2 4a 2-3 N a 5b 5c a. b a a. b. c. 5-6 NP NP1 NP2 NP1 NP2 NP NP NP NP1 NP2

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1 1 1. 3a-d a. a. b. c. (1984); (2002) 2002 Huang1994, 1997 Yanshi Niina Zhang

2 2 4a 2-3 N a 5b 5c a. b a a. b. c. 5-6 NP NP1 NP2 NP1 NP2 NP NP NP NP1 NP2

3 c 9c b. c. a. b. c. 8a 8b 9b NP1-NP2 8c 9c a. b. c. d. e. f. a. b. c. d. 10 NP1 NP2 NP1 NP NP1 NP

4 empirical flaws theoretical inadequacy 3. lexical decomposition head movement 12 2x2x3 kill cause + die die become + dead McCawley (1969)Dowty (1979) Larson(1988, 1991) give, persuade, put Larson John gave the student a book (12) VP1 V1 VP2 NP V2 V2 NP John [e] the student give a book

5 5 (12) VP1 VP2 VP2 VP1 V2 V1 V2 V1 John gave the student a book give [e] give Larson (1988 Huang1988, 1992 Larson (1988, 1991) Huang1988, 1992 Hale and Keyser (1993, 2002), Chomsky (1995 Huang (1994, 1997) CAUSE, BECOME DO experiential ve stative thin a. The soup is thin. [thin] b. The soup thinned. [BECOME [thin]] c. Please thin the soup. [CAUSE [BECOME [thin]]] a. [ ] b. [BECOME [ ]] c. [CAUSE [BECOME [ ]]] DO DO DO Hale & Keyser a cry, make a cry, etc. DO functional category VP 2004 Larson give CAUSE + HAVE (15) (16)

6 6 CAUSE V1 VP2 NP V2 V2 CAUSE NP CAUSE 15 synthetic analytic b

7 7 (18) VP1 V1 VP2 [e] V2 18 =VP2 GP(Gerundive Phrase) GP DO 18 V1 G V (19) a. DO b. i t i c (20) a. DO b. i t i

8 8 c. [e] i t i d. [ t ] j t j e b -9b 8c-9c (8) b. c. (9) a. b. c. 8c-9c 9b 8b 8c (21) DO +

9 c Hale & Keyser1993 L-Syntax = Lexical Syntax) S-Syntax = Syntactic Syntax L-Syntax S-Syntax DO S-Syntax functional category lexical category S-Syntax 5. a b c (22) b. * c.

10 10 take advantage of advantage (23) a. John took advantage of Bill. b. *John took this advantage of Bill. c. *Which advantage did John take of Bill? *Advantage, John took of Bill. (24) a. b. c. d. 24a DO 24c S-Syntax L-Syntax (25) a. b.

11 11 (26) a. b. (27) a. b. measure word (28) a. * * * b. (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34)?* (33)-(34) 28a-b a b

12 12 (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) [e]

13 13 GP Kung (1993)Tang (1990) (43) VP V D/FP GP VP Larson VP 12 VP V GP V 43

14 (44) a. b. c bare NP 44 Determiner Phrase, DP NP 44 DP NP DP (45) a. b. c. e. (46) a. * b. * c. * NP (47) a. b. (48) a. * b. * NP DP maximal projection, XP X 0 X (49) α α = XP X 0

15 15 XP-movement X 0 -movement X -movement GP GP VP GP 43 V VP VP VP VP GP 43 V /VP 42 NP 45 NP GP NP DP NP DP (50) GP VP x VP x V + NP 50 VP NP DP VP NP DP NP 50 GP DP GP NP GP 48 DP 44 DP (51)

16 16 (52) (53) (54) (55) (56) * (57) * Q.E.D. (58) (59) (60)

17 17 e e e e e trace 7. individual event individual reference) event reference lexical semantics compositional semantics) typeshifting

18 18 Huang i-iii (i) (ii) (iii) iii iv (iv) iii i-ii

19 19

20 20 VP VP V VP V a-c a-c a-c b. b.

21 21 (iii) λ (ii)

22 22

23 23 Chao, Yuen-Ren Mandarin Primer. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Cheng, Lisa and Rint Sybesma Bare and not-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry 30: Chierchia, Gennaro Plurality of mass nouns and the notion of semantic parameter. In Events and Grammar, ed. S. Rothstein, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press. Chomsky, Noam Remarks on nominalization. In Jacobs, Roderick and Peter S. Rosenbaum, eds. Readings in English transformational grammar. Waltham, MA: Ginn Chomsky, Noam Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Chomsky, Noam The Minimalist Program. The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Dowty, David Word Meaning and Montague Grammar. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Press. Hale, Ken and Samuel Jay Keyser On argument structure and the lexical expression of syntactic relations. In Kenneth Hale and Samuel Jay Keyser (eds.), The View from Building 20: Essays in Linguistics in Honor of Sylvain Bromberger, , Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hale, Ken and Samuel Jay Keyser Prolegomenon to a Theory of Argument Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Huang, C.-T. James Logical Relations in Chinese and the Theory of Grammar. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT; revised edition published by Garland Publishers, New York (1998).

24 24 Huang, C.-T. James Wo pao de kuai and Chinese phrase structure. Language 64, Huang, C.-T. James Complex predicates in control. In Richard Larson, Utpal Lahiri, Sabine Iatridou, and James Higginbotham (eds.), Control and Grammar, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Huang, C.-T. James Verb Movement and Some Syntax-Semantics Mismatches in Chinese, Chinese Languages and Linguistics 2, Huang, C.-T. James On lexical structure and syntactic projection. Chinese Languages and Linguistics 3, Huang, C.-T. James Syntactic analyticity and the other end of the parameter, lecture notes, Harvard University. Huang, C.-T. James, Y.-H. Audrey Li and Yafei Li The Syntax of Chinese, book manuscript, to be published by Cambridge University Press. Kung, Hui-I The Mapping Hypothesis and Postverbal Structures in Mandarin Chinese. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Larson, Richard On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19, Larson, Richard Promise and the theory of control. Linguistic Inquiry 22: Li, Yen-Hui Audrey Plurality in a classifier language. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 8: McCawley, James D Lexical insertion in a transformational grammar without deep structure. Papers from the 4 th Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Parsons, Terence Events in the Semantics of English: A Study in Subatomic Semantics, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Tang, Chih-chen Jane Chinese Phrase Structure and the Extended X -theory. PhD dissertation, Cornell University. Vendler, Zeno Linguistics in Philosophy. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Zhang, Hongming The grammaticalization of bei in Chinese. Chinese Languages and Linguistics 2,

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