Chinese Journal of Psychology 2005, Vol. 47, N0. 1, Epstein

Size: px

Start display at page:

Download "Chinese Journal of Psychology 2005, Vol. 47, N0. 1, Epstein"

泱卞
4 years ago
Views:

94 47 1 061-082 Chinese Journal of Psychology 2005, Vol. 47, N0. 1, 061-082 03020 2003 8 25 2003 12 13 2003 12 30 4 1 E-mail: kllay@ntu.

1 Chinese Journal of Psychology 2005, Vol. 47, N0. 1, kllay@ntu.edu.tw Epstein 1983 Mother- Father-Peer Scale MFP Brantley & Clifford, 1979; Mercer, 1974; Spriestersbach, 1973 NSC H

2 cleft lip cleft palate cleft lip and palate Lavigne & Wills, 1990; Mcwilliams, 1982; Speltz, Morton, Goodell, & Clarren, 1993; Tobiasen & Hiebert, 1993 Speltz Armsden Clarren 1990 Speltz, Endriga, Hill, Maris, Jones, & Omnell, 2000 Speltz et al Speltz Greenberg Endriga Galbreath 1994 Speltz Greenberg Barden, Ford, Jensen, Rogers-Sayler, & Sayler, 1989 Field & Vega-Lahr, 1984 Barden et al., 1989; Field & Vega-Lahr, 1984Speltz, Goodell, Endriga, & Clarren, 1994

3 063 Endriga Speltz 1997 cleft lip cleft lip and palate Isabella, 1999; Weinberg, Tronick, Cohn, & Olson, 1998 belief system Bowlby 1982 Belsky & Cassidy, 1992 Fonagy, Steele, & Steele, 1991; Main, Kaplan, & Cassidy, 1985 Crowell & Feldman, 1988 Cassidy 2000 Epstein 1983 Mother-Father- Peer Scale Ricks, 1985; Tronick, Ricks, & Cohn, 1982 Crockenberg 1987 Biringen %

4 064 Jacobvitz Morgan Kretchmar Morgan 1991 Jacobvitz 1991 sense of separateness Lutz Hock 1995 Adult Attachment Interview dismissingpreoccupied 83 Q Bowlby Epstein 1990 Cognitive-Experiential Self-Theory Benoit, Zeamah, & Barton, 1989; Main et al., 1985; Ricks, 1985 Tronick, Cohn, & Shea, 1986; Tronick et al., 1982; Williams et al., 1987 Jacobvitz et al., 1991; Lutz & Hock, 1995; Ricks, 1985 Wright, Mullen, West & Wyatt, 1993 Klaus & Kennell, 1982 crisis as a dangerous opportuni-

5 065 ty Lott, Lott 1987 Erik Erikson Solnit & Stark, 1961 Cranley, 1981; Leifer, Solnit Stark 1961 Brantley & Clifford, 1979; Spriestersbach, 1973

6 066 Tisza, Irwin, & Scheide, 1973 Irvin, Klaus, & Kennell, 1982; Mintzer, Als, Tronick, & Brazelton, 1984 Levy Tisza et al., 1973 Ainsworth Eichberg insecuredisorganized Rubin, 1975 Narcissistic love Deutsch, 1945 Tisza & Gumpertz, 1962 Lax 1972 Narcissistic trauma Speltz et al., 1990 Mintzer 1984 Tronick 1986 Williams 1987 Tronick et al., 1982 Clifford, 1987; Mcwilliams, 1982; Rosenstein &

7 067 Schulman, 1990 Clarren, Anderson, & Wolf, 1987 Mcwilliams, 1982 Davis, 1990; Weatherley-White, 1990 Spriestersbach, 1973; Tisza & Gumpertz, 1962 Strauss & Broder, 1991 Slutsky, 1969; Spriestersbach, 1973 Tisza Gumpertz 1962cleft palate cleft lip cleft lip and palate Clifford, 1969 Speltz et al., 1990 Slutsky, 1969 cleft lip cleft lip and palate

8 068 predictor variables criterion variables Wright et al., SD = SD = SD = SD = SD = SD = % % SD = 33.28

9 SD = SD = SD = Mother- Father-Peer Scale; MFP Epstein Epstein 54 vs. vs. 83 Cronbach MFP Epstein M = SD = M = SD = Cronbach M = SD = Cronbach Cronbach.88

10 Cronbach F(1, 48) = 7.07, p <.05 = = r (N = 50) =.41, p <.001 t t (N=50) (N=50) t (11.03) (10.63) (14.19) (16.74) ( 7.32) ( 6.96) 2.69** ** : p <.01

11 * -0.50*** 0.53**** -0.30* -0.54**** 0.48*** 1 : 2 : * : p <.05 *** : p <.001 **** : p < hierarchical regression analysis 26% p < % p <.0001 p <.01 29% p < % p <.0001 p <.01 Standardizd R 2 F R 2 F *** ** **** *** ** **** 0.34 **: p <.01 ***: p <.001 ****: p <.0001

12 072 N = *** ** -0.33** 0.53**** -0.42** 0.40** 0.48*** -0.32* 0.30* -0.32* -0.50*** * -0.54**** ** 0.46*** -0.71**** *** 0.48*** -0.65**** ** 0.54**** -0.32* * 0.49*** : p =.06 *: p <.05 **: p <.01 ***: p <.001 ****: p <.0001 Standardized R 2 F R 2 F ** *** **** **** ** : p <.01 *** : p <.001 **** : p < % p <.01 31% p < % p <.0001 p <.0001

13 073 Standardized R 2 F R 2 F *** *** **** **** *** : p <.001 **** : p <.0001 Standardized R 2 F R 2 F * * ** : p =.057 * : p <.05 ** : p <.01 31% p < % p < % p <.0001 p <.0001 Standardized R 2 F R 2 F ** * ** * *** 0.35 *: p < 0.05 ** : p < 0.01 *** : p < % p <.01 28% p <.01 p <.05 35% p <.001p <.05 11% p = % p <.05 26% p <.01 p <.05

14 074 Standardized R 2 F R 2 F **** ** **** * **** * **** 0.20 *: p <.05 ** : p <.01 **** : p <.0001 p >.05 Mercer 1977

15 075 Lefebvre & Barclay, 1982 Benson, Gross, Messer, Kellum, & Passmore, 1991

16 076

17 077 Mintzer 1984 Bradbury Hewison 1994 Speltz 1997 Speltz, Endriga, Fisher, & Mason, 1997 Coy, Speltz, & Jones, 2002 Speltz

18 078 direct contamination Bradbury Hewison 1994

19 079 Crockenberg, /84 76/ Ainsworth, M.D.S., & Eichberg, C.G. (1991). Effects on infant-mother attachment of mother s unresolved loss of an attachment figure or other traumatic experience. In C.M. Parkes, J. Stevenson-Hinde, & P. Marris (Eds.), Attachment across the life cycle. New York: Routledge. Barden, R.C., Ford, M.E., Jensen, A.G., Rogers-Sayler, M., & Sayler, K.E. (1989). Effect of craniofacial deformity in infancy on the quality of motherinfant interactions. Child Development, 60, Belsky, J., & Cassidy, J. (1992). Attachment: Theory and evidence. In M. Rutter, D. Hay, and S. Baron- Cohen (Eds.), Developmental principles and clinical issues in psychology and psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell. Benoit, D., Zeamah, C.H. & Barton, M.L. (1989). Maternal attachment disturbances in failure to thrive. Infant Mental Health Journal, 10(3), Benson, B.A., Gross, A.M., Messer, S.C., Kellum,G., & Passmore, L.A. (1991). Social support networks among families of children with craniofacial anomalies. Health Psychology, 10, Biringen, Z. (1990). Direct observation of maternal sensitivity and dyadic interactions in the home: Relations to maternal thinking. Developmental Psychology, 26(2), Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd ed.). New York: Basic. Bradbury, E.T., &, Hewison, J. (1994). Early parental adjustment to visible congenital disfigurement. Child Care, Health and Development, 20, Brantley, H.T., & Clifford, E. (1979). Maternal and child locus of control and field-dependence in the cleft palate children. Cleft Palate Journal, 16, Cassidy, J. (2000). The complexity of the caregiving system: A perspective from attachment theory. Psychological Inquiry. 11(2), Clarren, S.K, Anderson, B., & Wolf, L.S. (1987). Feeding infants with cleft lip, cleft palate, or cleft lip and palate. Cleft Palate Journal, 24, Clifford, E. (1969). Parental ratings of cleft palate infants. Cleft Palate Journal, 6, Clifford, E. (1987). The cleft palate experience: New perspectives on management. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas. Coy, K., Speltz, M., & Jones, K. (2002). Facial appearance and attachment in infants with orofacial clefts: A replication. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal. 39(1), Cranley, M.S. (1981). Development of a tool for the measurement of maternal attachment during pregnancy. Nursing Research, 30(5), Crockenberg, S.B. (1987). Predictors and correlates of anger toward and punitive control of toddlers by adolescent mothers. Child Development, 58, Crowell, J.A., & Feldman, S.S. (1988). Mothers internal models of relationships and children s behavioral

20 080 and developmental status: A study of mother-child interaction. Child Development, 59, Davis, A.T. (1990). Pediatric management of the child with a cleft. In D.A. Kernahan, & S.W. Rosensten (Eds), Cleft and palate: A system of management. Baltimore: Wiliams & Wilkins. Deutsch, H. (1945). Psychology of women: Vol.. New York: Grune and Stratton. Endriga, M. & Speltz, M. (1997). Face-to-face interaction between infants with orofacial clefts and their mothers. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 22(4), Epstein, S. (1983). The Mother-father-peer scale. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Epstein, S. (1990). Cognitive-experiential self-theory. In L. Pervein (Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research : Theory and research (pp ). NY: Guilford Publications, Inc. Field, T., & Vega-Lahr, N. (1984). Early interactions between infants with craniofacial anomalies and their mothers. Infant Behavior and Development, 7, Fonagy, P., Steele, H., & Steele, M. (1991). Maternal representations of attachment during pregnancy predict the organization of infant-mother attachment at one year of age. Child Development, 62(5), Irvin, N.A., Klaus, M.H., & Kennell, J.H. (1982). Caring for the parents of an infant with a congenital malformation. In M.H. Klaus, & J.H Kennell, Parentinfant bonding (pp ). ST. Louis: C. V. Mosby. Isabella, R. A. (1999). Origins of attachment: Infant age as a factor in the measurement of maternal interactive behavior. Paper presented as part of a symposium entitled New perspectives on the study of maternal caregiving behavior and attachment, at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque. Jacobvitz, D., Morgan, E., Kretchmar, M. & Morgan, Y. (1991). The transmission of mother-child boundary disturbance across three generations. Development and Psychopathology, 3, Klaus, M.H., & Kennell, J.H. (1982). The family during pregnancy. In M.H. Klaus, & J.H. Kennell (Eds.), Parent-infant bonding. (pp. 1-21). ST. Louis: C. V. Mosby. Lavigne, J.V., & Wills, K.E. (1990). Psychological aspects of clefting. In D.A. Kernahan, & S.W. Rosensten (Eds), Cleft and palate: A system of management. Baltimore: Wiliams & Wilkins. Lax, R. (1972). Some aspects of the interaction between mother and the impaired child: Mother s narcissistic trauma. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 53, Lefebvre, A., & Barclay, S. (1982). Psychosocial impact of craniofacial deformities before and after reconstructive surgery. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 27, Leifer, M. (1977). Psychological changes accompanying pregnancy and motherhood. Genetic Psychology Monograph, 95, Lott B. (1987). Themes and variations in gender learning. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. Lutz, W.J., & Hock, E. (1995).Maternal separation anxiety: Relations to adult attachment representations in mothers of infants. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 156, Main, M., Kaplan, N. & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(1-2, Serial No. 209). Mcwilliams, B.J. (1982). Social and psychological problems associated with cleft palate. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 9, Mercer, R.T. (1974). Mothers responses to their infants with defects. Nursing Research, 23, Mercer, R.T. (1977). Nursing care for parents at risk. Thorofare, NJ: Charles B. Slack. Mintzer, D., Als,H., Tronick, E.Z., & Brazelton, B. (1984). Parenting an infant with a birth defect: The regulation of self-esteem. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 39, Ricks, M.H. (1985). The social transmission of parental behavior: Attachment across generations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50 (1-2, Serial No. 209). Rosenstein, D.L., & Schulman, J.L. (1990). Family and social problems associated with cleft lip and

21 081 palate. In D.A. Kernahan, & S.W. Rosensten (Eds), Cleft and palate: A system of management. Baltimore: Wiliams & Wilkins. Rubin, R. (1975). Maternal tasks in pregnancy. Maternal- Child Nursing Journal, 4, Slutsky, H. (1969). Maternal reaction and adjustment to birth and care of cleft palate child. Cleft Palate Journal, 6, Solnit, A.J., & Stark, M.H. (1961). Mourning and the birth of a defective child. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, Speltz, M.L., Armsden, G.C., & Clarren, S.S. (1990). Effects of craniofacial birth defects on maternal functioning postinfancy. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, Speltz, M., Endriga, M., Fisher, P., & Mason, C. (1997). Early predictors of attachment in infants with cleft lip and/or palate. Child Development. 68(1), Speltz, M., Endriga, M., Hill, S., Maris, C., Jones, K., & Omnell, M. (2000). Brief report: Cognitive and psychomotor development of infants with orofacial clefts. Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 25(3), Speltz, M.L., Goodell, E.W., Endriga, M.C., & Clarren, S.K. (1994). Feeding interactions of infants with unrepaired cleft lip and /or palate. Infant Behavior and Development, 17, Speltz, M.L., Greenberg, M.t., Endriga,M.C., & Galbreath, H. (1994). Developmental approach to the psychology of craniofacial anomalies. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 31, Speltz, M.L., Morton, K., Goodell, E.W., & Clarren, S.K. (1993). Psychological functioning of children with craniofacial anomalies and their mothers: Followup from late infancy to school entry. Cleft Palate- Craniofacial Journal, 30, Spriestersbach, D.C. (1973). Psychological aspects of the cleft palate problem, Vol. 1. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. Strauss, R.P., & Broder, H. (1991). Directions and issues in psychosocial research and methods as applied to cleft lip and palate and craniofacial anomalies. Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal, 28, Tisza, V.B., & Gumpertz, E. (1962). The parents reactions to thr birth and early care of children with cleft palate. Pediatrics, 30, Tisza, V.B., Irwin, E., & Scheide, E. (1973). Children with oral-facial cleft. Journal of American Academic Child Psychiatry, 12, Tobiasen, J., & Hiebert, J. (1993). Clefting and psychosocial adjustment: Influence of facial aesthetics. Clinics in Plastic Surgery, 20(4), Tronick, E., Cohn, J., & Shea, E. (1986). The transfer of affect between mothers and infants. In T.B. Brazelton & M.W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy. Norwood, NJ :Ablex. Tronick, E., Ricks, M,. & Cohn, J. (1982). Maternal and infant affective exchange: Patterns of adaptation. In T. Field & A. Fogel (Eds.), Emotion and early interaction, (pp ), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Weatherley-White, R.C.A. (1990). Surgical timing and postoperative feeding in the cleft lip child. In D.A. Kernahan, & S.W. Rosensten (Eds), Cleft and palate: A system of management. Baltimore: Wiliams & Wilkins. Weinberg, M. K., Tronick, E. Z., Cohn, J. F., & Olson, K. L. (1998). Gender differences in emotional expressivity and self-regulation during early infancy. Developmental Psychology, 34, Williams, T.M., Joy L., Tarvis L., Gotowiec A., Blum- Steele M., Aiken L.S., Painter S.L., & Davidson S.M., (1987). Transition to motherhood. A longitudinal study. Infant Mental Health Journal, 8(3), Wright, L., Mullen, T., West, K., & Wyatt, P. (1993). The VCOP Scale: A measure of overprotection in parents of physically vulnerable children. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 49 (6),

22 082 Maternal Sense of Personal Impact and Child Rearing Attitudes toward Cleft Lip and/or Palate Newborns: The Predictability of Two Risk Factors Existing before Delivery I-Yuan Liu and Keng-Ling Lay Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University Cleft lip and/or palate (CLP) is one of the most common congenital abnormalities in Taiwan. During pregnancy, expectant mothers often assume that the unborn child is perfect without any flaw or defect. Consequently, as a baby with obvious morphological defect is born, disappointment and feeling of personal failure seems inevitable. The disappointment may not only cause negative personal impact on the mother but also affect her child-rearing attitude toward the CLP infant, which, in turn, may have significant impact on the child s future socioemotional adjustment. The main goal of the present study is to investigate the vicissitude of the affecting factors toward maternal child rearing attitude during the first few months after delivery. The present study adopted a short-term longitudinal approach. Fifty cleft lip/palate newborns mothers completed questionnaires both before and after the first lip repair surgery held between the third to the fifth month after delivery. Two prenatal factors, maternal perceived early relationship with her own parents that is further separated into two subscales of acceptance vs. rejection and encouragement of independence vs. overprotection, and maternal functional anticipation of the unborn child while expecting, were measured. Two postpartum maternal adjustment indexes of sense of personal impact over giving birth to CLP infant and child rearing attitude, including subscales of acceptance and overprotection, were also measured. Results indicate that the first repair surgery may trigger qualitative change in child rearing attitude and the variation of prenatal factors that are effective in enhancing maternal adjustment process. It is thus suggested that maternal psychological conditions already existed while or even before expecting should be taken into account in designing the intervention program for mothers of CLP and other types of morphologically defect newborns. Keywords: Cleft lip, Cleft palate, MFP, infant, congenital defect, maternal child rearing attitude

全文6-1陳文獻.doc

全文6-1陳文獻.doc V 6-1 Human Resources Development, HRD Orientation training program Klein & Weaver, 2000 Saks & Ashforth, 1997 1 2 3 4 Philips, 1987 1 Anderson, Conningham-Snell & Hiagh,1996 Bassi & Van Buren, 1998 6-1