8) a. b. c. * (9) a. b. c. * 8a 8b 9a 9b NP1-NP2 8c 9c (10) a. b. c. d. e. f. (11) a. b. c. d. 10 NP1 NP2 NP1 NP NP1 NP

6 lexical decomposition head movement 12 2x2x3 kill cause + die die become + dead McCawley (1969) Dowty (1979) Larson (1988, 1991) give, persuade, put Larson John gave the student a book (12) VP1 DP V1 V1 VP2 NP V2 V2 NP John [e] the student give a book (12) VP1 VP2 VP2 VP1 V2 V1 5 V1 V2 V1 John gave the student

7 6 a book give [e] give Larson (1988) Huang 1988, Larson (1988, 1991) Huang 1988, 1992 Hale and Keyser (1993, 2002), Chomsky (1995) Huang (1994, 1997) CAUSE, BECOME DO 7 CAUSE experiential inchoative unaccusative BECOME stative thin (13) a. The soup is thin. [thin] b. The soup thinned. [BECOME [thin]] c. Please thin the soup. [CAUSE [BECOME [thin]]] (14) a. [ ] b. [BECOME [ ]] c. [CAUSE [BECOME [ ]]] unergative activity DO DO DO Hale & Keyser cry do a cry, make a cry, etc. DO functional category VP 2004 Larson give give CAUSE + HAVE (15) (16)

8 CAUSE 7

9 8 (17) VP1 DP V1 V1 VP2 NP V2 V2 NP CAUSE VP1 VP2 16 CAUSE 15 8 synthetic analytic b

10 9 (18) VP1 NP V V1 GP DO Spec G G VP2 [e] V2 NP 18 =VP2 GP (Gerundive Phrase) GP DO 18 V1 G V (19) a. DO b. i t i c (20) a. DO b. i t i

11 10 c. [e] i t i d. [ t ] j t j e. 20a - 20b DO b - 9b 8c - 9c (8) a. b. c. * (9) a. b. c. * 8c - 9c 9b 8b 8c (21) DO +

12 c Hale & Keyser 1993 L-Syntax = Lexical Syntax) (S-Syntax = Syntactic Syntax) L-Syntax S-Syntax DO S-Syntax (functional category) (lexical category) S-Syntax 5. a b c (22) a. b. * c.

13 12 take advantage of advantage (23) a. John took advantage of Bill. b. *John took this advantage of Bill. c. *Which advantage did John take of Bill? d. *Advantage, John took of Bill. (24) a. b. c. d. 24a DO 24c * S-Syntax L-Syntax

14 13 (25) a. b. (26) a. b. (27) a. b. (classifier) (measure word) : ) 14 (28) a. * * * b. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34)?* (33)-(34) 28a-b

15 14 (a) (b) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41)

16 15 (42) VP NP V V GP DO Spec G G VP [e] V NP GP Kung (1993) Tang (1990) 31-32

17 16 (43) VP NP V V VP DO Spec V D/FP V V NP GP VP Larson VP 12 VP V GP V (44) a. b. c bare NP 44 Determiner Phrase, DP NP DP NP 44 DP NP DP

18 17 (45) a. b. c. e. (46) a. * b. * c. * NP (47) a. b. (48) a. * 18 b. * NP DP maximal projection, XP X 0 X (49) α α = XP X 0 XP-movement X 0 -movement X -movement GP GP VP GP 43 V VP VP VP VP GP 43 V /VP 42 NP 45 NP GP NP DP NP DP (50) GP VP x VP x V + NP

19 18 50 VP VP NP DP VP NP DP NP 50 GP GP DP GP NP GP 48 DP 44 DP GP VP V+NP V+DP GP NP DP semantic type DP entity NP property function DP argument NP predicate) NP = λx x complex predicate book-buying book NP They criticized Bush Bush Bush-bashing Bush N D DP NP Li 1999 Huang, Li & Li V+NP GP,

20 19 GP 50 GP L-Syntax, phone, fish, joke complex predicate, complex verb) Massam 2001 pseudo-incorporation (51) a. * b. * c. * (52) ( (53) (54) My having five sons is like the heart s having four supports. GP (50) VP DP: (55) Your having reported all those 5 funny stories to John surprised me. -ing, VP inflected GP GP GP

21 20 21 (56) (57) (58) (59) (60) (61) * (62) * (63) 22

22 21 (64) (65) e e e e e trace e 8. individual event 23 individual reference) event reference lexical semantics compositional semantics) type-shifting

23 22

24 a 6b d Occam s Razor Larson VP Larsonian VP shell Huang i-iii (i) (ii) (iii) iii iv (iv) iii i-ii 7 BE HOLD Parsons 1990 Vendler (1967) Accomplishment, Achievement, Activity, State classifier Chao 1948 Classifier

25 24 Huang ergative construction get: John got Bill killed, John got killed faire 18 GP VP GP GP -V, +N GP IP/TP αv, βn -ed +V, -N -ing -V, +N participles) -ing -en +V, +N to -V, -N Abney (1987) Abney D DP GP ( ) (GP/G) GP/G (20b) clitic

26 25 11 (21) Chomsky 1970 X Cheng and Sybesma 1999 Li 1999) Chierchia V X- (i) a. DO b. (ii) a. DO b. (iii) a. DO b. DO c. VP VP V VP V

27 26 17, 44a-c a-c 44a-c a-b (i) a. * b. * 34 i ii (ii) a. * b. * i - ii 19 the short men short men i-ii iii-iv (i) I like the short men and the tall women. (ii) I like the short men and tall women. (iii) The short men, I like. (iv) *Short men, I like the. 20 GP NP N- G- N V-to-N-to-V (derivation before inflection), Y. Li, 1990 GP G GP G N GP

29 : In Honor of Mei Tsu-Lin, ed. Alain Peyraube, et al., Paris: Centre de Reserches Linguistiques sur l Asie Orientale, C.N.R.S ; (2002) 1978 : Abney, Steve The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT. Chao, Yuen-Ren Mandarin Primer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cheng, Lisa and Rint Sybesma Bare and not-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry 30: Chierchia, Gennaro Plurality of mass nouns and the notion of semantic parameter. In Events and Grammar, ed. S. Rothstein, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press. Chomsky, Noam Remarks on nominalization. In Readings in English transformational grammar, ed. Jacobs, Roderick and Peter S. Rosenbaum, Waltham, MA: Ginn. Chomsky, Noam Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Chomsky, Noam The Minimalist Program. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. Dowty, David Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press. Hale, Ken and Samuel Jay Keyser On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, ed. Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hale, Ken and Samuel Jay Keyser Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

30 29 Huang, C.-T. James Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. Doctoral dissertation, MIT; revised edition published by Garland Publishers, New York (1998). Huang, C.-T. James Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure. Language 64: Huang, C.-T. James Complex predicates in control. In Control and Grammar, ed. Richard Larson, Utpal Lahiri, Sabine Iatridou, and James Higginbotham, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Huang, C.-T. James Verb movement and some syntax-semantics mismatches in Chinese. Chinese Languages and Linguistics 2: Huang, C.-T. James On lexical structure and syntactic projection. Chinese Languages and Linguistics 3: Huang, C.-T. James Syntactic analyticity and the other end of the parameter, lecture notes, LSA Summer Institute, MIT and Harvard University. Huang, C.-T. James, Y.-H. Audrey Li and Yafei Li The Syntax of Chinese, in press. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Kung, Hui-I The Mapping Hypothesis and Postverbal Structures in Mandarin Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Larson, Richard On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19: Larson, Richard Promise and the theory of control. Linguistic Inquiry 22: Li, Yafei X 0 -binding and verb incorporation. Linguistic Inquiry 21: Li, Yen-Hui Audrey Plurality in a classifier language. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: Massam, Daine Pseudo-incorporation in Niuean. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19: McCawley, James D Lexical insertion in a transformational grammar without deep structure. Papers from the 4 th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Parsons, Terence Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Tang, Chih-chen Jane Chinese Phrase Structure and the Extended X -theory. Doctoral

31 30 dissertation, Cornell University. Vendler, Zeno Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Zhang, Hongming The grammaticalization of bei in Chinese. Chinese Languages and Linguistics 2:

2 4a 2-3 N 2-4 2-4 1978 2 5a 5b 5c a. b. 1982 4a a. b. c. 5-6 NP NP1 NP2 NP1 NP2 NP 1 2-4 NP 2. 2-4 NP NP1 NP2

1 1. 3a-d a. a. b. c. (1984); (2002) 2002 Huang1994, 1997 Yanshi Niina Zhang 2 4a 2-3 N 2-4 2-4 1978 2 5a 5b 5c a. b. 1982 4a a. b. c. 5-6 NP NP1 NP2 NP1 NP2 NP 1 2-4 NP 2. 2-4 NP NP1 NP2 3 1978 1982 8c