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4 IV V Robert F. Rhodes The Three Contemplations and the Development of Zhiyi s Theory of the Three Truths Yasuo Deguchi (=DGP) Hans-Rudolf Kantor Contradiction and Ambiguity in Chinese Buddhist Philosophy Kantor ontological Brook Ziporyn What Does the Law of Non- Contradiction Tell Us, If Anything?Paradox, Parameterization and Truth in Tianta Buddhism DGP Kantor Ziporyn Ziporyn Kantor Kantor

5 VI Praface VII Preface Hans-Rudolf Kantor Huafan University, Chairman of Graduate Institute of Asian Humanities This is a collection of papers presented during the conference Tiantai Buddhist Thought and Practice organized by the Graduate Institute of East Asian Humanities at Huafan University in the summer of 2012 in Taipei. The conference was held at the occasion of the recent opening of the Tiantai Research Center which has been established due to the intention of promoting the further academic development of Chinese Buddhist studies at Huafan s Graduate Institute of East Asian Humanities. Since Tiantai represents the earliest indigenous Buddhist school in China which has exerted a major in the whole area of East Asia, the Graduate Institute of East Asian Humanities has always regarded the academic research of the ancient Tiantai textcorpus as the tenet of its Buddhist studies. Moreover, the founder of Huafan University, Venerable Xiaoyun (=Hiu Wan), held the major rank and position of transmitting the Tiantai-lineage in the 45 th generation, which also indicates Therefore, the Institute and the Research Center of Huafan intend to promote the academic study of Chinese Buddhism, by further exploring and focusing on development of East Asian Buddhist traditions. In order to do this, academic exchange via international conferences, workshops, joined research projects on textual studies and translations from ancient into modern Asian and Western languages, reading groups and student exchange are planned for the future. The initial step into this direction has been made with both this conference and the

6 VIII Praface IX present volume of fourteen articles based on it. All the papers published in this volume were presented by invited and distinguished scholars from Taiwan, Hongkong, China, Japan, USA, and Germany, and also revised after being reviewed by anonymous readers. This collection covers a wide field of Tiantai studies including religious studies, practice, doctrine and philosophical thought, as well as historical, textual and philological studies. The subsequent articles are arranged according to the chronological way; those dealing with topics of earlier historical date precede others discussing issues of later periods. The keynote speech of Professor NG Yu-Kwan (Wu Rujun) reviews the and the recent Western scholarship often based on it. He points out that the narrow focus on the Tiantai doctrine of the threefold truth, as seen in these Japanese studies, fails to realize another very important issue, namely, Zhiyi s notion of truth expressed as the Middle-Way Buddha-nature. Tiantai doctrines, such as the threefold truth and the threefold contemplation, just represent the methodological and epistemic-soteriological approach to Zhiyi s Tiantai understanding of the Buddhist awakening, while the Middle-Way Buddha-nature is the doctrine which expresses the foundational sense of truth in Zhiyi s Tiantai thought. The article of Venerable Shing-kuang(Venerable Xingguang) discusses Nanyue Huisi s understanding of practice and meditation, focusing on his teaching of the Samadhi of Non-Controversy between the Various Dharmas and the crucial issue of transformation evoked and realized in virtue of this Samadhi. Professor Ching-wei Wang s(wang Qingwei) article also deals with Nanyue Huisi s teaching of Samadhi, that is, his teaching of the Lotus Samadhi, relating it to the images and paintings inspired by the Lotus-sutra. This discloses a new approach to Buddhist, or, Tiantai practices of meditation and contemplation by considering the important issue of Buddhist art history. Professor Gongrang Cheng s(cheng Gongrang) article is a study which traces the influence of Kumarajiva s translation work of Indian Buddhist scriptures on the development of Zhiyi s Tiantai thought. In an illustrating way, he chooses the Chinese Buddhist term shixiang ( real mark, real characteristic etc.) and discusses it in the context of Kumarajiva s version of the Vimalakirti-nirdesa-sutra, Zhiyi s commentary on it, and the relationship between the two. Professor Silong Li s(li Silong) article deals with the exegetical and hermeneutical methods in Zhiyi s Sutra commentaries, linking it with the crucial question of doxography in Chinese Buddhism and its implicit tendency of establishing the independent view of an own Buddhist school. Moreover, he points out that Zhiyi s exegetical method of the profound meaning of the Xuanxue ( Study of the Dark ). Professor Ying-Shan Chen s(chen Yingshan) article is a comparative study between Tiantai and Huayan Buddhist thought, focusing on the Chinese term contemplation. She contrasts the Tiantai doctrine of the threefold contemplation with the Huayan pattern of the three levels of contemplation explicated in the Huayan fajie xuan jing, traditionally attributed to Dushun. Professor Wai Hon-Kit(Wei Hanjie) also tries to discuss the crucial Tiantai term of dharma-realm from a comparative perspective, considering the Huayan doctrinal explication of this term and contrasting it with the thought of Song Dynasty Tiantai master Siming Zhili. Based on this, he also tries to clarify tradition. Professor Kuo-ching Huang s( Huang Guoqing) study explores the Tiantai

7 X Praface XI practice of repentance. He traces its sources in the literature of Mahayana Sutras and, then, describes and exposes the peculiar Tiantai interpretation of this issue. His study shows the relevance of this aspect of Tiantai practice, thus demonstrating that it has been often overseen in academic studies. Professor Huey-jen Yu s(you Huizhen) contribution is an attempt to show of the middle path involves a strong sense of daily life conditions, trying to discuss the tenet of the Tiantai teaching in terms of a Lebensphilosophie ( philosophy of life ). Venerable Zhen ding s(venerable Zhending) study introduces a Tang Dynasty text composed by Jingxi Zhanran which has been rarely considered in both ancient and modern Tiantai studies. The text in question is called Fahua wubai wen lun (Five-Hundred Questions Regarding the Lotus-sutra); after the Buddhist persecution from 843 until 845 its transmission was terminated in China but not in Japan, where some of the later Japanese commentaries are still related to the transmission of this text, and also introduces its general content, which mainly consists of a Tiantai critique against the Chinese Yogacaraschool, called Faxiang. Professor Robert F. Rhodes article The Three Contemplations and the Development of Zhiyi s Theory of the Three Truths traces the development of these crucial Tiantai doctrines, by considering the earlier works of Zhiyi. This article demonstrates that the doctrine of the three contemplations, or, (the threefold contemplation ), represents the mature period of Zhiyi s thinking. Professor Brook Ziporyn s article, What Does the Law of Non- Contradiction Tell Us, If Anything? Paradox, Parameterization and Truth in Tiantai-Buddhism, is a philosophical inquiry into the sense of contradiction from a Tiantai-Buddhist point of view. Moreover, it is also a response to the current discussion about Jay Garfield s and Graham Priest s thesis of true contradictions in Nagarjuna s Madhyamaka philosophy. The article tries to shed light on the limits of that thesis and introduces the Tiantai use of paradoxes, which primarily involves a pragmatic sense of truth. Hans-Rudolf Kantor s article on Contradiction and Ambiguity in Chinese Buddhist Philosophy discusses the linguistic pragmatics and rhetoric strategy of Chinese Madhyamaka thought, illustrated by a selection of texts such as Seng Zhao s treatises, the Huayan text Huayan fajie xuan jing attributed to Dushun, and Zhiyi s Miaofa lianhua xuanyi. Contradiction and ambiguity are interrelated rhetorical strategies and compositional patterns used to enhance the soteriological sense of detachment and liberation. This article also contains a The last article in this volume is Li-ching Chang s(zhang Liqing) textual study of the chapter Pofa bian (Deconstructing Dharmas Universally) from Zhiyi s Mohe zhiguan (The Great Calming and Contemplation). It basically explains the argumentative structure of this crucial and philosophically complicated chapter of Zhiyi s work.

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9 ii iii The Three Contemplations and the Development of Zhiyi'sTheory of the Three Truths 311 Robert F. Rhodes Contradiction and Ambiguity in Chinese Buddhist Philosophy 357 Hans-Rudolf Kanto What Does the Law of Non-Contradiction Tell Us, If Anything?Paradox, Parameterization and Truth in Tiantai Buddhism 407 Brook Ziporyn CONTENTS Keynote-speech The Central Idea and Practice of Tiantai Philosophy: A Critical Examination of the Overseas Studies on Tiantai Buddhist Thought 1 Yu-Kwan NG Articles A Study on the Transformation of the Object of Concentration in Meditation based on the Practice of Samadhi which Is in Harmony with All Methods of Practice as taught by Venerable Huisi. 43 Venerable Shing-kuang On Lotus Samâdhi and Guanyin Iconography An Alternative View of Guanyin s Universal Manifestation Iconography Based on Huisi s Lotus Samadhi 75 Ching-wei Wang Sutra and Its Tiantai Interpretation 97 Gongrang Cheng On the Five-Sectioned Interpretation as a Regulation for Buddhist Chinese Buddhist Schools 143 Silong Li The Three Contemplations in Tiantai and Huayan Buddhism 169 Ying-Shan Chen 201 Hon Kit Wai

10 iv 1 A Study on the Creative Integration Model of the Tiantai Repentance Rituals 225 Kuo-ching Huang The Yuandun jiaoguan of Tiantai-Buddhism and the Middle-Way- Practice in Daily-Life. 255 Huey-jen Yu The History of Transmission of the Fahua wubai wen lun in Japan 281 Venerable Zhen Ding The Three Contemplations and the Development of Zhiyi s Theory of the Three Truths 311 Robert F. Rhodes Contradiction and Ambiguity in Chinese Buddhist Philosophy 357 Hans-Rudolf Kantor What Does the Law of Non-Contradiction Tell Us, If Anything?Paradox, Parameterization and Truth in Tiantai Buddhism 407 Brook Ziporyn Purifying One-moment-Thought according to the Chapter Pofa bian in the Moho zhiguan 455 Li-ching Chang Huafan Journal Humanities A Special Edition in the Studies of Tiantai Buddhist Thought May 2013 N. Donner and D.B. Stevenson, Paul Swanson, B.Ziporyn. L. Hurvitz, H.R. Kantor

11 2 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 ൧ȃ ܛ ਗ਼І ޠ ጓ Іԥᜱ ޑ 天台學的核心觀念與實踐 對海外的天台學研究的反思 3 Ụね㱩炻 婒㟡㛔ら炻㴟 㟤婒 㚱䘬怖哥炻慳 䇦 ĩm. Scheler)ġ婒 ĩressentimentīĭġġ㝷㟤㢖婒忻 冯 㔁䘬 攱 炻䫱䫱ˤ 䧖䧖劎䖃䄑 ġġġġġġ 㗗ㆹ ἃ㔁 䘬ᶨᾳ慵天䘬 㳦炻 䘬攳Ⱉ䣾ⷓ㗗㘢柿炻 攻 妋㓦攳Ἦ炻侴忼农ᶨ冒䓙䘬ˣ冒 䘬ˣ崭崲䎦 冯㗪䨢䘬ˣ 䘬ˣ 䴻㸃䃞炻㚨 㕤䞍䥖ˤ忁㗗 佑䎮ᶲ冯 嶸ᶲ䘬 䘤 侴妨ˤ 䔞 ᶵ㛥䘬 䓴炻忁ὧ㗗㓹岾ġ(soteriology)炻 㲃婒䘬䳪㤝斄 ˤṢ䘬 㓹ˣ 䃞两临㚱䘤 炻䓂军䓙 杻 ˣ㖍㛔炻ℵ 㕤㫸伶ˤ忁ᾳ㔁㳦䃉婾 㷉ˣ朆 天 㚵ˣ䨩䟜䎦 ᶲ䘬䧖䧖屈朊䘬斄 ᶵ ˤ䥒 婒䘬 㬣炻 㗗 ⒚ 䎮婾 ⶍ 婾㕡朊妨炻悥㚱㤝檀䘬ㆸ ˤ 溆冒䃞倂㕤䧙䁢 ὧ㗗ᶨᾳ栗㖶䘬ἳ ˤ 媪ˬ 㬣ᶨ䔒炻㬧 䓎 ˤṢ 枰 䓇 ˬ㘢侭 ⷓ 䘬㘢柿䘬㔁婒 ˤㆹ 忁塷 媪䘬 炻 㛔ᶲ㗗 㘢柿 䘬䧖䧖ℑ暋ˣ側 炻 ẍ崭崲炻 ˣ 吔 Ᾱ炻ㇵ㚱䓇嶗 妨炻ᶵ 䘬恋ᶨ ˤ Ṿ䘬旸㕤䭯 炻ᶵ傥 㚱 ℤ栏ˤ 䴻ᶨ䔒 橐炻䂱 㠭剙㑚滣楁烎 ġġġġġġ 䎦ẋ䘬ἃ 䞼䨞 炻 䘬䞼䨞炻㗗䚠䔞 䘬冯冰㖢䘬ˤ昌Ḯ ġġġġġġ 㬣㗗䳪㤝 䘬炻䓙 㬣侴 䘬 䓇ˣ㯠䓇炻ḇ㗗䳪㤝 䘬ˤ㕤㗗ὧ ˣ㷗ˣ 䘬厗Ṣ䣦 炻怬㚱 晃㕡朊䘬炻㬌 㖍㛔ˣ伶㳚冯㫸㳚 㚱 媪䳪㤝斄 ⓷柴ˤ㬌 㴱 ᶨ䧖 䓇 廱 䘬 䘬斄 ˣ斄 ˤ㰺 㕡朊ˤ忁塷 媪ˬ㴟 炻Ṏ㗗 ˣ㷗ˣ 䘬㖍㛔ˣ伶㳚冯㫸㳚㕡 㚱Ḯ 炻Ṣ䓇ὧ㚫ᶨ ᶳ 炻徟 㕤䧖䧖ね ˣ 夳 炻冯 㖶グ埴グ 朊妨ˤ 橼 婒炻慵天䘬䞼䨞ㆸ㝄 䇰䘬炻悥 㛔㔯天 妶䘬䭬 䚠怈ˤ斄㕤 㔁䘬䳪㤝斄 炻䓘䩳 ĩp. TillichĪġ㚱 ᶳ䘬婒㱽烉ġ ˤ 炻㖍㛔 侭Ỽ㚨 㔠炻䚠斄䘬Ṣ䈑㚱 喌ὲ晬ˣ斄 䛇 ˣ䓘 㛹剛㚿ˣ ᾉ朄ˣ㕘䓘晭䪈ˣỸỸ㛐ㅚ ˣ㬎奢崭ˣỸ喌⒚劙ˣ㖍㭼 ġġġġġġġġġġġ ے ௲ ᅿಖ ᜢᚶ ᆙ ރޑܤ ᄊǹ೭ᅿᜢᚶ ځ д Ԗ ޑ ᜢᚶ 㬋ˣ 慶匋Ṣˣ 㜦岊 ˣ喌ḽ㔁 ˣ剭察 ˣ 㱣㗕佑ˣẲ喌 ˣ!!!!!!ԋ ഢȨ໘ࢤȩ ޑ ǴѬԾ ي х Ԗᜢ ޑॺך ғ ڮ ཀက ޑ ᚒ ޑ เ 㛔 䓟ˣ䌱❶ 恶ˣ劍㛱夳漵ˣ㰈䓘欗 ˣ 䓘 昮ˣ䧣匟㖍 ˣ!!!!!!ਢǶӢԜǴ೭ᅿᜢᚶ คచҹӦ၈ᔊ ޑ ǴѬᡉҢ ᅿཀᜫǺ 䓘 㬋ˣ㱛㛹 䄏ˣ㛹 ỹ䓇ˣ剙慶 忻炻䫱䫱ˤ伶㳚㕡朊㚱 D. Chap-!!!!!!ᆶ೭ᅿᜢᚶፂ ޑ ҺՖԖज़ ޑ ᜢᚶǶ2 pell, N. Donner, D. B Stevenson, L. Hurvitz, P. Swanson, B. Ziporyn, Ng. Yukwanĩ 䫮侭 Ī 䫱ˤ㫸㳚㕡朊 庫 炻㛒夳㚱ㆸ㚠 䇰ˤᶵ忶炻㒂䫮侭㚱旸 枮叿䓘䩳 䘬忁䧖䎮妋炻ㆹᾹ ẍ 炻 㔁䳽 ᶵ傥暊攳 Ṣ䘬䓇 䘬 䞍炻㚱 H.-R. kantor,ġ㰰㴟䅽䫱ṣ炻悥㗗 婾㔯䘬ˤ㚨役炻㰰㴟䅽 䘬シ佑冯䚖㧁ᶨ栆⓷柴䘬 ㅱˤ忁シ佑ᶵ㗗䓂湤炻㬋㗗ᶲ朊 䘬䓙劎 Ḯᶨ㛔㚱斄 㱽厗䌬佑 䘬䞼䨞䘬 㚠炻 映 埴炻ῤ 㲐シˤ 䖃䄑 妋㓦攳Ἦ侴 㓹岾ˤảỽḳねˣḳẞ炻 劍冯忁䧖㓹岾䚖㧁䚠䞃䚦ˣ 䚠堅㑆䘬娙炻悥 嬻嶗炻ᾦ 侭 埴ˤ婒 炻䳪㤝斄 㗗䓇㬣䚠姙䘬炻 ະȃ ᇅಥ ᜱᛅȈ ᠠୱᚡ 㚱䓂湤⓷柴㭼䓇㬣㚜慵天 烎 㚱 㔁㕡朊䘬䳪㤝斄 ˣ㓹岾ˤ ġġġġġġ忚ᶨ㬍䚳㓹岾⓷柴炻 㚫冯ㆹᾹ 䛇䎮䈡 㗗䳪㤝䘬ˣ䳽 䘬䛇䎮 ġġġġġġᶨ 㔁炻ᶵ䭉㗗䰿㓗 叱䘬炻䱦䳘㶙 䘬炻悥㗗 ᶨᾳ 㚱崭崲 䘬䎮妋冯 嶸䚠倗专ˤ䛇䎮斄 ㆹᾹ䘬䓇 䘬䛇䚠⓷柴炻冯ㆹᾹ橼嫱䓇 㟤䘬䚖㧁炻恋ὧ㗗天 屈朊䘬炻 㺧劎䖃䄑 䘬䎦 䉨㱩妋㓦攳Ἦ烊忁 劎䖃䄑 ᶵ 㔁 㚱ᶵ 䘬堐徘烉 䜋㔁婒 伒炻 伭攨㔁婒㰉 炻 ἃ㔁婒劎ˣ䃉 䃉㖶炻 婒Ṣ㫚炻忻 婒ㆸ ˣ嫔 ˤ⒚ 㕡朊ḇ㚱栆 1 P. Tillich, Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions (New York : Columbia University Press, 1964), pp.4-5.

12 4 5 (H. G. Gadamer) Wahrheit und Methode) (Brahman), Buddhatva

13 6 7 (madhyam pratipad Ng Yu-kwan, T ien-t ai Buddhism and Madhyamaka , pp.29-31

14 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 8 天台學的核心觀念與實踐 對海外的天台學研究的反思!!!!!! ಥ ޣ Ǵջ ـ ύၰօ Ƕ: 9 忁㗗婒炻媠㱽㗗䶋崟䘬炻 侴㗗㰺㚱冒 䘬䨢䘬䉨ン炻忁䨢ḇ㗗 炻㗗 㰺㚱 䘬炻 㬌忁䨢ḇ㗗 忻ˤㆹᾹ婒 忻㗗䨢佑䘬墄 炻ὧ㗗ὅ 夳 忻ἃ 㗗橼嫱ἄ䁢䳪㤝䛇䎮䘬 忻ἃ ˤ傥 忁㧋 炻 傥奢ぇ侴 㒂忁椾 枴婒䘬ˤ 㗗炻䨢㗗 䨢 ĩvydekɨyd ĞnjQ\DWƗĪ炻 晾㗗䛇䎮ˣ媠㱽 妋僓炻怈暊ᶨ 劎䖃䄑 ˤṾ 婧炻 㔁 嫱ℍ䛇䘬㕡 ᶵ 烉啷㔁 䘬䛇䎮炻ỮㆹᾹᶵ 叿 炻ẍ 䁢㚱 炻 ᶵ忶㗗㕥姕 䘬 冯忂㔁嫱 䛇 ˣ䛇䎮炻忁䛇䎮㗗㚱 ῷ䘬炻ῷ㕤䨢 ḇˤ 㔁冯 㔁 侴 炻ㆹᾹ天崭崲 炻 㗪ḇ天崭崲冯 䚠 䘬㚱炻 侴㗗朆䨢朆㚱炻忁 嫱 忻 忻ἃ 炻忁㗗ṾᾹ䛤 䘬䛇 ˣ䛇䎮炻㗗 圵䘬炻ᶵ暊ᶾ ὧ㗗 忻ˤ 㗗婒䨢炻 农朆䨢䘬奨溆炻Ữ朆䨢ḇ㵝㚱朆㚱 シ炻 忻 IJı 媠㱽䘬ˤ ġ 㔁冯 㔁炻嫱ㆸ䛇 㕡朊ṵ㚱ᶵ 炻 㔁㗗崘㬟 䘬㻠忚 ὧ㗗朆䨢朆㚱䘬崭崲佑炻㓭㗗䨢佑䘬墄 ˤ 㬌炻 忁㡝㔯 炻 㴱 嶗炻 㔁 崘 枻 嶗炻枻䃞攻ˣ 恋攻 奢ぇ炻 ᶲ朊 䔍 䘬ˤ 媠㱽䘬䨢冯 忁ℑ㕡朊炻 䛇䎮Ἦ婒炻 傥婒䨢媎冯 媎ℑ慵䛇䎮炻 Ṏ 㗗Ḵ媎 ĩŵţŵźţįťŷţźţī炻 忻 ᶵ㗗䌐䩳䁢 媎炻 㗗 䨢媎䘬墄 侴 Ӄȃήᒔᇅήᢏ ˤ ġġġġġġᶵ忶炻沑㐑伭ṩ ĩ.xpɨudmưyd)ġ 婾 䘬㻊嬗 炻 忁椾 枴嬗䁢烉 ġġġġ 炻 䘬 䴙 炻㚱ᶱ媎冯ᶱ奨䘬婒㱽ˤ㘢柿冒幓ḇ 忁ℑᾳ奨 ˤ忁 㛔ᶲ㗗㱧叿漵㧡䘬ᶱ媎 婒ᶳἮ䘬炻 斄忋䘬㤪 㗗䨢 ġġġġġġġġġġġ Ӣጔғ ݤ Ǵ ך ᇥջ คȐ ޜ ȑǵҭ ଷӜǴҭ ύၰကƕ23 ĩznjq\dwɨī炻 ĩprajñaptiīġ 冯 忻ˤ 婾 㚱 ᶳᶨ椾慵天 忁㗗ᶨ䧖 䘬婌嬗ˤ 炻 䶋㱽㗗 娆炻䨢 㗗 䘬媪娆炻Ữ㛔 䘬 枴烉 Ἦᶵ㗗 䶋㱽䘬媪娆䘬 冯 忻炻 悥ㆸḮ 䶋㱽䘬媪娆ˤ 㗗婒炻䨢ˣ ġġġġġġġġ <Dত SUDWƯW\DVDPXWSƗGDত ĞnjQ\DWƗ WƗ pracak PDKH VƗ SUDMxDSWLUXSƗGƗ\D 冯 忻悥ㆸḮ 䶋㱽䘬媪娆炻ᶱ侭 ᶨ䧖 埴䘬ˣ 䫱䘬ỵ伖 ˤ䓙 SUDWLSDWVDLYD PDGK\DPƗ 㕤㘢柿䎮妋 婾 炻 ᶵ㗗德忶㡝㔯 炻侴㗗德忶沑㐑伭Ṩ䘬㻊嬗Ἦ 11 䎮妋䘬ˤ㻊嬗 㖊㚱䨢忁ᾳ媪娆炻冒䃞ḇㅱ㚱 ˣ 忻侴䁢媪娆Ḯˤ 忁 枴䘬シ 㗗烉 ᶱ侭 䁢䛇䎮Ṏ 㗗媎 ĩsatyaī 䘬Ⰼ㫉炻ὧ 䨢媎ˣ 媎冯 媎炻侴 䁢ᶱ媎Ḯˤ忁ὧ㗗ᶱ媎 䘬 䓙Ἦˤ劍ᶵ㗗 妋 䚳ᶱ媎炻侴㗗ẍ 圵䘬 ġġ!!!!! ך ᇥ ጔଆ ޑ Ջ ޜ Ǵҗ ޜܭ ଷӜǴӢԜ ޜ Ψ ύၰƕ 奺 Ἦ䚳ᶱ媎炻ὧ㚱ᶱ媎 圵 圵ᶱ媎䘬 Ḯˤ ġġġġġġġġ 侴婾炻凔劍 冯 婾 ẋ堐䘬 奨 炻㛔Ἦ 㚱Ḵ媎 炻 㰺㚱ᶱ媎 ˤỮ䴻㘢柿忁㧋ᶨ婒炻凔劍 䈡 㗗 奨 ὧ 䃞Ⱄ㕤 ĺ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 38炻枩 ˤ IJı ġġ㘢柿 䵕㐑䴻䔍䔷 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 38炻枩 ˤ IJIJˢ 0njODPDGK\DPDNDNƗULNƗ GH 1ƗJƗUMXQD DYHF OD SUDVDQQDSDGƗ &RPPHQWDLUH GH &DQGUDNƯUWL ed. Louis de la Vallée Poussin, Bibliotheca Buddhica, No. IV. (St. Petersbourg, 1903Į13Īġĭpp.503įġ忁㗗㚰䧙 ĩ&dqgudnưuwlīġ 婾 䘬䔷慳炻 旬㚱 婾 䘬㡝㛔炻 ġġġġㆹᾱ 䧙忁ᾳ㛔 䁢 㡝㛔 婾 ˤ ᶱ媎䲣䴙Ḯˤ 媪ᶱ媎㗗 ᶱ慵䛇䎮烉䨢媎 䨢䘬䛇䎮ˣ 媎 䘬䛇䎮 媎 䘬䛇䎮ˤ Ḵ侭庫 㔜䘬婒㱽 㗗 䘬䛇䎮ˣ 忻䘬䛇 IJij 㬋啷 Ⅎ 30炻枩 33 ˤˢ

15 10 11 threefold pattern) T ien-t ai ( ( )

16

17 14 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 天台學的核心觀念與實踐 對海外的天台學研究的反思 15 㫉 ἃ ⓷柴炻 ẍ斉慳ˤᶲ朊 忶䘬ˬ 忂㚱 Ḵ悐炻Ữ㚱ἃ ࢯȃԋ ޠ ف 䃉ἃ 䔘俛 䘬婒㱽炻 䎦㕤忁悐叿ἄ ˤijĶġ 晃ᶲ炻㘢柿 㱽 厗䌬佑 ἃ 奨 ˣ 炻㚱忚ᶨ㬍䘬䘤 炻䈡 㗗 ᶱ ἃ 䘬 ġġġġġġ 喌ὲ晬 傥㗗㖍㛔㕡朊䞼䨞 䘬㚨 攨 㚨 䓋䘬 侭炻Ṿ 婒㱽ˤṾ婒烉 㕡朊炻 Ḯ 悐慵天䘬叿ἄ烉 婾 ˣ ˣ 烉㟡㛔 攳 婾普烉㬊奨 㶐 ˤĴIJġṾ ġġ!!!!! ݤ ჴ ջ ӢՕ Ǵ ऩᢀ ջ ΑӢՕ Ǵϖࡋфቺ ว!!!!!!ऩǴջ ጔӢՕ Ƕ 37 㕤䧣叱 ㆸ炻㚦ả 察 㟉攟炻㚱㔯 ỵˤ ġġġġġġ 喌ὲ晬 䘬䞼䨞炻㗗 䘬炻㔯䌣 䞼䨞㱽シ 㽫 炻Ữᶵ 慵夾 䘬ἃ 奨 冯 ˤṾ 烉㟡㛔 攳 ᶨ 㖶栗炻㘢柿天 ἃ 㕡朊ἄ忚ᶨ㬍䘬攳 炻 ἃ 攳 䁢ᶱᾳ朊䚠烉 㚠 炻䓐ḮḴ 枩䘬䭯 炷枩 92Į111炸Ἦ婒㘢柿䘬 㱽 㔁䘬 㔁婒炻 㬋 ˣḮ 䶋 ἃ ˤ㬋 ἃ 奢ぇ䘬䛇䎮炻Ḯ ἃ 橼嫱䳪㤝 ℐ㛒 ἃ 奨 炻㚜ᶵ天婒 忻ἃ ἃ 忻ḮˤṾ婒 䨢炻 婧㘢 䛇䎮䘬㘢ㄏˣ 傥炻䶋 ἃ Ṿ㚱䓐䘬 䳈炻 Ᾱ 攟Ḯ ἃ 䘬 柿䘬䨢ᶵ㗗Ữ䨢炻侴㗗㚱ᶵ䨢佑ˤ 䚠 㗗 忻炻忁 忻㗗ᶵ 㕤䨢ˣ㚱 㯪奢ぇˣ 妋僓䘬 傥ˤ Ḵ怲侴 㚱 佑䎮ˤĴijġ侴 㔁 䘬 㔁䘬 忻炻ἄ䁢㟡㛔 䎮炻ṵ㗗昼㬟 ġġġġġġ军㕤 忻ἃ 䘬⓷柴炻 ᶲ朊 婒炻忁㗗 䳪㤝䛇䎮䘬妋嬨ἄ 䘬 ᶵ圵䘬Ữ 䎮ˤĴĴġ军㕤 㔁炻 喌娵䁢 㔁䘬 忻㗗ᶨ䧖䫔ᶨ 䎮炻 廱 炻ἃ ᶵ 㗗 傥炻ḇ㗗䛇䎮ˤ忁ᾳ墯 奨 㱽厗䌬佑 ḇ ᶵ㗗 㔁ẍ 忻䁢䨢㚱Ḵ怲昼 䘬 䎮炻侴㗗䨢㚱䚠 䘬ˤĴĵġ㊱忁㧋婒 㫉 䎦炻 烉 㔁炻溆 Ḯ 㔁冯 㔁䘬䛇䎮 䚠㗗 忻炻ᶵ 㕤啷㔁冯忂㔁 䛇䎮 㓦 䨢佑ᶨ朊ˤ侴 㔁冯 㔁晾䃞悥 ẍ 忻Ἦ婒䛇䎮炻Ữ 㔁䘬 忻㗗 38 昼㬟䘬炻忁昼㬟 冯ᶾ ḳ䈑䘬䚠昼炻 ᾖ埴ᶲ㚱䳂 烊 㔁䘬 忻!!Օ ύၰƕ!!!!!!ჴ ύၰօ Ƕ 39 㗗 圵炻冯ᶾ ḳ䈑䚠 ᶵ暊炻ḇ㚱ᾖ埴ᶲ䘬枻䃞奢ぇ䘬シ 炻ᶵ 䴻!!!!!! ـ ύၰօ က Ƕ3: 㬟昶㭝ˤ 喌䘬忁䧖䎮妋炻ᶵ傥婒拗炻 㗗ᶵ嵛侴 ˤ 忻㗗 橼 䘬䳪 㤝䛇䎮炻 劍 㗗 天 炻 㱽厗䌬佑 㗗斉 冯攳 ἃ 䘬慵天㔯䌣ˤ Ĵı 楸㕤 橼 炻 ᶵ 㶒㕤 尉炻冯 橼 䘬ἃ 傥 ㆸ䚠Ḻ ˣ 䘬斄Ὢ炻ḇ暋ẍ婒 ˣ デ炻忁ὧ㗗㘢柿 婒䘬 ˬỮ ˬῷ 䘬シ ˤ 㚱 橼 䘬 曰傥婒 デ炻ἄ䁢 橼 䘬ˣ䳪 ijķ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻枩 803 ᶳˤ ijķ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻枩 802 ᶲˤ ijĸ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻枩 ˤ ijĺ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻枩 ᶳˤ ijĺ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻枩 ˤ Ĵı ġġġ斄㕤 㱽厗䌬佑 䘬ἃ 炻 䚳㊁叿烉 㱽厗䌬佑䘬⒚ 冯䵙柀 ᶲ䭯䫔 ġġġġġ䪈 㱽厗䌬佑䘬ἃ 炻枩 48Į61ˤ ĴIJ ġġ 喌ὲ晬烉 婾 ĩ Ṕ悥烉㱽啷棐炻1953 Ī烊 喌ὲ晬烉 ġġġ炷ṕ悥烉㱽啷棐炻1959 炸烊 喌ὲ晬烉 烉㟡㛔 攳 炷Ṕ悥烉 ġġġġ 㦪 㚠 炻1968 炸烊 喌ὲ晬烉 婾普烉㬊奨 㶐 炷Ṕ悥烉 㦪 ġġġġ㚠 炻 炸ˤ Ĵij ġ 烉㟡㛔 攳 炻枩 101ˤ ĴĴ ġġġ ᶲ㚠炻枩 104ˤ Ĵĵ ġġġ ᶲ㚠炻枩 109ˤ

18 16 17 (threefold pattern)

19 18 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 天台學的核心觀念與實踐 對海外的天台學研究的反思 19 ᶨ ᶱ奨ˣℕ ˣ 㗗 Ⱄ䘬㱽㔠枭䚖炻怬㚱 䓴Ḻ ˣᶱ媎 圵 栆炻 ਝȃ ҥ ത ޠ ف 怬㗗ᶵ暊㱽㔠枭䚖ˤᶨ婒 㱽㔠炻ὧ ᶵḮ 慵溆㓦 嶸ᾖ埴䘬㕡㱽シ ġġġġġ㕘䓘晭䪈㗗㖍㛔 侭䞼䨞 䘬 崟 䥨炻 幓㕤㜙Ṕ ⒚ 佑ᶲˤỮ㕘䓘㛒㚱慵夾ἃ ˤ忁㗗䛇䎮奨 㛒㖶炻ᶨ 嶸䘬㕡㱽ὧ 䥹炻 㔯 ˤ㚦ả㔁㕤 Ṕ ˣ䤷ḽ 䩳䞕㛇 炻悥㗗㔁 䚖㧁炻 庠炻 㗗 朊䘬 徘ˤ 借䳂ˤṾ Ḯ 悐㚱斄 䘬叿ἄ炻䈡 㗗 䚠婾 䞼䨞 炻 ġġġġġġ 忁塷娎冱ᶨᾳἳ 䚳ˤ㕘䓘 㘢柿䘬ᶱ奨佑 䣢Ṿ䘬娖慳ˤ ᶱ奨 䭯 㴑 炻 埻 炻 㚱ℍ攨㚠 ⒚ ℍ攨 炻 冯䓘㛹剛㚿 暊 嶸䘬婚柴Ἦ婒炻攳 䘬 ℍ䨢奨堐䣢 䫱 ᶨ 㱽ᶵ 烊 㘢柿 ˤ ĵij 嶇叿䘬 䨢ℍ 奨 ᶵ㗗䃉炻侴㗗 㚱䚠尴䘬ˣ㗪 䩳㕤娵嬀 橼朊 䘬 ġġġġġġġ㕘䓘 㘢柿 ᶨ㚠 䫔Ḵ悐 㘢柿 䓇㵗 䫔Ḵ䪈 㘢 㕥姕 䘬㚱 㱽䘬奨䄏烊嶇叿䘬 忻㬋奨㴱 㕤ᶵ ˣ䨢ˣ 䘬 柿 攳 㖶佑 婒炻㘢柿䘬 ⓷䘬 溆炻㗗ẍ㬋䡢䘬㘢ㄏẍ忚 ᶨ 㱽䘬奨㱽ˤĵĵġ 忁塷炻㕘䓘 ᶱ奨 怈暊 嶸䘬婚柴ᶳ侴 シ 埴 ᾖ 嫱炻 䳽ㆹᾹ䘬䓇 䘬ℏ塷䘬暋ẍ怈暊䘬徟 ˣ䄑 炻嫱 ˤ忁㧋䎮妋ᶵ䬿拗炻Ữᶵ 嵛ˤᶱ奨堐䣢 䛇䎮䘬䎮妋ˣ橼嫱炻㗗天 忁ᾳᶾ䓴䘬䛇䚠炻Ṏ 㗗媠㱽䘬 䚠炻ℨ傥 䎦䄑 䘬 㱣冯 䚠䘬橼 嶸䘬婚柴ᶳ婒炻ㇵ㚱 䛇 䘬ˣ 䘬シ佑炻ᶵ䃞䘬娙炻ὧ㚫㶒㕤ᶨ䧖 ĵij 嫱ˤ 忁ṃ㕡朊炻㘢柿 Ḯ朆 扛䘬㶙ℍ 䳊ˤ ġ㕘䓘 慵夾㘢柿 尉䘬ˣ怈暊䎦 䘬奨溆ˤ天 㚵忁䧖㳩 炻 枰 ἃ 奨 炻忁㬋㗗 ᾖ 䘬斄 炻Ữ忁 ᾖ 嫱㗗暨天 䌚农䘬炻忁 Ἦ冒ἄ䁢 嶸婚柴䘬㟠 ˤ ᶱ奨 炻 奨䄏䘬㗗 橼 䘬䨢ˣ ˣ 忻炻忁ᶵ 橼 䘬ἃ 烊㕘䓘㛒㚱㬋夾忁ἃ 䘬⓷柴ˤṾ ᶲ徘䘬 㘢柿 ᶨ 拗炻Ữ 㬊㕤妨婒侴 ˤ天 嶸䘬傰䴉ᶳἧᶱ奨 㚱 㔁䘬ˣ䎦尉 䘬 㚠 婒 㘢柿䘬 㔁炻 慵夾ᶱ奨ˣᶱ媎佑炻ẍᶱ媎ˣᶱ奨ἄ䁢 㔁䘬䈡 シ佑炻ὧ 枰㴱 奨忁䨢ˣ ˣ 忻䘬 橼 䘬 橼 炻忁 㗗ἃ ˤ ĵĵ 炻Ữ ℐ㰺㚱㴱 ἃ 奨 ˤ ġ婒 㔁 㔁侴ᶵ䔁シἃ ⓷柴炻 慵 ᶱ奨 炻ἄ䁢䛇 䘬ἃ 䘤 奨䘬 慷 奨䄏ḳ䈑䘬䨢ˣ ˣ 忻ᶱᾳ朊 夾 䛇䎮䘬 ᾖ 嫱䘬㕡㱽炻 䛇䎮 㚫ㆸ䁢ᶨ 柕䘬ˣ䃉 䘬 䘬 䚠炻忁ᶱᾳ朊䚠Ṏ 㗗ḳ䈑䘬䛇䎮ˣ䳪㤝䛇䎮ˤ䔞䃞炻 㚨䳪䘬シ佑妨炻 橼 炻嬻Ṣ 㔁㳣 句Ḯ䨢ˤ ἃ 冯䨢ˣ ˣ 忻㗗ᶵ暊䘬炻 Ᾱ 㗪 奨䄏㳣 㺼慵天䘬奺刚炻 ġġġġġġ㕘䓘 Ṿ䘬懭叿 䚠婾 䞼䨞 䘬䫔ᶱ䪈 䚠婾 㕘 橼 䓙㬌Ṏ ẍ攳 ἃ 冯 忻䘬䳸 炻侴ㆸ 媪ˬ 忻ἃ ˤ 㚱 Ḯ忁 䲣 炻堐䣢㘢柿 㔁㔁㱽 炻 㛔ᶲ㗗斉徘 㱽厗䴻 冯 ᶱ ᶨ昶㭝炻 嶸䘬婚柴ㇵ 婒炻ㇵ傥嫱ㆸˤ㕘䓘栗䃞ḇ䞍忻 嶸婚柴䘬慵天 悐䘬ℏ ˤ㕘䓘䘬㕡 ᶨ凔䘬伭 㱽炻 ᶱ 悐冯 㱽厗䴻 䘬斄 炻ỮṾ 夾Ḯἃ 炻拗忶Ḯἃ 冯䨢ˣ ˣ 忻䘬 嶸斄倗ˤ 倗ˣᶱ 悐䘬㥳ㆸˣ㬊奨 嶸炻䈡 㗗 䧖ᶱ㗏䘬䥒 㕡㱽烉 ᶱ㗏ˣ ġġġġġġġġ婒 ᶱ奨炻㕘䓘 㱽厗䌬佑 婒烉 埴ᶱ㗏ˣ 埴 ᶱ㗏ˣ朆埴朆 ᶱ㗏ˤṾ 奨ˣ ˣ Ḁ奨㱽ˣ ġġġġġġġġġġġġջύջଷջ ޜ Ǵό ό౦ǵคοค ǶΒ४ ջǵձ௲ ΒջǴ ĵij ġġ㕘䓘晭䪈烉 䚠婾 䞼䨞 炷Ṕ悥烉 㦪 㚠 炻1981 炸ˤ烊㕘䓘晭䪈烉 ġġġ ⒚ ℍ攨 炷㜙Ṕ烉䫔ᶱ㔯㖶䣦炻 炸烊䓘㛹剛㚿ˣ㕘䓘晭䪈烉 㘢柿 ġġġ炷㜙ṕ烉 啷 䇰䣦炻1982 炸ˤ ĵij ġġ䓘㛹剛㚿ˣ㕘䓘晭䪈烉 㘢柿 炷㜙Ṕ烉 啷 䇰䣦炻1982 炸炻枩 62ˤ ĵĵˢ ᶲ㚠炻枩 166Į ˤ!!!!!! ڀ ΟջǶΟջ ჴ ΨǶ56 ĵĵ ġġ㕘䓘晭䪈烉 䚠婾 䞼䨞 炷Ṕ悥烉 㦪 㚠 炻1981 炸炻枩 319ˤ ĵķ ġ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻枩 ᶲ烊䓘㛹剛㚿ˣ㕘䓘晭䪈烉 㘢柿 炷㜙Ṕ烉 啷 䇰䣦炻 ġġġġġ1982 炸炻枩 134ˤ

20 20 21 P. Swanson Swanson Swanson Wisconsin University Foundations of T ien-t ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism Swanson Swanson pivotal concept (the framework and pattern Swanson T ien-t ai Buddhism and Early 49 Foundations of T ien-t ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism (Berkeley, California: Asian Humanities Press, 1989), pp Ibid., pp.155

21 22 23 Swanson Swanson intelligible) Swanson useful device Swanson Ibid., p Ibid., p.3. Swanson Swanson Swanson 54 Ibid., p Ibid., p Idem.

22 24 25 Swanson epistemological Swanson threefold division conventional discrimination (characterise Swanson view in question) Ibid., p

23 26 27 Swanson (Five Periods and Eight Teachings) Swanson (Upani

24 (merit wisdom

25 30 31 N. Donner D. B. Stevenson B. Ziporyn Evil and/or/as the Good, Omnicentrism, Intersubjectivity, and Value Paradox in Tiantai Buddhist Thought B. Ziporyn 1990 XIII N. Donner and D. B. Stevenson, The Great Calming and Contemplation. A study and Annotated Translation of the First Chapter of Chih-i s Mo-ho Chih-kuan (Honolulu B. Ziporyn, Evil and/or/as the Good, Omnicentrism, Intersubjectivity, and Value Paradox in Tiantai Buddhist Thought (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2000). Being and Amibiguity: Philosophical Experiments with Tiantai Buddhism L. Hurvitz Chih-I, An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk all in a sudden B. Ziporyn, Being and Amibiguity: Philosophical Experiments with Tiantai Buddhism (Chicago and La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 2004). 84 L. Hurvitz, Chih-I, An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk (Bruxelles: Juillet, 1962). 1994

26 32 33 ) tathagata-jjana-darzana buddha-jjana samdarzana avatarana pratiboddhana) marga-avatarana ( ) Buddha 159 XIII, XIII 146

27 34 35 XIII XIII 365 Buddha-gotra Buddha- B. Ziporyn(

28 36 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 天台學的核心觀念與實踐 對海外的天台學研究的反思 37! ޑ ᆶค όӧ ӕ ܭ ύၰ ޑ ค όӧǵօ ӧ ᅿ ՄНᝧ!ᗦ ݱޑ ઓፕཀက և ܭ ҺՖ ک ҺՖ٣ ނ ϐύƕ215 Κȃѡ ڑ Нᝧ 忁㗗 忻ˣἃ 䫱 崟Ἦ炻ẍ䎮 䘬 㼃 㕤ᶨ 嗽 ˣᶨ ḳ䈑 ˤ ṩ䌳䴻 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 8ˤ ġġġġġġ㚨 天 ᶨ溆炻ㆹ ᶲ朊婯 ᶱ媎 㗪炻㚦㕟妨漵㧡䘬 婾 㗗 䑼䎆䴻 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 24ˤ Ḵ媎䲣䴙炻 䩳䨢媎冯 媎炻㛒㚱 忻䌐䩳攳Ἦ侴ㆸ媎炻 䃉 媪 媎ˤ 漵㧡烉 婾 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 30ˤ 忻䘬 炻 㗗墄 䨢佑 㵝䘬ᶵ嵛侴 ˤ㘢柿ὅ㒂忁ᶱ媎 炻㟡㒂沑 昳炽㘢柿烉 㱽厗䌬佑 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 33ˤ 㐑伭Ṩ䘬婌嬗侴 䨢ˣ ˣ 忻ᶲ 䁢媎炻 ㆸ䩳䨢媎ˣ 媎 媎炻 昳炽㘢柿烉 䵕㐑䴻䌬䔷 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 38ˤ 侴ㆸᶱ媎炻 朆漵㧡䘬 シ炻侴㗗㘢柿 漵㧡䘬Ḵ媎婾䘬 忈 䘬娖慳ˤ 昳炽㘢柿烉 䵕㐑䴻䔍䔷 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 38ˤ 㖍㛔 侭㖍㭼 㬋 忁㕡朊㚱䚠栆Ụ䘬䎮妋烉Ṿ娵䁢炻 漵㧡 炻 㛒㚱 昳炽㘢柿烉 㐑姞㬊奨 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 46ˤ 栗䣢 䨢ẍ 㚱 忻ἄ䁢䫔ᶱ䩳 炷㊱䫔ᶨˣḴ䩳 㗗䨢冯 炸ˤ 㬌炻 炽媎奨烉 㔁 炻㓞㕤 㬋啷 冊 46ˤ 㘢柿 㱽厗㔯 ẍ 婾 䘬 䁢ὅ㒂侴 ˬ 䶋 䓇㱽炻 Ρȃ ё Н 䨢 䘬婒㱽炻ᶵ傥婒㗗堐䣢 婾 䘬 シ炻忁 䨢 䘬ᶱ 㥳忈䔊䪇㗗㘢柿冒 䘬䎮妋ˤIJıĶ 劍㛱夳漵炷1990炸ˤ ᶱ奨佑 㔁佑 䚠婾 炻 䓘 ġġġġġġġġ昮 䓇枴 䲨 婾普 埴㚫䶐炻 䓘 昮 䓇枴 䲨 婾㔯普 ˤ ġġġġġġġġ㜙ṕ烉ⱉ ἃ㚠㜿ˤ 䓘 㬋炷1990炸ˤ ἃ㔁 䢶䘬䎮妋 炻庱㕤 䓘 昮 䓇枴 ġġġġġġġġ姀 婾普 埴㚫䶐普 䓘 昮 䓇枴 䲨 烉 㔁 䞼䨞 ˤ ġġġġġġġġ㜙ṕ烉ⱉ ἃ㚠㜿ˤ ⱑ❶劙夷炷1994炸ˤ 㖍㛔 䘬Ḽ㗪ℓ㔁䇕婾侫 炻 媎奨 炻 炻 ġġġġġġġġ61į ˤ ήȃ ਫᇅ ਫ Н 喌ὲ晬炷1953炸ˤ 婾 ˤṔ悥烉㱽啷棐ˤ 喌ὲ晬炷1959炸ˤ ˤṔ悥烉㱽啷棐ˤ IJıĵ ġġ ᶲ㚠炻枩 ˤ IJıĶ ġġ㖍㭼 㬋侭 ẋ 䞼䨞烉㸃䃞 㔁 斄 侫 炻㜙Ṕ烉Ⱉ ἃ㚠㜿炻 ġġġġġġ 炻枩 154ˤ Ỹ喌⒚劙炷1961炸ˤ ⷓ 䞼䨞烉㘢柿 叿ἄ 斄 䢶䘬䟷䨞 ˤ ġġġġġġġġṕ悥烉䘦厗剹ˤ

29 IV XIII XIII XIII XIII L. Hurvitz(1962). Chih-I, An Introduction to the Life and Ideas of a Chinese Buddhist Monk. Bruxelles: Juillet. P. Tillich (1964). Christianity and the Encounter of the World Religions. New York : Columbia University Press. Berkeley(1989). Foundations of T ien-t ai Philosophy: The Flowering of the Two Truths Theory in Chinese Buddhism. California: Asian Humanities Press. N. Donner and D. B. Stevenson(1993). The Great Calming and Contemplation. Ho nolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Ng Yu-kwan(1993). T ien-t ai Buddhism and Early M dhyamika. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press and Value Paradox in Tiantai Buddhist Thought. Cambridge and London: Hharvard University Asia Center. 2006

30 40 41 B. Ziporyn(2004). Being and Amibiguity: Philosophical Experiments with Tiantai Buddhism. Chicago and La Salle, Illinois: Open Court. (St. Petersbourg, ) The Central Idea and Practice of Tiantai Philosophy: A Critical Examination of the Overseas Studies on Tiantai Buddhist Thought NG Yu-Kwan Abstract Japanese, American, and European studies on Tiantai Buddhist philosophy mostly pay attention to the conceptual pattern of the threefold contemplation and the threefold truth. Most of them assume that the crucial Tiantai concept of truth is rooted in this threefold pattern. However, Tiantai method and way of understanding, thinking, and practice, and that it is the philosophical concept of ultimate truth which shapes and determines according to the Tiantai texts ascribed to Zhiyi, is the middle way-buddha nature, and all the practices based on the threefold contemplation and the threefold truth must be understood in this context. Embodying the ultimate sense of truth, the middle way-buddha nature implies permanence and is all-embracing, yet, at the same time, it is dynamic and functional. Keywords: Zhiyi, middle way-buddha nature, threefold contemplation, threefold truth, threefold pattern

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33 ㄏ 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 ˬ㬊奨 䶋廱 䞼䨞 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 ᾖ埴㕡㱽冯㬲 嗽ˤ侴 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 㗗 䥒㲊伭囄䘬奺 炻 倚倆 䘬ᶱ ᶫ忻⑩炻堐㖶忁ṃḇ㗗厑啑 ㅱᾖ 䘬忻⑩炻㓭䞍ㄏ 婒㖶㬌ᶨ㱽厗枻奢㱽攨炻 ẍ啱䓙ᾖ佺䥒 忻炻 ᶨ㱽攨ʇʇ㱽厗 ᶵ㚦夾倚倆妋僓忻⑩䁢 䁢旳侴 ᶵ ˤ ᶱ㗏炻侴忂忼䃉慷ᶱ㗏㱽攨炻忁㬋㗗 㔁ᾖ埴䘬䈡 ˤ ẍᶳ炻 婒㖶 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 䘬ᾖ埴ℏ 冯䈡刚炻ẍἄ䁢 临妶婾䘬 䢶ˤ ẍᶲ 㔯 䞍炻 㛔㚠 炻ㄏ 徘 Ḁ埴攨 ㅱᾖ 䘬忻⑩枭 䚖炻两㈧Ḯ 㛇 ḀˬᶱḀℙ屓 䘬ᾖ埴 炻 妋僓忻䘬ᾖ 枭䚖炻 ℍ厑啑忻 ㅱᾖ 䘬㱽攨ℏ ˤ Κȃ ᇑήॹЦᢏ ݳ Ρȃ ᕬ ݱ ᛴᇚ ӱ ٸ ㄏ 㛔㚠 炻 冱Ḯ姙 ᶱḀ㬊奨埴㱽炻 烉忁ṃ㱽攨悥㗗埴 㚱斄㕤㬊奨ᾖ埴炻ㄏ 䈡 婧ˬ䥒 䘬慵天 炻ẍ㬌䁢攳䘤㟡㛔 侭 ㅱᾖ 䘬ℏ ˤ椾 炻 ㅱᾖ 䘬㱽攨炻㗗ẍ䘤 厑 炻 䙲䛦䓇 忻㘢ˣ㬲 䤆忂炻ẍ ᶨ ἃ㝄 䘬 䢶ˤ 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏 ᶨ㚠 炻 䘬 Ḁ㱽攨䁢 烊 天䘬枭䚖 厑啑䘬ℕ㲊伭囄埴炻ᶨ䚜 䃉慷ᶱ㗏ˣ ㄏ ᾳ奺 炻婾嫱䥒 䁢ᶨ 埴㱽䘬 䢶炻 憅 ẍˬ凔劍ʇʇ㘢ㄏ 媠 旨伭 攨炻䘮 ㅱ ˤ ḹ烉 䁢ℕ 椾䘬 䴙婒㱽炻 Ṿ䈡 婧䥒 慵天 䘬 䓙ˤ ḹ烉 வ߃วЈԿԋՕၰǴ ي Ј ඵችǴట ௲ϯ ғ Ǵ ՉӜӷ ӵ คໆՕ фቺǵ Ϫ வᕝғǶ ਔᇥ ࡋݤ ғǵ ᕝ ݢ ᛥ ৡձǶϻటᏢ ϪՕ ݤ ǴӃ י Ǵ ᕝ ۓ Ǵள ϪՕ ݤ ፏΟ ᇋфቺ ԋƕ: ߐǶԭΖΟ ǴϖԭߒᛥѭǴϷፏ ಥǴεཁεൿǴ ϪᅿඵǴϖ ǵϥઓ೯ǵο ǵζ ಥǵΜΚѤค ǴΜΖόӅ ݤ ǴΟΜΒ ǵ ˬ䥒 㗗ἃ㔁䘬䶜 㲐 炻ˬ㲊伭囄 炻シ嬗䁢䳪㤝ˣ 㺧炻 ΖΜᅿӳǴϤ ݢ ᛥᇋǴΟΜΎࠔǴѤѶεᇣᜫǴѤคໆЈǴӵཀઓ 㚱 忼 Ⱡ佑烊䥒 朄 㱽 ẍ䧙䁢ˬ㲊伭囄 侭炻 ˬ傥䨞䪇 8 ೯ǴѤឪ ݤ Ƕ ᶨ 冒 冯 Ṿ ḳ炻傥 㺧䃉ᶲἃ㝄 炻侴䁢 Ḁᾖ埴 天忻⑩冯ㆸ ἃ屯䲏ˤ ḹ烉 㔯 婒㖶烉䁢㔁 䛦䓇 ㅱᾖ 䘬䃉慷㱽攨炻 冒㚱叔 䧖埴㱽䘬 佑 ⶖ 炻 ẍ炻 㶐ㆺˣ ᾖ䥒 䘬 䢶ᶲ炻ㅱℵᾖ佺ᶨ ㆸἃ 埴䘬 ᕝ ݢ ᛥᇋԖคໆӜӷǴ ՕၰǴঅᏢ ᕝ ۓ Ǵ ي Јள Ǵ 媠 ᶱ㗏埴㱽ˤ 炻㚱ẍ 䙲䛦䓇䁢 䘬ᶨ䘦暞ℓ䧖ᶱ㗏埴㱽炻㚱傥 ᘐፏ ඊǴள Ϫઓ೯ǴҥεᇣᜫǴࡋ Ϫ ғǵ ΏӜ ᕝ ݢ ᛥ ˣ忂忼ḳ埴䘬Ḽ䘦旨伭 攨炻ẍ 䧖䧖妋僓䄑 䘬㱽攨ˤẍᶲ 婒ˬ㱽 ᇋǶ21 攨 炻 婧 冯 ʇʇ旨伭 ˣᶱ㗏炻ὅ㬌忚嫱ㆸἃ ᶨ 䧖 㘢 Ĺˤ 叿 冱俾ỵ 嫱 䤆忂ˣ䚠 䫱ˤῤ 䔁シ䘬㗗炻 㬌 ℍḮ 椾 炻ㄏ ẍἃ旨㫚 䛦䓇 炻䘮 ℍ䥒 ẍ奨䛦䓇㟡㨇侴婒㱽ἦ ĸˢġ ㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 ᶳˤ炸 ᶨ 䧖㘢 ἃ ᾖ 䘬㘢嫱㝄ỵ炻 ḹ烉ˬἃ 㘢ㄏ㗗 㲊伭囄炻 㗗㲊伭囄㓭炻 ġġġġ厑啑 埴Ṏ 㲊伭囄炻 婒㝄㓭ˤ㗗凔劍㲊伭囄炻 ἃ 嬲 䁢ᶨ 䧖㘢ˤ厑 ġġġġ啑埴㘢ㄏ炻㯪 Ⱡ炻㓭 㲊伭囄烊ἃ Ⱡ炻㓭 ᶨ 䧖㘢 炷漵㧡厑啑忈炻 Ĺˢ ġġġġġ沑㐑伭ṩ嬗烉 㘢 婾 ℓ炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 25炻枩 190 ᶲˤ炸 ĺˢ ġㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 ᶳˤ IJıˢ ㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 630 ˤ

34 ㄏ 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 ˬ㬊奨 䶋廱 䞼䨞 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 婧ᾖ 䥒 䘬慵天 ˤ ḹ烉 ẍ㬌婒㖶烉 枰ὅ䥒㲊伭囄ἄ䁢忚ᾖ 嵛ᶨ 㱽攨䘬㟡 ˤᶳ 㔀 徘ˬ 嗽奨 ˤ ΟШΜБคໆፏՕǴऩటᇥ ࡋݤ ғਔǵӄεᕝ ۓ ǴаΜΚၰᅿඵǴ ˬ 嗽 䘬ᾖ 㫉䫔炻椾 㗗幓 嗽奨ˤㄏ 烉㫚奨幓ᶵ㶐炻 ᢀჸ ғਥ ৡձǴǾǾ Օ ق ǺȨऩό ᕝǴѳӦᜬቜǶऩట ẍ 冯奨刚㱽 䁢 炻ẍ㬌侴ㆸ ᶵ㶐奨㱽ˤ㬌䥒㲊伭囄 幓 22 ᘐ ඊǴӃа ۓ Ǵฅࡕඵ ܘ Ƕȩ ᶵ㶐奨㱽炻ˬ傥㕟Ḽ㫚ᶨ 䄑 炻傥昌Ḽ味炻傥㕟 丷ˤ IJĵ 忁㗗ẍ 㶐昌䄑 䘬 傥ˤ 炻ẍˬ幓 嗽 䛤 㓭炻ỷ㕤 䥒 炻傥夳 㗗 வ߃วЈԿՕ ǴǾǾऩӧ ۓ Ǵ ޕ Ш໔ғ ݤ Ǵҭ ޕ ршο४ 䤆忂ˤ IJĶ 忁㗗ẍ䥒 䛤ˣ 䫱䤆忂 䘬 ˤ ဃၰǶ ڋ ЈᕝඵǴค٣όᒤǶȩ23 䫔Ḵ㗗ˬ 嗽奨 ˤˬ 㗗ℕ㟡妠 ℕ 䓇崟䘬奢䞍ˣデ 炻 㚱劎 ˣ㦪 冯ᶵ劎ᶵ㦪䘬 ˤㄏ 婒㖶烉ẍ䥒㲊伭囄ˬ奨 嗽炻 䃉婾天ᾖ ᶾ攻䓇㹭㱽䚠炻怬㗗 ᶾᶱḀ俾忻炻 枰ẍ䥒 䁢 䢶ˤ 䃉䓇䃉㹭炻䃉ᶨ 炻 㗗㴭㥫ˤɃɃ 㗗奨㗪炻 傥㕟ᶨ 䄑 ˤ 㕟䄑 䃞天㚱䥒 炻忋婒㱽 䛦䓇ḇ 枰 䥒 炻 傥ˬ奨 ɃɃ㫚 䔄䓇㗪炻奨 嗽ˤℍ 䥒㗪 炻ℍ䫔 䥒烊 䥒崟炻ỷ䫔Ḵ 䛦䓇㟡 ⶖ 侴 㛸㕥㔁ˣ 䕯ᶳ喍ˤ 䥒ˤ䓐 シ䤆忂炻Ẍ媠䛦䓇炻暊䔄䈚㤕炻 Ṣ 炻Ẍ 㬉 炻侴䁢婒㱽ˤ IJķ ℵ侭炻 㕤ˬḼ 䚚炻㘢ㄏ䁢 䘬 䴙婒㱽炻ㄏ 栗䃞㚱ᶵ シ 夳ˤṾ䈡 孂 䥒㲊伭囄䘬ᾳ 㗗烉 忁㗗婒炻ᾖ 嗽 䘬䥒 炻傥旵ặ䄑 炻 ᶼ㕤刚䓴 ˣḴˣᶱˣ 䥒ℍˣỷ冒 炻 䤆忂 炻 ⶏ婒㱽炻㾇 䔄䓇忻䛦䓇ˤ 䫔ᶱ㗗ˬ 嗽 ˤㄏ 烉ˬ 䥒㗪炻 炻奢奨㒨䶋ˤ ӵᕝ ۓ ፕύᇥǴΟ४ Ϫඵች வᕝғǶǾǾΜБፏՕǴӵటᇥ ݤ ɃɃ ἧ埴侭炻㔠晐 奨炻Ṏᶵ傥㓅炻 ἄ㗗 烉ᶱ䓴嘃 炻䘮 ἄˤ ࡋ ғਔǵӄεᕝ ۓ ǴǾǾӵ ϪඵችϷεӀ ǵεઓ೯κǵ 奨㗗 炻 ỽ嗽䓇烎ƀƀ念奨幓ℏ炻㯪 ᶵ 炻ɃɃ 奨 炻䃉㚱 24 ӧᕝ ۓ ύளƕȩ 炻ɃṎ䃉䚠尴炻䔊䪇䃉 炻Ṏ䃉ᶵ夳 ˤ 㗗奨䪇炻幓 䨢 炻㫉䫔ℍ 䥒炻傥崟䤆忂ˤ IJĸ 侭 㔋Ḫ炻 Ợ㒨䶋炻䃉㱽㓅 炻忁㗪 ᾖ佺 ㄏ 炻ᶵ婾㗗ᶱḀ㘢ㄏ炻怬㗗ἃ旨 䓇䘬ㄏ ˣ㖶 ˣ忂 炻悥 䥒 奨 炻奢䞍 晐䶋䓇㹭炻䃉㚱 炻ℏ 念㯪炻ᶵ 䚠烊䓙幓 䨢 侴䓇䘤炻㓭ᾖ埴椾 ㅱ慵夾 䘬 梲炻ẍ㬌䁢 䘤ᶱḀ忻㝄冯ἃ㝄 䚠侴傥㫉䫔ℍ䥒炻嫱媠䤆忂ˤ 䘬㚱 ὅˤ 䫔 㗗ˬ㱽 嗽 ˤㄏ 㕤ˬ㱽 嗽 䘬ᾖ 炻 ᾳ奺ἦ婒㖶 シ㵝ˤ椾 婒㖶㬌ˬ㱽 枭䚖炻 㚱 ˣᶵ ˣ䃉姀䫱ᶱ㱽炻 叿 ήȃпѳ ᕬ ܛ ጣ 㲃 抒昛㬌ᶱ㱽䘬 栆ℏ ˤ䃞侴䃉婾㚱 らℏ 炻ㄏ 䳸烉忁ṃ 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 ℙ㚱ᶲˣᶳℑ 炻ᶲ ẍ孂 䥒 䁢 炻 IJĵ ġġㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 633 ᶳˤ ġġㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 634 ᶳˤˢ IJķ ġġㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 634 ᶳˤˢ IJĸˢ ㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 636 ᶳˤ IJĶ IJIJ ġġㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 ᶳˤˢ ㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 628 ˤ IJĴˢ ㄏ 烉 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 46炻枩 629 ᶲˤ IJijˢ

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46 72 73 A Study on the Transformation of the Object of Concentration in Meditation based on the Practice of Samadhi which Is in Harmony with All Methods of Practice as taught by Venerable Huisi. Venerable Shing-kuang 43 Abstract Inspired by the idea of harmonizing all the practices, Chan master must practice meditation unremittingly. Based on this, his cultivation of the various dharani and the immeasurable Samadhi entailing the profound insight can be accomplished. methods of cultivation, as well as his theory and practice of concentration and contemplation from the subsequent four points of view: i) Differentiating between the principles of studies and the methods of practice. ii) Differentiating between the abilities and the tools to be used. iii) Understanding the methods used to transform the object of concentration iv) Penetrating all the immeasurable methods via mastering one method. 43 The author is the Principal of Buddhist Hong Shi College, Associate Professor at the Department of Religious Studies, Hsuan Chuang University, Taiwan. When selecting the object of concentration, the practitioner may choose a method fitting his specific conditions, needs, and character. However, in realizing the bodhisattva path and guiding sentient beings, he must also learn to change or adjust his object of concentration and contemplation the advanced skill of which accomplishes his practicing the immeasurable samadhi he refers to and adjusts the object(s) of contemplation expresses his ability the immeasurable ways of practicing. Based on his own experiences, Venerable Huisi expounds those methods of concentration and contemplation by means of which the practitioner can penetrate the immeasurable ways of cultivation via mastering one method of practice. Such a teaching enables him to redirect and turn his initial concentration into the cultivation of all the other methods of practice. Venerable Huisi also unfolds the teaching of the Fahua samadhi which is the cultivation which entails the realization of Buddhahood. All this sets up the theoretical foundation for the Tiantai-school s Complete Teaching of Concentration and Contemplation which has later been developed and advocated by Venerable Zhiyi in his mature stage of practice and teaching. Keywords Venerable Huisi arana (non-contention, nondisturbing) practice of samadhi which is in harmony dharani catvari smrty-upasthanani (the four foundations of mindfulness) mind of transformation

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48 Eugene Wang Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval China Eugene Wang, Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Medieval China. University of Washington Press, 2005.

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50 80 81 Chutiwangs) Mallman Schopen Paul Harrison for? The Eastern Buddhist 28, 1995, pp

51 法華禪觀與法華圖像之關係 由慧思 法華三昧 禪觀看觀音菩薩 普現色身 形象的義涵 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 㐑姞㬊奨 奨枛㱽攨 斉慳炻 㕤奨枛ᾉẘℏ 䘬 㖯 䓊䓇 ijķ 嫱婾徘䓂娛炻 㬌ᶵℵ岭徘ˤ䴻䓙Ḷ 㕡 Ṽ䳘侫嫱炻奨枛忈⁷ ẋ廱 枧ˤ 䃞侴䓙䫮侭 ㄏ 㱽厗䥒奨 䞼䨞ㆸ㝄䚳Ἦ炻悕䣸 㕤奨枛䥒 炻 㚦ᶨ ẍ 㚱䥒 傥 䘬ˬ䤆䔘 朊尴 䎦 㬟 奨㚨慵天 届䌣炻 㕤 Ḯ䪢忻䓇 㱽咖剙䴻䔷 炻ġ ㇱ枩炻ḇ Ṣ朊 慵䎦ˤĴıġ 䎦 橼䘬 ⁷ 炻Ḷ 㕡 䚖䎦㓞 枛冯奨枛䘬ˬ㘖䎦刚幓ᶱ㗏 夾䁢 冒 冯 Ṿ䘬ℑᾳ奺 㕤㱽厗 䫱 ℍ 㬋啷炽 ⁷悐 䫔ℕℲ Ḵ朊奨枛Ḵ ㅱ䎦 冯 娴䥒 ijĸ ⷓ㚱斄ˤĴIJ ㄏ䘬 嶸冯 嫱ˤ ġ㬌溆䫮侭 㕤ᶳ㔯 ẍ Ỡ妶婾ˤġ Ḷ 㕡䘬 奨枛ȹ厑啑 䘬㺼嬲 ᶨ㚠 䧙役ẋẍ㚨ℐ朊 奺 㬌 炻Ḷ 㕡 㜸㚨㖑 䎦㕤㔎䃴䘬ˬ㯜㚰奨枛 ĩ 丒㕤 943 Ī 㗪炻 䞼䨞 奨枛ᾉẘ 奨枛 ⁷ 䞼䨞ㆸ㝄炻 䞼䨞㕡㱽 㫸 (Daniel Ṏẍἃ㔁䴻婾 夳ẍˬ㯜 㚰 炻 䎦尉廱䝔 必 嘃 䨢 Overmyer) 㕤 1998 ˬTHF 䞼䨞㱽 炻䳸 ˬ㔯䌣 (text)炻ˬ㬟 㤪 炻Ἦ娖妋奨枛冯㯜㚰 斄Ὢˤ 侴ⷞ㚱凔劍䨢奨 䥒奨シ 炻Ĵij 䃞 (history)炻 ˬ䓘慶婧㞍 HOGZRUN ˤ晾䃞 屓䨧ℐ㚠 ⓷柴䁢ˬ䁢 㗪Ḷ 㕡Ṏ シⰙ㛔春 䘬奨溆炻娵䁢㯜㚰奨枛⁷ 姙 䳈炻 䪡 ỽ奨枛忈⁷ 㬟䴻 忶䦳 炻Ữ 㬟 侫 Ṏ㚱㔠ᾳ䪈䭨 㜿 㾹ⶫ㸸冒 Ⱉ㯜䔓炻侴奨枛㕄ῂⱑ䞛 㧡㛐 攺㔋 ン炻 Ḷ 妶婾 奨枛忈⁷冯䥒奨 斄Ὢˤ 娚㚠䫔Ḽ䪈 䤆䔘 冯奨枛䘬㛔 㖑㛇 丒晙 ᶾ 丒䔓ˤĴĴ 炻 昌Ḯ ẋ ẋ 炻䔞奨枛 䎦㕤嗼婈ᾉ䛦䘬 䣢䎦 ᶲ徘㚱斄奨枛冯䥒奨斄Ὢ ἳ嫱炻昌圵 凔劍䨢奨 㯜㚰奨枛⁷ 㕤 㗪炻 䎦 Ṣ䚠炻 Ṣ 炻Ṏ㚱Ḵỵ䤆䔘 塓夾䁢奨枛 䎦㕤 ᶾ䲨 炻 Ṿ奨枛ᾉẘ䘮Ⱄℓᶾ䲨 ˤ ⁷屯㕁 㕁䘮䚠䔞 幓ˤġ Ḽᶾ䲨 䘬 娴䥒ⷓ ĩ425į514ī ᶫ军ℓᶾ䲨䘬 ụ䥒ⷓ ĩ 㕤 㚱旸ˤᶼ䓙㕤ᶲ徘䞼䨞ㆸ㝄 㫚嗽䎮䘬 天⓷柴 朆ˬ奨枛䥒奨 冯 橼 Ī 䘮塓夾䁢 ᶨ朊奨枛䘬 幓ˤġ 㚱斄㬌Ḵỵ䥒ⷓ 䓇 炻䘮㚱姙 冯 ˬ奨枛 ⁷ 攻 斄Ὢ炻ᶲ 婾徘䘮 嗽䎮 冒䘬 天⓷柴㗪旬ⷞ 炻 䥒奨 啱䓙䥒奨 䤆䔘傥 䚠斄姀庱炻 㓞ℍ 慹昝㡝 娴 㬌 㕤ˬ奨枛䥒奨 冯 橼ˬ奨枛 ⁷ 攻斄Ὢ ⓷柴 ὃ䘬屯㕁ṏ 㱽ⷓ 娴所 炻 㚱ẍᶳ姀庱 Ļ 㚱旸炻 㬌䫮侭㒔㕤ᶳ䭨 炻 ᶨ冯 ⁷ 㬟 侫 ᶵ 䘬妋嬨忚 嶗炻 䓙 䥒ⷓ Ḁ䥒奨䘬婾徘 Ἦ慸㶭ˬ奨枛䥒奨 冯 橼ˬ奨枛 ሸ ϐҭ )58:*Ǵ ᡉᡫ Ǵ Ꮃ২ Ǵ < ቻ ଚᓘǴ ⁷ 攻 斄Ὢˤġ 39 ኧВό१ < ᒕ ق ӂǵᝌ дј < ਔϐύǴϩ ي ኧ Ǿ ȃȶ ౫Ք ή ȷᕬᢏᇅᢏॲആ ϟᜱ 㔯 ˬ尓妨㛒 䴻䓙䥒ᾖ ˬ 䛤忂 ļ 侴ˬㆠ夾Ṿ 䫮侭㚦㕤㊁ἄ ㄏ 㱽厗䥒奨 䞼䨞ȹ㱽厗ᶱ㗏冯 Ḁ 嗽䘬Ḻ㓅 䴻䓙䥒ᾖ侴 ˬṾ 忂 ļˬᶨ㗪 炻 幓㔠嗽 䴻䓙䥒ᾖ侴 䘬ˬ䤆嵛忂 ˤijĺ Ṿ㚱斄 娴䥒ⷓ ụ䥒ⷓ 䤆䔘ḳ嶉炻Ḷ 㕡 侫 ijķˢ ᶲ炻枩 ˤ ijĸˢ ᶲ炻枩 Į280ˤ ijĺˢ 㓞ℍ ἃ 䫔ᶨ廗炻䫔ᶱℲ ĩ Ļ 㖶㔯 䇰䣦炻1980 Ī炻枩 ġ368į369ˤ ijĺˢ 夳ᶩ㓷 ἃ㔁䤆忂ȹ㻊嬗ἃ 䤆忂㓭ḳ㔀ḳ䞼䨞 ĩ 㱽溻㔯 ĭ Ī炻枩 82Į 99ˤ ġġ 夳Ḷ 㕡 奨枛ȹ厑啑 䘬㺼嬲 䫔Ḽ䪈 䤆䔘 冯奨枛䘬㛔 炻枩 223Į251ˤġ ĴIJ ġġ ᶲ炻夳枩 230Į231ˤ Ḵ朊奨枛Ḵ ㅱ䎦 夳 ᶲ炻枩 259ˤˢ Ĵij ġġ 夳Ḷ 㕡 奨枛ȹ厑啑 䘬㺼嬲 炻枩 265ĮĮ ˤ ĴĴˢ ᶲ炻枩 268ˤ Ĵı

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54 法華禪觀與法華圖像之關係 由慧思 法華三昧 禪觀看觀音菩薩 普現色身 形象的義涵 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 䧖㘢 Ἦ婒㖶䥒 ᾖ佺 慵天 炻 婒㖶 㫚ᾖ佺 ˬᶲ 䁢 Ἦ Ϫ ғ 䇞 ـ ᙓǴ ಞधՉǴ ܭ ВД ቺՕ ݤ ύǵᆒ 冯厑啑 炻ᶼ 㚱ˬᶨ 䧖㘢 䈡 ˤ 夳ㄏ ᶱ䧖䥒 䫱䳂 姽 冯 ՉǴ Ј ՕǴᅈ Βί ςǵள ϪՅ ي Ο ǶளԜΟ ςǵ 㱽咖厗䴻 慵溆炻 ˬἃ䛤 炷ᶨ 䧖㘢炸㚱 斄Ὢˤ Јε Ǵջբ قۺ ǺȨ ך ள ϪՅ ي Ο Ǵ ளᆪȠ ݤ ȡ ΚǴ ך Ϟ ٮ ᎦВД ቺՕϷ ݤ Ƕȩ56 ㄏ 炻ᶲ㭝 㔯 䘬ˬᶨ 䧖㘢 ᶨ 䧙 䁢ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚 幓ᶱ㗏 ˬ㘖䎦刚幓ᶱ㗏 䁢慵天䚖㧁ˤˬ㘖䎦刚幓ᶱ㗏 ᶨ娆ℙ 䎦 㕤 㱽咖厗䴻 ᶱ⑩ ĮĮ 喍䌳厑啑㛔ḳ⑩䫔Ḵ ᶱ ˣ 枛厑啑㛔 䓙ㄏ 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 ˬᶨ 䧖㘢 ˬ㘖䎦ᶨ 刚幓 ḳ⑩䫔ḵ ˣ 奨ᶾ枛厑啑㘖攨⑩䫔Ḵ Ḽ ˤ䃞侴㩊夾ᶨ凔 侭 ᶱ㗏 慵夾炻栗 ㄏ 媠㱽䃉婵ᶱ㗏㱽攨 䥒 婾徘冯 㱽咖 䘬ㄏ 㘢柿 天䥒奨 Ἦ㸸 㘢 婾 䘬 43 厗䴻 䥒奨婾徘䘬 斄Ὢˤ 冱䘬ᶨ䘦暞ℓ䧖ᶱ㗏炻 㛒 ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 ˤ 㘢 婾 နȃ ڐ уτॹစ ԥᜱȶ ౫ΚϹՔ ή ȷϟ ख़І ڐ ᇅȮॷྊ ή စȯᕬঔ ख़ϟᜱ 䎦忶ᶨ㫉䘬ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 㗗 䓐 㱽咖厗䴻 Ʉ 喍䌳厑 啑㛔ḳ⑩䫔Ḵ ᶱ ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 妶婾烉 ӵƞ ݤ ȡύᛰЦ ᙓǴவՕளȨ Ϫᡂ Յ ي Ο ȩǵբ ࡘ ᶲ䭨妶婾ㄏ ẍᶱḁ Ἦ䓴 ˬᶲˣ ˣᶳ ᶱ䧖 炻侴 㫚ᾖ Ǻ ך ϓՖ ٮ ᎦՕϷ ݤ Ο ǻջਔ० ډ Ϻ ǴаΟ ΚǴߘΎ ˬ Ἦ İ 厑啑ᶲ 㗗ᾖ佺 㱽咖厗䴻 喍䌳厑啑㛔ḳ⑩ 军 奨 ᝊ ३ቱᇂǴ ٮ Ꭶ ܭ ՕǶрΟ ςǵཀซό ى Ǵ ܭ ίβԭ Ǵ ᶾ枛厑啑㘖攨⑩ 婒 ˬ㘖䎦刚幓ᶱ㗏 ˤ䓙ㄏ 奨溆 㹗ᶲ㔯 १ ३Ǵ ፏ३ ݨ ǴฅࡕаϺқ ي ԶᐨǴԾբᇣ ق ǺȨ يך 䁢悕䣸 䓐炻婒㖶䪢忻䓇䓙冒 冯 ṾḴᾳ奺 Ἦ婾徘 枛冯奨枛䘬 55 Ӏ ΖΜ㚌 ݞ ՕШ ǾǾȩ ˬ㘖䎦刚幓ᶱ㗏 䘬 㱽咖剙䴻䔷 炻 䚳 䪢忻䓇 㱽咖剙䴻 䔷 㚱栆Ụ䘬娖慳奺 ˤ 䪢忻䓇 㱽咖剙䴻䔷炽 枛⑩䫔Ḵ ᶱ 䃞侴 㱽咖厗䴻 炻昌Ḯ㚨䁢Ṣ 䅇䞍䘬 奨ᶾ枛厑啑㘖攨 炻㚱 ᶳ婾徘 Ļ ⑩䫔Ḵ Ḽ 炻 喍䌳厑啑㛔ḳ⑩䫔Ḵ ᶱ 枛厑啑⑩䫔 Ḵ 炻䘮㚱斄㕤厑啑嫱 ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 娛䳘婾徘ˤ 䈡 ਔ ᆪᇥᛰЦҁ٣Ǵӆᆀऍ ݤ фቺǵ уߞལǵࠍట Ƕ 溆 ᾖ埴 㱽厗䴻 冯ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 攻䘬䚜 斄Ὢ䘬㗗 喍䌳厑 ࢬѲϐБǴѸԖ ӢǴ ӢϐՉǴεವ೯ ϪՅ ي Ο ǶՅ 啑㛔ḳ⑩䫔Ḵ ᶱ ˤ娚⑩ 喍䌳厑啑䁢ᶨ 䛦䓇 夳厑啑 㗪炻 㖍㚰 ي Ο ޣ Ǵջ ݤ ችΨǶΓ Ӏඦ ݤ Ǵ Ο Ǵߡਸ ރ 㶐㖶 ἃ倆 㱽厗䴻 侴 ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 ˤ䓙ᶳ㭝 㔯 炻 㶭㤂 คБǶ 䚳 䴻 㶭㤂昛徘ᾖ埴 㱽厗䴻 冯ˬ䎦ᶨ 刚幓ᶱ㗏 㚱䚜 䘬 㝄斄 ᇥ εγƕᒃ ځ ΓǶ ۳ Ƕа Ԝ Ƕ ځ ϐ Ƕ ό Ὢ烉 ЯǶ57 ĵķ 44 㬋啷 Ⅎ 25炻枩 130 ᶳˤ 㬋啷 Ⅎ 9炻枩 53 ᶲˤ 㕘个临啷䴻 Ⅎ 炻枩 16 ᶳ炻埴 Į11ˤ ĵķ

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56 法華禪觀與法華圖像之關係 由慧思 法華三昧 禪觀看觀音菩薩 普現色身 形象的義涵 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 ΕᕝǴӵ ԛ ܭ Ζၹύԭӣίӣ ޑ ΕᕝǴ ӜȨ ၹȩǾ)3* வқ ၹ໒ ۈ Ǵᆶ ӕኬ ԛε ۓ Ǵ Ӝ!Ȩ ၹȩǾ 61 ℍḮ㫚Ẍˬ厑啑䕦 旧俐 伭ᶱ啸ᶱ厑 㨇炻ẍ ỽ 嬲 䁢倚 倆幓 彇㓗ἃ幓㗪炻 傥ᾅ㚱 Ḁ厑啑 婾徘ˤġ!Ӄȃȶ ݳ ᕬᢏȷᇅȶᢏॲആ ȷ ϟᜱ 㔯 ˬℍ䥒 炻 忚ℍˬ 䥒ℓ 炻 䓙 䥒侴军朆 朆朆 șпȶ ౫Ք ή ȷ ᢏॲᕬᢏϟ ౫ 嗽 攻 䓴ˤġ䫱忚ℍ㬌䧖 䓴 炻 忚埴 䧖䤆嬲 Ļ ۶ӵ Јள Ǵమ ዅқคᘸᚆፏᒿ ඊ ೬ ܭ բ ӼՐό ᶲ㔯 㔯㛔 㜸炻 ẍ嬻ㆹᾱ 㕤奨枛 ⁷ 䎮妋 ℐ㓡奨ˤ䓙ᶲ ਔǴЇᏤ ځ Ј ӛ ܭ ઓᡂǴϷ ளᅿᅿઓᡂǶջа ) * ي ӭ 㔯㛔 㜸Ἦ䚳炻奨枛厑啑 ẍ 晐䛦䓇 暨䎦幓 ὃ怑䔞䘬㓹 炻 ) * ي Ǵӭ ) * ي ) * ي Ǵᡉ ي Ǵᗦ ي Ǵ ᏛǴ ᕅǴ ξค 㕤 ˬ㱽厗䥒奨 䓂㶙橼ぇˤ䓙㬌奺 Ἦ䚳炻䃉婾奨枛ㅱ䎦 ԖምᛖǴӵՉ ޜ ύǵр Ӧ ӵӧнύǵ Нό ӵቬӧ Ǵ೪ 㱽咖厗䴻炽㘖攨⑩ 倆倚㓹劎䘬ᶱ ᶱㅱ 幓炻 㗗 㬟 ᶲ Ṣ ޜ ύզൺ ՉӵചߕᖀǴВϐᆶДԖεઓΚԖε ቺЋ ϐǵᗨ 䚠ˣ Ḵ朊奨枛䚠ˣ ㇳ 䛤 ず奨枛䚠ˣ㯜㚰奨枛䚠ˣ䘥堋奨枛䚠ˣ䓂 62 㗗奨枛侩㭵䚠炻 䘮 叿ˬ㱽厗䥒奨 㛔岒ˤṎ 㛔㔯 Ϻ ډ ي Ƕ! ⓷柴 Ļˬ奨枛厑啑 埴㶙凔劍㲊伭囄 䥒奨 ỽ廱 䁢 橼 ˬ奨枛 㶭㶐忻婾 炻㚜娛䳘婾徘Ḯ 䧖䤆嬲炻 㗗烉ĩ1Ī 㰢シ䤆嬲炻 忈⁷ ŀ 㬌ᶨ奨溆廱 斄挝炻ᶵ 㕤忈⁷堐朊 奨 冯 㜸炻侴 䔷忂 ĩ2ī 嬲 䤆嬲炻ĩ3Ī シ ㆸ䤆嬲炻ĩ4Ī 㘢念㺧䤆嬲炻ĩ5Ī 念㺧䤆嬲炻ĩ6Ī 俾䤆 Ḁ䴻婾 斄挝㔯 倗䳸溆ˤ䓙㬌 夳㔯㛔妋㜸 ⁷妋嬨 慵天 嬲炻ĩ Ī 㤕 䓇䤆嬲炻ĩ8Ī 䤷䤆䤆嬲炻ĩ9Ī 埻 ㆸ䤆嬲炻ĩ10Ī 嗽㬋 ˤ Ķij 埴䶋ㆸ䤆嬲ˤ ˬ㰢シ䤆嬲 ℵ䳘 䁢ˬᶨ幓ㆸ 幓䤆嬲 ˣˬ ġ 幓ㆸᶨ幓䤆嬲 ˣɃˬㇳ妠㖍㚰䤆嬲 䫱䧖䧖䤆嬲炻 ˬㇳ妠㖍㚰䤆嬲 冯佑㵝炻 忁ṃ 忚埴㶙ℍ妋㜸炻㕡傥㶙ℍ妋嬨 ἃ㔁䴻婾 ⁷ ᶨ䭨 㚱 䚖䈵忋嬲 䁢漵䌳冯暋旨 㲊暋旨漵䌳櫍㱽炻侴ẍ檀崭 䤆 䘬ἃ㔁忈⁷ シ佑ˤ屨ᶾ⒚ 㔎䃴 ⁷䞼䨞ȹ ℕ 㛅 ᶨ㚠 ĶĴ Ṣ 枰Ḯ妋 ἃ㔁 ⁷側 炻冯 Ṿ栆 忈⁷ᶵℙ 喲啷䘬ἃ㔁 忂 漵䌳 娛䳘姀庱ˤ 㬌ᶨ㔯㛔 忋䳸炻Ṏ䁢 夳㕤㔎䃴䞛䩇 炻 䴻ẍ㱛大崘 慷䥒 佺䥒䘬㔯䌣姀抬炻 䄏䎦 㵤䁢 䘬䥒䩇 Ờ晐㱽厗䴻嬲 䵕㐑娘䴻嬲 ˬ ⶖ櫍 嬲 冯䴻嬲攻 斄Ὢ炻 怢ἳ炻Ἦ嫱㖶ˬ搧ẁ䩇ẍ 䥒 炻 ˬℍ 䩇ẍ㼬䤆 䥒奨⁷ 㬟 ὃ妋嬨 㕘奺 傥 ˤ 䃞 炻䃞侴㛔㔯ẍㄏ 㕤 㱽咖厗䴻 䘬妋嬨炻婒㖶 ⁷ 㳆䩇 㭼庫 㶭㶐忻婾 ˬ䤆嬲 冯 椾㤆 ᶱ㗏䴻 ˬ䤆嵛忂 炻 ᾖ埴䥒奨䘬 ᶨⰌ 傥佑㵝炻ḇ婒㖶Ḯ奨枛 ⁷䘬 Ⰼ㫉 佑ˤ䓙㛔㔯 䚠 嗽䓂 炻 天䘬ᶵ 嗽 㕤 椾㤆 ᶱ㗏䴻 ˬ䤆嵛忂 䘬妶婾䚳Ἦ炻 奨枛ᶨ凔㳩埴侴㘖念 ἃ㔁忈⁷炻劍㛒傥 䄏㔯㛔䘬㶙 妋嬨炻 傥ḇ㚫㚱塓ˬ㺷嬨 ˬ婌嬨 慵天佑㵝ˤ䵄 ẍᶲᶵ 䴻婾 Ķı ġġ奢枛叿炻叱 嬗 㶭㶐忻婾 Ⅎ炻厗 䇰䣦炻枩 230ˤ ĶIJˢ ᶲ炻枩 234ˤ Ķijˢ ᶲ炻枩 236ˤ ĶĴˢ ᶲ炻枩 262Į265ˤġ 䘬 㜸炻㚜婒㖶Ḯ ㄏ 㱽咖厗䴻 䘬妋嬨 炻䥒奨冯ヰず炻ᶵỮ 㗗 ᶵ 䘬㔜橼炻侴ᶼ㬋 ㄏ ˬᶨ 䧖㘢 ˬ㘖䎦刚幓ᶱ㗏 婾 徘炻奨枛厑啑ヰずㅱ 䘬 尉 䎦炻Ṏ㬋㗗㱽厗䥒奨 䓐ˤ

57 94 95 (1980) Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10. pp Wang, Eugene(2005). Shaping the Lotus Sutra: Buddhist Visual Culture in Me dieval China. University of Washington Press,

58 96 97 On Lotus Samâdhi and Guanyin Iconography An Alternative View of Guanyin s Universal Manifestation Iconography Based on Huisi s Lotus Samadhi Ching-wei Wang Abstract Can Buddhist iconography by illustrative of various Buddhist meditative states? The possibilities of the using of Buddhist iconography for expression of Buddhist meditation as well as guidance for meditation practice have long been intriguing questions for scholars. Guanyin Bodhisattva s thirty-two manifestations according to sentient beings needs have long been recognized as a physical expression of the contents of chapter twenty-five of the Lotus Sûtra and have been seen as an utmost expression of Guanyin s compassion. However, another side of these manifestations can be detected through Huisi s reading of the Lotus Sûtra. Huisi sees the Lotus Sûtra as a way to achieve Buddhist Samâdhi. In his Zhufa wuzheng sanmei famen (The Dharma Gate of the Samâdhi Wherein All Dharmas are Without Disput Huisi clearly identify passages from the Lotus Sûtra that the practice of the Lotus Sûtra Samâdhi will lead to the achievement of the Samâdhi of Universal Manifestation. Based on these passages from the Lotus Sûtra, Guanyin s universal manifestations can also be seen as an expression of the meditative states expounded in the Lotus Sûtra. Keywords: Guanyin Bodhisattva, Lotus Sûtra iconography, Lotus Sûtra meditation, the Samâdhi of Universal Manifestation, Huisi

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60 j`qna No dharma dharma dharma j`qna 14 No No No

61 dharma nay a 55 Lamotte No No No Lamotte No No No 24

62 No No Lamotte No No No Lamotte Lamotte

63 dharma No No Lamotte, acintya dharmanaya 14 No No No Lamotte

64 pratisaraza avatara 14 No No No Lamotte dharmata( dharma 1 5 naya 2 dharmanaya dharmata sarvadharmatathata; U dharmasvabhava attvasya laksaza dharmata sarvadharmatathata bhuta dharmasvabhava tattvasya laksaza

65 110 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 鳩摩羅什 維摩詰經 實相譯語及天台疏釋之研究 111 㬌夷 忻䎮ᶵ ẍˬ䓇 冯ˬ㹭 䘬䭬䔯 夷䭬炻ḇ崭崲ᶾ 䘬デ䞍冯 㝄ㆹᾹ 㓡䁢偗 忳䬿 炻 シ 㚜夳栗䃞烉㱽 㗗ᶵⷞ㚱㳣 䎮 娵嬀䘬䭬 ˤ 㝄 Ṣ㟡㒂 䴙䘬旧㭿忼㐑 婒Ἦ嗽䎮㛔⓷柴炻 ㆹ 䘬炻㗗朆䓇朆㹭䘬ˤ ˬᶵⷞ㚱㳣 ˣˬ冯䓇㹭䃉斄 ℑᾳ䞕婆炻 ĵĵ Ᾱㅱ䔞檀 慵夾伭Ṩ 倯 媪ˬ 䚠䃉䁢㱽 䘬シ夳炻㖶䡢 㬌 㗗 斄Ὢ䘬崟 娆ἄ䓐䘬䞕婆炻ᶨ崟 㕤ˬ㱽 Ḱẍᾖ梦ˣ旸 ˤ 烉伭Ṩ嬗婆䘬 䚠 炻ㅱ䔞夾䁢Ⱄ㕤䃉䁢㱽䘬柀➇ˤ 伭Ṩ嬗㔯 䘬ˬ 埴 炻シ 㗗ˬ 嬀㳣 炻 䘬 嬀 傥ˤ㱽 ᶵ㗗 䘬 嬀㳣 䘬 尉炻 ẍ婒 䚠㱽㗗ˬᶵⷞ㚱㳣 䘬 ˤˬ䓊 ȃȯ ݨ ᆱኟၓစȯϜᄈ ᄃ ң ޠپ ម 䓇 冯ˬ㴰㹭 㗗ᶨ 㚱䁢㱽䘬 㛔䈡 炻㬌嗽䘬㱽 䚠㱽 㱽䘬 尉 䘬䎮 炻 ᶵ㗗㚱䁢㱽炻侴㗗䃉䁢㱽炻 ẍ婒 㗗ˬ冯䓇㹭䃉斄䘬 ˤ ġġġġġ 㲐䵕㐑娘 婒䴻 㗗㻊婆ἃ㔁 䵕㐑娘 婒䴻 䘬㲐妋 炻ḇ㗗 伭Ṩ慳㔯 婒ˬ劍䃉䓇㹭炻 䃉埴嗽 炻㗗 ˬ䃉䓇㹭 ˬ䃉埴嗽 斄㕤ἃ 㻊嬗冯䎮妋⓷柴ᶨ悐庫㖑㛇䘬 㚱慵天ġġ シ佑䘬㻊婆ἃ 㲐 炷 ˬ䃉 埴 炸ℑᾳ䞕婆 攻䘬斄Ὢ嗽䎮ㆸḮ㡅ẞ斄Ὢˤ 㫉炻伭Ṩ慳 䔷叿ἄˤ㬌㚠慵溆㓞抬Ḯ沑㐑ġ伭Ṩ 倯 㕤ġ娚䴻䘬妋慳炻㓭侴ㆹ 㔯婒 㝄㰺㚱 䘬 嬀㳣 炻 忼 Ḯˬ 䚠 炻 ẍṿ㗗 ˬ 䚠 Ᾱ㕤ġ㬌嗽奨 ˬ 䚠 慳佑炻 㕤Ḯ妋伭Ṩ 䘬 䚠ġ奨ḇ 夾䁢ˬ 䚠㱽 䘬 佑婆䘬ˤ忁ḇ嫱㖶ㆹᾹ 朊䘬妶婾烉㬌嗽䘬ˬ 䚠 炻 慵天ˤ 㗗 dharmatq炻ḳ䈑 尉䘬䎮 ˤ怬㚱炻伭Ṩ䘬妋慳娵䁢徎㕫 ˬẍ䓇 㹭䁢 炻䵕㐑娘 ㈡姽 ˬ䃉ẍ䓇㹭婒 䚠㱽 炻ᶨ怲㗗䓇㹭䘬柀➇炻 ᶨ怲㗗朆䓇㹭䘬柀➇炻伭Ṩ忁墉堐忼叿 㚱䁢㱽ˣ䃉䁢㱽䘬 炻侴徎 䫔ᶨἳ慳佑 ਔᆢነ၄ ᒏ قך Ǻ ۯ Ǽคағ ЈՉᇥჴ ݤ Ƕ 㕫 䘬拗婌 㕤㛒傥㖶㘘ℑᾳᶾ䓴䘬 炻 ẍ 㚱䁢㱽柀➇䘬䭬䔯婌 ϙгǻऩคғ Ǵ คՉ ǶคՉ ǴΏԿჴ ΨǶӢ ځ ағ 㕥㕤䃉䁢㱽䘬柀➇ˤ伭Ṩ䘬嬗㔯炷 䚠炻 䚠㱽炸 妋慳 栗Ḯ䃉䁢㱽ˣ ჴǴ ᜁ ق Ȩคағ ᇥჴ ݤ ȩƕ 㚱䁢㱽 岒ᶲ䚠Ḻ 䘬 炻侴朆シ 堐忼Ḵ侭 攻䘬 㚱 䩳ˤ ᆬГǺЈ ޣ ՖΨǻൽ ғƕչ ޣ Ֆ!Ψǻ ҔϐӜǶϻԖ ѸԖቹǴ 倯㬌嗽䘬妋慳 ˬ 䚠 㶙炻 䳽 炻朆㚱 䞍炻朆彐 Ԗ ѸԖЈǹค คቹǴค คЈǶฅ Јᒿ٣ᙯǴՉӢҔଆǶ 侭 傥妨炻 ỽẍ䓇㹭 埴侴㫚婒 炻 㕤ˬ 䚠 炻 䓐ˬ 㶙 ˣ ݤـ ғ Ǵ ЈԖғ ǹ৴ ݤ คғǴ Јคғ Ƕ ۯ ᆪคதကǴ ˬ 䳽 䫱娆炻Ḱẍ㬋朊䘬䓴婒炻Ụ 㚱 㔯 㕤ˬ 䚠㱽 䘬 堐 ᒏ ݤ Ԗғ ϐ Ƕ ݤ Ԗғ ϐ Ǵቹៜ ځ ЈǴӕғ ΨǶϻჴ 忼 廱䁢䴻䓙偗 堐忼 Ἦ䎮妋 䚠 岒䘬嵐 ˤ 倯䔷㔯忁䧖 㕤ˬ ࡉ Ǵ தნǴߚԖЈϐ ޕ Ǵߚᒣ ޣ ϐ ق ǴӵՖағ ЈՉ 䚠 䉨ン冯 岒䘬㬋朊䘬 ẍ ἧ䓐䘬婆 炻冯侩匲㚠 䌬 妨 ԶటᇥЯǻ 55 㕤ˬ忻 䘬 䔞䃞朆 䚠Ụˤᶵ忶 倯 忁㭝䔷㔯 ˬ㱽㚱ġ䓇㹭 䚠 炻ḇ ᶵ 䞍ˣᶵ 妨彐䘬ˬ 䚠 炻ℑ䧖ˬ䚠 䘬 䘬シ Ṳ㊱烉 䘬忁ᾳ 娆 Ẍ 炻 娆 䓙 娆Ḱẍ旸 炻 栗䃞炻 ẍ 倯䔷㔯䘬 㨇栗䃞怬㗗 临伭Ṩ䘬 嶗烉叿慵 栗㚱䁢㱽ˣ 䃉䁢㱽ℑᾳ柀➇䘬 岒 侴朆 栗Ḵ侭 攻䘬 㚱 䩳ˤ ĵĵˢġ 忁㗗 倯冒 䘬婒㱽烉ˬ倯㚘烉㚱䁢嘃 㱽炻䃉 㓭 䚉烊 䚠䃉䁢㱽炻 ỷ㓭ᶵ ġġġġġ䚉ˤ 㲐䵕㐑娘䴻 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 38炻Noįġ 炻枩 ᶳ 20ˤ ĵĵˢġ 㲐䵕㐑娘䴻 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 38ġ炻Noįġ 炻枩 Į 枩 ˤ 䫔Ḵἳ慳佑

66 No 38 No No No

67 No

68 dharmanaya 38 No No

69 118 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 㟡㒂炻 䚠䁢㱽幓炻䫱䫱炻ĶĴ 嵛嫱德忶㬌䴻䘬䔷妋炻 䚠 䴻ㆸ䁢ἃ 㻊 鳩摩羅什 維摩詰經 實相譯語及天台疏釋之研究 119 ġ检 ἳ 㚱䔷慳ˤẍᶳㆹᾹ 枮㫉 㕤 䘬ġ䔷慳Ḱẍ䯉䔍䘬侫 ˤ 嬗㙐䎮妋䘬㟠 㤪 ᶨˤ伭Ṩⷓ 攳 䘬忁㧋䘬 䚠䎮妋炻ḇ㗗ġ 䫔ᶨ䓐ἳ慳 䚠 婒䘬㸸㱱ˤ λ! ४Ε Ǵค ق คᇥǹவ р Ǵ ԖЈԖᇥǶ! ағ Јᇥჴ နȃЉѯȮᆱኟၓ!စȯᄃ ң پ ϟ ម ݤ Ƕ ғ Ǵόᆀჴ Ƕ аԝјզ! ᇥჴ ǻξѥက ғǵ ǶӵԜϩձǴߚᇥჴ ǶΞрᢀЈଆ ғǵε!! ᢀЈ ב Ƕ ჴ όᅟǵֆаԝјᇥჴ ݤ ǶΞ! ۯ ӢԖคΕၰǴᗋऊԖคаᇥ 䘬 䵕㐑娘 婒ġ䴻 䔷㔯 炻昌 䚠 䫔Ḽ䓐ἳẍ 炻 㕤 ϖကƕғջ! ԖǴ ջ คǶ ᇥ ғ ԖคǴ ᇥѸᅟ! Ǵ ϓ ĶĴˢ ẍᶳ惴冱㔠ἳ伭ṩ䘬婾婒炻ẍ夳ᶨ㔹烉炷1炸ˬṩ㚘烉㱽❶ 䚠㱽ḇ炻ἧ䈑䃉䔘夳炻 㓭妨嬟ḇˤ 㫉ᶨ 䴻㱽䘮 㱽❶炻嬟 Ự炻Ẍᶵ ḇˤ㚱傥 㬋㱽侭炻Ṏℤ嬟 ḇˤ 忁㗗ẍˬ 䚠㱽 妋慳ˬ㱽❶ ˤ炷枩 328 ᶳ 13炸炷2炸ˬṨ㚘烉媠ἃ㘢 ㄏ䃉冯䫱侭炻侴㬌ἃ冯䫱ˤ 㫉 䚠㱽䃉㚱䫱㭼炻 ἃ冯䫱炻厑啑晋侴㛒 炻㓭妨 役ḇˤ 㬌ἳ娵䁢ἃ冯ˬ 䚠㱽 ΐ䫱ˤ炷枩 330 ᶲ 炸炷3炸ˬṨ㚘烉䉗 Ṣ ㆤ炻劍 伒䚠炻 ẍ 炻 媪 㒦侴伒 ḇˤ劍倆 䚠炻 䌬䃉 炻伒䳗冒㴰ˤ㓭妨䔞䚜昌㹭ḇˤ 㬌ἳ妨 䚠㗗昌伒 㟡㒂ˤ炷枩 355 炸炷4炸 ˬṨ㚘烉 䚠炻媪伭㻊Ṏ奨䛦䓇 䚠 妋僓ḇˤṲ⓷ ㆸ忻㗪炻䫔ḅ妋僓忻 奨 䚠㗪炻 夳㬌 㚱 ᶵˤ 㬌ἳ妨奨 䚠侴 妋僓ˤ炷枩 356 ᶲ 10炸炷5炸ˬ 㱽㛔䁢 䚠 㴭㥫炻 㗗Ḵ㱽㕡ὧˤ 㬌ἳẍ 䚠ˣ㴭㥫Ḵ侭䁢ˬ 㱽 ˤ 炷枩 2炸炷6炸ˬṨ㚘烉㱽幓㚱ᶱ䧖烉ᶨ㱽 䓇幓炻慹 幓㗗ḇ烊ḴḼ 㱽幓烊 ᶱ媠㱽 䚠 䁢ἃˤ㓭 䚠Ṏ 㱽幓ḇˤ 㬌ἳẍ 䚠䁢㱽幓ˤ炷枩 359 ᶳ 19炸炷 炸ˬ 䚠㗗厑 炻Ṏ 厑 ḇˤ 㬌ἳẍ 䚠䁢厑 ˤ炷枩 362 ᶳ 18炸炷8炸ˬṨ㚘烉㘢ㄏ㗗厑 炻䞍Ṿ ḇˤ 䚠㗗㘢 炻Ṏ 䞍Ṿ ḇˤ 㬌 ἳ妨 䚠㗗㘢ㄏ ˤ炷枩 363 ᶲ 20炸炷9炸ˬṨ㚘烉 Ḁ 婒 媎炻 Ḁ 婒ᶨ媎炻 Ṳ妨媎㗗 ᶨ媎炻ᶨ媎 䚠ḇˤ ᶨ媎 军媠㱽䃉ㆹ炻㗗媠㱽 䚠炻 ᶨ媎 䔘 䔘 ḇˤ䓙㬌ᶨ媎㓭ἃ忻 ㆸ炻ᶨ媎 㗗ἃ 㓭 忻 ḇˤ 㬌ἳ妨 䚠䁢ᶨ媎ˤ 炷枩 364 ᶳ 炸炷10炸ˬṨ㚘烉媪㛒傥㶙ℍ 䚠炻夳㚱䛦䓇炻 䓇ッ叿炻 㬌䓇ず炻 䁢ッ夳 ずˤッ夳 ず嘃 ᶵ㶐炻㚱傥ẌṢ崟䕚 炻㓭ㅱ 暊ḇˤ 㬌ἳẍ㛒 㶙ℍ 䚠䁢ッ夳 ず 䶋㓭ˤ炷枩 ᶲ 25炸炷11炸ˬṨ㚘烉䩖㘢 㓭䧙 炻 㡝枛 㚱㭵佑炻㓭ẍ䁢㭵ˤṎḹ烉㘢 晾ẍ㖶䄏䁢橼炻ㆸ㾇叔埴㭼 䓐ᶵ 㕡ὧ炻 㓭ẍ䁢㭵ˤ㬋㕡ὧ䇞炻㡝枛 㚱䇞佑ˤ㕡ὧ㚱Ḵ䧖烉ᶨ㶙妋䨢侴ᶵ 䚠 嫱炻Ḵẍ 䚠䎮㶙炻卓傥ᾉ 炻天枰㕡ὧ炻婀 佌䓇炻Ẍ 㻠ぇˤ㕡ὧ佑㶙侴 慵炻㓭䁢䇞 ḇˤ 㬌ἳẍ 䚠䎮㶙䁢枰㚱㕡ὧ䘬㟡㒂ˤ炷枩 393 ᶲ 15炸炷12炸ˬṨ㚘烉媠 ẍ䧖䧖 喍叿㴟 炻ẍ Ⱉ㐑 炻Ẍㆸ䓀曚炻梇 ẁ炻 ᶵ㬣喍ˤἃ㱽 ẍ㴭㥫 䓀曚Ẍ䓇㬣㯠㕟炻㗗䛇ᶵ㬣喍ḇˤṎḹ烉 䓀曚炻梇 攟䓇ˤἃ㱽 䚠䓀曚炻梲 ㄏ 炻㗗䛇䓀曚梇ḇˤ 㬌ἳ慳 䚠䓀曚ˤ炷枩 395 ᶲ 08炸炷13炸ˬṨ 㚘烉慹 伖 炻ᶳ军 晃炻䃞 㬊ˤ 䚠ㄏ天䚉㱽 炻䃞 㬊ḇˤ 㬌ἳ慳 䚠ㄏˤ炷枩 19炸炷14炸ˬṨ㚘烉ᶱ啷 暄啷ˣ厑啑啷炻Ḽ啷䴻ḇˤᶲ 啷 㶙佑炻婒 䚠䫱炻㓭 䁢㶙䴻ḇˤ 㬌ἳ慳 䚠䫱佑㗗㶙䴻 䓙ˤ炷枩 炸炷15炸ˬṨ㚘烉 㚱䃉慷炻 䚠 ᶨˤ劍䴻 婒 䚠炻 䚠 㗗 炻 ẍ 䚠 㬌䴻炻 䁢㶙䴻ḇˤ 㫉 㡝㛔妨䚠 䚠ḇ炻ẍ 䚠䁢䴻㧁䚠ḇˤ 㬌 ἳ慳ˬ 䚠 ˤ炷枩 415 ᶲ 炸 คағ ЈՉᇥჴ ݤ ǶΞᖂᆪѤߐϖ!က ݤש ғ ϐᢀƕ ȠύፕȡϓǺȨ! ਥᖂᆪǴᇥӢጔғ ȩǵ Ѥߐᗨ౦Ǵ! ғ ЈՉᇥჴ ݤ ǶՖ ޣ ǻ ۳೯௲ΖӦς! ǴΒᒅᚈ Ǵջ Զ ᇥǶձ௲߃ӦၰᢀᚈࢬǴջ ԶᇥǶ٠৮ Ԗ௲คΓǶ ߃Јջ ԶᇥǴӵঅᛥถǴӜߚғ ᇥჴ ݤ ǶΞ ߚۯ ᇥ ݤ ЈߚǴҭ ό ޕ ਥǶԜፏКЫѸӢ೯௲ѯࡋளၰǴόᙖΟᙒǶ εγ ځڛ ғ Ǵ ค ۓ ችΚǴό ـ дᐒǵᙤᇥ ܟ ϐϖကψƕ65 㬌㭝䔷慳 䵕㐑娘䴻 ˬ䃉ẍ䓇㹭 埴婒 䚠㱽 ᶨ ˤ 忁㭝䔷㔯䘬䈡溆㗗 忚 㔁 㔁娖慳䎮婾炻Ἦ婒㖶 ỽㇵ ẍ婒 䚠 㱽烉 Ḁ 倚倆 䶋䓇㹭炻 ẍ 晾䃞㚱 攨炷䓇攨炻㹭攨炻朆䓇朆 㹭攨炻Ṏ䓇Ṏ㹭攨炸ˣḼ佑炷䃉 ˣ劎ˣ䨢ˣ䃉ㆹˣ 㹭炸䘬 炻Ữ䃉 朆㗗ẍ䓇㹭 埴婒 䚠㱽烊忂㔁ℓ ẍᶲ炻 䛇侴婒 䚠㱽炻 㔁 炻 侴婒 䚠㱽烊ょ㚱 㔁 侴婒 䚠㱽炻 㗗䛇㬋朆䓇㹭侴婒 䚠㱽ˤ ㆹᾹ䚳 烉伭Ṩ㬌嗽嬗婆 䘬 䚠 㛔㗗天 婧堐忼ˬ㱽 㗗冯䓇㹭 䃉斄䘬炻㗗ᶵⷞ㚱 埴䘬 シ炻 慵溆 㕤 徘㱽 㱽 䎮 䘬䈡 炻ḇ 㗗婒嬗㔯 忼䘬䴻シ䘬慵 㗗ˬ㱽㗗Ṩ湥 䘬⓷柴烊侴䴻忶 Ķĵ 䵕㐑䴻䔍䔷 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 38炻Noįġ 炻枩 626 ᶲ 15ˤ

70 No No No

71 No No No No 20 8 No

72 No No 10 9 No

73 126 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 鳩摩羅什 維摩詰經 實相譯語及天台疏釋之研究 127 忁凔䘬Ḵ䧖娖慳忚嶗 攻寰ᶵ㗗 暋ẍ婧 䘬䞃䚦烎斄㕤忁ᾳ⓷柴炻ㆹ Ᾱㅱ䔞姀ỷ㘢柿 㱽厗䌬佑 䘬ᶳ徘婒㱽烉ˬ 䚠 橼䥾㗗ᶨ㱽炻ἃ 䚠 㤪 炻 ㆸ䁢 ġ 䵕㐑娘䴻 䔷㔯 㤝㚱䈡刚䘬㤪 ˤ ᶳ朊ㆹġᾹ 忁 ᾳ䓐ἳ䦵ἄ 㜸烉 婒䧖䧖 炻Ṏ 㚱ˣ䛇 刚ˣ 晃炻䔊䪇䨢ˣ ˣ㴭㥫炻嘃䨢ἃ ˣ Ἦ啷ˣ 䎮 炻朆㚱朆䃉 忻ˣ䫔ᶨ佑媎ˣ 㹭䫱ˤ䃉慷䔘 〱 ķĸ ᶨ炻 㗗 䚠 嘇ˤ 䚠Ṏ㗗媠 䔘嘇俛ˤべ侭徟㺗炻 䔘妋ˤ ㊱䄏 ញ ௲!ޣ Ǵ аό ကǶԜ௲ όࡘ Ӣ ύၰჴ ϐ! Ƕ٣ 忁ᾳ婒㱽炻ˬ 㚱 䫱䫱㗗ˬ 䚠 䘬 嘇炻侴ˬ 䚠 ḇ 㧋㗗ˬ 㚱 ىڀ Ǵό όձǵ ϯന ճਥεγ! Ǵ Ӝ ௲ΨǶ ق ௲ ޣ Ǵ 䫱䫱䘬 嘇ˤ忁㧋晾䃞 䚠ἄ䁢ᶨᾳ䴙㓅䘬 䧙炻 ἃ㔁䘬䛇䎮奨 ἃ㔁 ကΏӭ༡Ƕ ᇥ! ԖΖǺ ௲ ǴΒ ǴΟඵ ǴѤᘐ Ǵϖ! Չ Ǵ ⒚ 䘬 㥳 崟叿 䘬ἄ䓐炻Ữ忁䧖䴙㓅 㘢柿侴妨 ℐ㗗ᶨᾳ嘃䘬䴙 ϤՏ ǴΎӢ ǴΖ Ƕ௲ ޣ Ǵ!ޔ ᇥ ჴᒅǴ ق ௲ό ΨǶ 㓅炻㗗 䘬䴙㓅炻 䴚㮓 ᶵシ 䚠 㚱崭崲ˬ 㚱 䫱䫱䘬 㚱 ޣ Ǵ ჴջ ݤ Ǵ ό ΨǶඵ ޣ Ǵ ϪᅿඵΨǶᘐ ޣ Ǵ ķĺ 䘬 侭 ῤ 䘬䳽 ˤ 㘢柿忁ᶨ夳妋ㅱ䔞㗗 㱽厗 䔷㔯 䵕 ϖր ᘐΨǶՉ ޣ Ǵ Չ ϪՉΨǶՏ ޣ Ǵவ߃ Ӧ ىڀ ፏӦ 㐑 䔷㔯 䚠䎮妋䘬ᶨᾳ 婧炻㟡㒂忁ᾳ 婧炻 ḇẍ冒 䌐䈡䘬 фቺψƕӣ ޣ Ǵᚈ ΒᒅԾฅࢬΕΨǶ ޣ Ǵ όࡘ Οቺ 㕡 ℵᶨ㫉㜄䳽Ḯ 䚠Ḱẍ 橼 䘬ảỽ 傥炻侴 㗪䴻䓙忁㧋䘬䎮妋 ϐ όᕵόᐉψƕ ကԖΖǴԶ Ӝ ௲ ޣ ǴऩόӢ ௲Ǵ ό ޕ ẍ䨢 ἃ 娖慳 䚠䘬ℑ䧖娖慳㕡 ḇ ẍ忻 埴侴ᶵ䚠 Ḯˤ ǴΏԿளԋ ΨǶ81 ӃȃϜၿᄃ ᇅϜၿդ ܓ 㬌ἳ夳㕤 䌬䔷 炻㘢柿㕤㬌 㕤 媪ˬ 㔁 ἄ 䓴婒ˤṾ娵䁢 媪ˬ ℙ㚱ℓ佑炻 㔁 ˣ䎮 ˣ㘢 ˣ㕟 ˣ埴 ˣỵ ˣ ˣ ᶵ忶炻 侭 䵕㐑娘䴻 㲐䔷 㚱斄 䚠䎮妋䘬㚨㚱䈡刚䘬ᶨ溆炻 㝄 炻ˬ 晾㚱ℓ佑炻ᶵ忶㬌嗽 㗗妶婾ˬ 㔁 侴ᶵ Ṿ炻恋㗗 傥㗗 ˬ 忻 冯ˬ 䚠 忁ℑᾳ㤪 斄倗 ᶨ崟炻䳬 ㆸᶨᾳ墯 䁢 㚱 㔁ㇵ䞍㙱 䎮炻 军ㆸ 㝄ˤ 夳ˬ㔁 ˬ 䚠 Ṿ 娆 㧋䘬㤪 烉ˬ 忻 䚠 ˤ忁㧋䘬䓐㱽 䌬䔷 ġ䎦 1 㫉炻 䔍 㵝佑䘬ˬ 侴妨 㚱 䢶䘬ἄ䓐ˤℓᾳˬ 佑 炻ˬ 㔁 冯ˬ 䔷 䎦 4 㫉炻侴 㧋ġ䘬䓐㱽 㘢侭 ⷓ䘬 㱽厗䴻䌬佑 䎦 䎮 㗗䚠Ḻ斉慳䘬炻 䁢斉慳ˬᶵ 嬘 䶋 忻 䚠 䎮䘬 㗗 ķĺ ġᶨ㫉 炻侴 㱽厗䴻㔯 䓂军㰺㚱 ġ䎦忶ˤ䓙㬌栗夳ˬ 忻 㔁炻 忶Ἦ炻 㔁 斉慳䘬䎮 㗗 䎮ˤ㘢柿㬌嗽 ˬ 䎮 䓴 䁢ˬᶵ 嬘 䶋 忻 䚠 䎮 炻䔷㔯 ḇ䧙 䁢ˬᶨ 媎 炻 ˬᶨ ˤ ķĸ ġ 㱽咖厗䴻䌬佑 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻Noįġ 炻枩 ˤ ķĺˢġ 昛劙 冒 䘬叿ἄ ḇ䈡 䓐Ḯ㘢柿䘬忁㭝娙炻 忂忶 㜸忁㭝娙 䣢㘢 柿䘬 䚠䎮妋䘬ℏ㵝ˤ 婒烉ˬ 㗗䧖䧖ˮ 䚠 䘬䔘 炻 ṢᶵỮ ẍ䚳 㬌寸 䘬ˮ 䚠 佑㵝炻侴ᶼ Ṣḇ 㬌Ḯ妋 ˮ 䚠 䈡刚ˤˮ 䚠 ỽ ẍ㚱 㬌䃉慷 䔘 烎 䓙㕤 䚠㛔幓㗗ˮ䃉䚠䃉ᶵ䚠炻䃉ᶵ䚠䃉䚠 炻 䚠 䚠炻㛔幓㗗䃉䚠炻 䃉䚠炻 ẍ㗗䃉ᶵ䚠炻傥䓙媠㱽 栗䣢 佑㵝炻ˮ 䚠 晾 䃉ᶵ䚠炻䃞䔊䪇㗗䃉䚠䘬ˤ䓙ˮ䃉䚠 冯ˮ䃉ᶵ䚠 炻 栗䣢Ḯˮ 䚠 朆㚱 炻㓭㗗 ˮ䃉䚠 ˮ䃉ᶵ䚠 炻 ˮ䃉ᶵ䚠 ˮ䃉䚠 ˤ 夳 叿ἄ枩 19Į20ˤ ķĺˢġ 忁ᶨἳ㗗㘢柿妋慳 㱽厗䴻 ˬ ᶨ 㗪 䎦䘬烉ˬ ⷓḹ烉ὅ佑嬨㔯炻↉ 炻ˬᶵ 嬘 㗗㔜ᾳ䇯婆䘬 娆烊ˬ 䶋 忻 䚠 傥シ ˬ 䶋 ġġġġġ ġġġġġ㚱ᶱ廱烉ᶨḹ烉㗗䚠 炻㗗 炻 军㗗 ˤḴḹ烉 㗗䚠炻 㗗 炻 军 㗗 ˤ ᶱḹ烉䚠 㗗炻 㗗炻 军 㗗ˤ劍䘮䧙 侭炻 ᶵ䔘炻 䨢佑ḇˤ劍ἄ 㗗䚠ˣ 㗗 侭炻溆䨢䚠 㕥姕怸後ᶵ 炻 佑ḇˤ劍ἄ䚠 㗗侭炻 㕤 忻 䚠 㗗炻 佑ḇˤ 㱽咖厗䴻䌬佑 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 33炻Noįġ 炻 枩 693 2ˤ ĸı 䵕㐑䴻䌬䔷 炻 㬋啷 Ⅎ 38炻Noįġ 炻枩 ˤ

74 No No No

75 No No No No

76 No No No

77 No No No No 614

78 No 1 38 No

79 No 14 No 14 No (2004) ( The Teaching of VimalakIrti Etinene Lamotte by Sara Boin Thep Pali Text Society London T ten-t ai Buddhism and Early Madhyamika, (1993)by NG Yu-Kwan,Tendai Institute of Hawaii,

80 and Its Tiantai Interpretation Cheng Gongrang Abstract suchness (shixiang) in the Vimalakirtinirdesa Sutra and its influences on his disciple Seng Zhao and Tiantai master Zhiyi who is the principal translation of suchness (shixiang) with regard to its possible meanings disciples exegeses of this term. Third, I will try to reveal Zhiyi s particular terminology of translation. Based on this, I try to interpret Zhiyi s sense and understanding of the crucial compound-terms zhongdao-shixiang and zhongdao-foxing. In his commentaries to the Vimalakirtinidesasutra, Zhiyi explains his understanding of the middle way (zhongdao), by relating it to the meanings of suchness (shixiang) and Buddha-nature (foxing), which does not occur in his works on the Lotus-sutra in such a way. Based on this observation, I try to specify Zhiyi s hermeneutical approach to this particular Sutra text. Keywords: suchness, Vimalakirtinirdesa Sutra, zhongdao-shixiang, zhongdao-foxing

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91 論 五重玄義 的解經體例 再談中國佛教宗派的成立依據 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊!!เГǺջ ᗨӕǴ౦ကԖϤǺ ޣ ջǵβӝӷջǵοᢀչջǵѥ 䩳炻㬋奨 ㆸ烊ㆸ㬋奨 炻䌚 㝄 烊 冒 㱽炻崟㔁㔁Ṿ烊冒Ṿᾙ 炻!! ջǵϖϩ ჴջǴϤ ز ഖջΨǶǾǾԜϤջ ޣ Ǵӧ ߚਸǴ 㬠 ˤ 炷 ᶨᶲ炸忁㭝㔯 炻㶭㤂 婒㖶Ḯ 㐑姞㬊奨 䪈 攻!!ऊ ځ Չ ǴϺΓᝌ Ǵ ளᆪջǼȐȠᆢነ Ҏ౧ȡ ڔ ȑ 㫉䫔䚠䓇䘬ℏ 斄Ὢˤ ㆹᾹᶵ暋䘤䎦炻 㐑姞㬊奨 䘬 䪈炻 㱽厗䌬佑 䘬Ḽ䪈 妨 炻䲬䎮侴妨炻奨 Ḽ佑冯妋䴻Ḽ佑 䃉Ḵ农炻Ữ天傥 㔁奨䘬䴙 㖶栗䘬 ㅱ斄Ὢˤˬ橼䚠ˣ㓅㱽 ℑ䪈 ㅱ㕤ˬ彐橼 炻ˬ㕡ὧˣ㬋奨ˣ ᶨ炻忁 ᾖ埴ᶲ天㚱ˬℕ 䘬忶䦳炻暋ẍᶨ帜侴 炻 㚫ˬ㛒妋媪 㝄 ᶱ䪈 ㅱḶˬ㖶 炻ˬ崟㔁 䪈 ㅱ㕤ˬ婾䓐 炻ˬῷ 䪈 妋炻㛒 媪 炻 ᶲㄊ ˤ ㅱ㕤ˬ 㔁 ˤ 㐑姞㬊奨 㚨 䩳ˬ シ 炻䚠䔞㕤䎦 㚠䘬 忁ṃ妋慳炻ᶨ㕡朊婒㖶妋䴻Ḽ佑㚱 䥒ᾖ䘬䴻槿 䢶炻 ᶨ㕡朊 㗗 婾炻䃞 㗗妋慳㬊奨 炻䋞 㱽厗䌬佑 妋慳䴻 炻㚨 ℵἮ嫃徘ˬ㖐 婒㖶奨 㚱 ἃ 䘬㔁䎮ὅ㒂ˤ㘢柿䘬妋䴻炻㬋㔯悐 㗗ˬ シ㴰㔯 炻 㬠 IJĹˤḇ 㗗婒炻㘢柿䘬 䳸㥳炻 晃ᶲ㼃啷ḶṾ䘬妋䴻橼ἳ烉慳 ˣ 奨 慳㗗 㚨 䘬㖐嵋ˤ 妨 炻㘢柿䘬䥒 橼䲣炻 天Ἦ冒ḶṾ䘬妋䴻 彐橼ˣ㖶 ˣ婾䓐ˣ 㔁ˤ 㐑姞㬊奨 ᶵ㗗ᶨ悐 ㆸḮ䘬叿ἄ炻 㗗嫃 ˬ㬋奨 䘬䫔ᶫ 㳣 炻忁 㐑姞㬊奨 塷堐䎦 㚜 㖶栗ˤ 㐑姞㬊奨 塓 娵㗗㘢柿䔊䓇㚨 忈 䘬ᶨ悐ⶐ叿炻 ˬḼ䔍 䁢㬊炻㚨 ᶱ䪈㟡㛔 㰺㚱 ẍ䘤 炻㚱ṃℏ ㆹᾹᶵ 侴䞍ˤỮṾ 㗗ℐ㚠䘬䳬 䳸㥳ˤˬ 㗗 ℐ㚠 䁢 䪈炻 烉 シˣ慳 炷妋 㱽厗䴻 䘬妋嬨炻 㚱 㔜䘬姀抬炻ㆹᾹὅ䃞 ẍ䚳 㘢柿㛔Ṣ䘬 慳ˬ㬊奨 炸ˣ橼䚠ˣ㓅㱽ˣῷ ˣ㕡ὧˣ㬋奨ˣ㝄 ˣ崟㔁ˣ㖐㬠ˤ ℐ尴ˤ 㬌炻䫮侭 婧Ḽ慵䌬佑 㕤䎮妋 㳦ㆸ䩳䘬 ġ ỵ炻䥒奨䘬 ˬḼ䔍 㗗 ℐ㚠䘬 シ㤪 炻䚠䔞㕤㗗娚㚠䘬 婾炻 橼㗗 烉䘤 嶸ㅱ䔞惵 ἃ 䘬妋嬨炻 媪ˬ䥒㔁ᶨ农 ˤ ˣᾖ 埴ˣデ 㝄ˣ塪 䵚ˣ㬠 嗽ˤ Ӄȃ๗ 䘤 炻㗗天ᶲ㯪ἃ㱽ᶳ 䛦䓇烊ᾖ 埴炻㗗 䱦忚ᾖ 䧖ᶱ㗏烊 デ 㝄炻㗗天デ 㬲 㝄 烊塪 䵚炻 僓 䳸烊㬠 嗽炻㗗天嫱 ᶱ 䦀 啷ˤˬḼ䔍 䘬 攳 㗗ˬ 烉ˬ Ḽ䪈 㗗䘤厑 ᶨシ Ḽ慵䌬佑炻 㛅㛓ẋ堐Ḯᶨ䧖ㆸ䅇䘬妋䴻橼ἳˤ ẋ Ṣ妋嬨 俛烊㕡ὧˣ㬋奨 㗗 ᶱ㗏俛烊㝄 ᶨ䪈 㖶忽枮炻忽 Ḵ怲㝄 炻枮 ἃ䴻炻 侭䘤 ἃ 炻 ῇ䓐Ḽ慵䌬佑ˤġ嬔 炻䩢 炷632Į682炸 㝄 烊崟㔁ᶨ䪈廱 冒 䙲㕤Ṿ炻 ἄἃ幓㕥㪲 炻 ἄḅ䓴⁷ Ḁ㱽剹佑㜿䪈 ˬ 㕁䯉䪈 塷婒炻ˬ䫔ᶨ 彐媠㔁ˣ㤕ˣ ˣ橼ˣ 㻠枻炻廱㻠枻 忂㻠枻烊㖐㬠䪈 㗗 㬠 嗽䦀 啷 ˤ 炷 ᶨᶲ炸 ˤ㕤 䔍ẍḼ攨 烉ᶨ㔁䙲㚱㬲炻Ḵ㗪 ⶖ 炻ᶱ娖 䔘炻 橼 㘢柿䚳Ἦ炻ˬḼ䔍 㗗 ˤ 䭉 㬌炻ℑ侭䘬ⶖ䔘ὅ䃞㖶栗 ᶵ 炻Ḽ ㆠ昼ˤ 炻 㙱 㱽厗 天 攳䭯 婒炻ˬ 㫚妋慳㬌 ˤˬḼ䔍 䘬 栆炻㗗叿䛤Ḷἃ㔁 䘬ᾖ埴 嶸炻 埴 㝄 䘬 攳ˤ 䴻炻䔍攳ℕ攨 炷 徘 シ炻㫉彐䴻 炻ᶱ㖶娖䓐炻 慳柴 炻Ḽ栗㔁 䚠 侴妨炻ˬ 橼堐䎦㘢柿 橼䲣䘬䳬 䳸㥳ˤ忁ᾳ䳸㥳㚱叿ℏ 䘬怷廗斄Ὢ炻Ṿ婒烉ˬ 媪䃉慷 Ἦ䘉べ 央炻ᶵ䞍䃉㖶 㗗㖶炻Ṳ攳 奢 炻㓭妨 シ烊㖊䞍䃉㖶 㖶炻ᶵ 㳩 炻㓭 䁢㬊烊㚿䃞 㶐炻 䁢奨烊㖊倆 橼炻橼 㓅㱽烊㓅㕤ῷ 炻ẍῷ 妋炻崟㕤㕡ὧ烊㕡ὧ㖊 18 㰈䓘欗 烉 娛妋㐑姞㬊奨 炷㜙Ṕ烉 啷 䇰炻 炸炻枩 63ˤ 㬌暨天婒㖶炻 ġġġ䎦 㘢柿䘬叿ἄ 䴻忶㿴枪 㫉䘬㔜䎮炻 㬌 攻䘬䚠Ụ 炻 姙㗗㿴枪㔜䎮䘬 ġġġ䳸㝄ˤ忁㗗ᶨᾳ 傥䘬 姕炻ỮㆹᾹ䎦 傥 ᶨᾳ 傥 塓㔜䎮侴怕㓡嬲Ḯ䘬 ġġġġ㘢柿㔯䌣橼䲣ˤ

92

93 On the Five-Sectioned Interpretation as a Regulation for Buddhist Exegesis in Tiantai Rise of Chinese Buddhist Schools exploration of a perfect regulation or method for Buddhist exegesis. Keywords: of Buddhist teachings, exegesis of Buddhist scriptures Li Silong Abstract Zhiyi who is the actual founder of Tiantai Buddhism interprets various Buddhist exegesis: (1) differentiating substance, (2) disclosing essence, (3) discussing function, and (4) classifying scriptures. Such a style of explaining Buddhist scriptures results from the habit of preaching Indian Buddhist scriptures to a Chinese audience in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Zhiyi s way of preaching has been affected by both Confucianism and the Dark Learning, later also called New Taoism. It is similar to the style of preaching the Confucian canon at that time, and also adopts the terminology from the Dark Learning, which can be easily recognized in expressions such as differentiating substance and disclosing essence. Similarly, his approach of discussing names and its corresponding ideas is rooted in this. Based on this paradigm of Buddhist exegesis, melting with Confucianism and the Dark Learning, Indian Buddhism has been successfully integrated into the mainstream of Chinese culture. Since the Chinese habit of classifying the interpretation, the reason for the arising of Chinese Buddhist schools does

94

95 CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 24, b5-8)

96 (CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 24, b9-18)

97 CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 24, c CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 24, c28-p. 25, a3 6 CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 80, c10-23

98 CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 1, c23-p. 2, a2 6 CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 80, c23-p. 81, a CBETA, T46, no. 1911, p. 25, b8-24 3

99 天台三觀與華嚴三觀 178 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 179 㒂婒䁢厗 䣾㜄枮 ἄ炻䚖 㬌㔯䌣ᾅ䔁 㱽啷 厗 䘤厑 䪈 Ρȃήᢏᇅց 䓙 朊 婾徘炻 䞍 焏 䨢ˣ ˣ 焐 ᶱ奨炻冯 㔁 斄Ὢ㤝 䁢 ˤ 㫉䫔ᶱ奨侴妨炻䓙ˬ䨢 奨 㜸䨢ˣ橼䨢炻攳 Ḯ啷ˣ忂Ḵ㔁烊 炻 㼬奨 厗 㱽䓴䌬掉 ˣ 姣厗 㱽䓴奨攨 䫱姣䔷 ˤ㼬奨 厗 㱽䓴䌬掉 ˣ 姣厗 㱽䓴奨攨 炻 㗗 㱽䓴奨 姣䔷炻 侴㱽啷 厗 䘤厑 䪈 㗗 㱽䓴奨 ℏ 徘ˤ 䓙ˬ 奨 Ữ ˣ 炻攳 Ḯ ˣ Ḵ㔁ˤ䓙㕤 㔁 忻䘬 炻 侴厗 ᶱ奨㗗ẍ 㻠忚䘬㕡 ℍ厗 㱽䓴炷䛇䨢ɦ䎮ḳ䃉䣁ɦ 忻㛒傥冯䨢ˣ 䚠 炻㓭䧙 䁢 焏 Ữ 焐炻 ẍ劍 㬌侴妨炻 㔁䛇 念 炸烎 㗗ᶱ奨 㬌 冒 ℍ厗 㱽䓴烎 Ṏ 㬌Ἦ 䎦厗 㱽 㬋 䘬㗗 焏 焐炻侴朆 忻炻 㬌䧙 㔁 ᶱ媎䁢昼 ᶱ媎ˤ侴 㔁 䓴烎 冯厗 䘬Ḽ㔁 斄Ὢ 㗗 ỽ烎㗗 Ḽ㔁㓅㕤ᶱ奨Ἦ婾 忻䘬 炻冯䨢ˣ 䚠 炻㓭䧙 䁢 焏 焐炻Ṏ 㗗 焏 䨢 徘烎 军 冯厗 Ḽ㔁 䘬斄Ὢ ỽ烎媠 㬌栆⓷柴炻䘮㚱 ᶨᶨ 焐 圵ᶱ媎ˤ 㬌 䞍炻 䓙ᶱ奨攳 啷ˣ忂ˣ ˣ 㔁炻 ẍ慸㶭ˤ 㔁佑 1烉 㛔ᶲ炻 厗 媠 ⷓ ᶱ奨冯Ḽ㔁 斄Ὢ炻䔍㚱ᶵ 䚳㱽ˤ ġġġ 㱽啷侴妨炻ᶱ奨㗗䓐ẍ堐栗厗 佑䎮ˤ 㼬奨侴妨炻ᶱ奨㗗厗 慵天 ġġġ ГǺѤ௲வՖԶଆǻ 奨㱽炻ᶼẍᶱ奨Ἦ堐栗厗 佑䎮炻Ṏ ᶱ奨冯媠㔁ἄᶨ ㅱ炻惵ẍ枻ˣ เГǺϞ Ѥ௲ᗋவ ΟᢀԶଆǴ ԋοᢀƕ߃வଷε ޜ ᢀǴ! 䳪ˣ 㔁ᶨḀ 㔁ˤ 侴妨炻 ᶱ奨䘬娖慳炻㭼庫叿慵 ᶨ忻寶䩖 ڀ Ԗ ש ǵᡏ ܟ ѯβᅿε ޜ όӕƕவ ש ଷΕ ޜ Ǵ Ԗᙒ௲ଆǶவᡏଷ 㻠忚㕡 Ἦℍㇳ炻ᶼ ᶱ奨 ㅱ㕤 Ḁ䃉䚠㔁炷 㔁炸ˣ Ḁ Ε ޜ Ǵ Ԗ೯௲ଆǶऩऊ ΒȨவ ޜ ΕଷȩϐύǴջԖձ௲ଆǶऊ 㔁炷 㔁ᶨḀ炸ˣ 㔁ᶨḀˤ 军 ẋ ㆺ䑘 㶭ẋ临㱽炻 ᶱ奨 ㅱ㕤 ΟȨ Јύၰ ᢀȩǴջԖ ௲ଆǶ 26 Ḽ㔁ˤ 㬌炻 䚳 媠ⷓ ᶱ奨 娖慳炻㚱 ᶵ ˤ Κȃήᢏϟϲ 㬌栗䣢Ḯᶱ奨冯 㔁 斄Ὢ炻 ᶱ奨侴㚱 㔁烊 忶Ἦ婒炻Ṏ 妨 㔁 IJķ 侴㚱ᶱ奨 ˤ 㜸 ℍ䨢炻侴攳 啷㔁ˤ 橼 ℍ䨢炻侴攳 忂㔁ˤ侴ˬ 媪厗 ᶱ奨炻㗗 焏 䛇䨢ˣ䎮ḳ䃉䣁ˣ 念 焐 ᶱ奨ˤIJĸ 䨢ℍ 奨炻侴攳崟 㔁ˤ䓙ˬᶨ 忻㬋奨 炻侴攳崟 㔁ˤ䓙㬌 㚱斄厗 ᶱ奨 䛇䨢奨炻㗗ẍ 攨㕡 Ἦ婾徘䛇䨢奨ˤ 媪䘬 䞍炻ᶱ奨冯 㔁 斄Ὢ㗗㤝䁢 䘬ˤ 炻㗗 㚫刚㬠䨢奨ˣ㖶䨢 刚奨ˣ䨢刚䃉䣁奨ˣ㲗䳽䃉 奨ˤIJĹ Ṏ 䛇䨢奨 炻䧙 䁢 䧖奨㱽ˤ 妨 炻 㱽䓴奨 䛇䨢奨炻㗗ẍ ȃ ޠ ήᢏ 㧉 Ἦ 䎦ˤὅ㼬奨 娖慳炻㬌䛇䨢奨 炻Ṏ ẍ ᶱ奨ᶱ 媎Ἦ 惵炻 㼬奨 厗 㱽䓴䌬掉 1烉 㚱斄厗 ᶱ奨炻 天 冒㕤 厗 㱽䓴奨攨 炷䯉䧙 㱽䓴奨 炸炻 IJĶ 㔁佑 1ġĩ&%(7$ 7 QR S D Ī ġġ 㔁佑 1烉ˬ⓷㚘烉ᶱ奨 ỽ侴崟烎䫼㚘烉ᶱ奨怬 㔁侴崟ˤ ĩcbeta, 7 QR S D Īˢ IJķ IJĸˢ 㛔婾㔯 厗 ᶱ奨 婾徘炻 ἄᶨ䯉天 婒㖶炻娛 ㊁叿 厗 䃉䚉㱽䓴䶋崟婾 ġĩ 厗 咖䣦 䇰炻1996 炻9 㚰 Ī炻䫔ᶨ䪈䫔ᶨ䭨炻 䫔ᶱ䪈䫔ᶨ䭨ˤ IJĹ ġ 厗 䘤厑 䪈 1ġĩ&%(7$ 7 QR S E F Ī

100 CBETA, 1 1 1

101 天台三觀與華嚴三觀 182 華梵人文學報 天台學專刊 ӄၹߐ ᚆ ـ ǴߚШ ݩ 33Ƕ 183 ˣ忂 䃉䣁攨 Ḽˣ 昄䃉䣁攨 㬌婒㖶Ḯ䎮ḳ䚠念攨炻㗗Ⱄ崭ね暊夳炻 栃Ὰ䃉㱽冯 䚠ㅱˤ㓭䓙 㱽 ℕˣ念 䃉䣁攨 䓴奨 䛇䨢奨 ね炻忚侴奨䎮ḳ䃉䣁ˤ㬌䎮ḳ䃉䣁奨 䚠念攨炻㗗䓙䃉 ᶫˣ㓅ℍ䃉䣁攨 旸 䎮炻ℐ念㕤ᶨᶨḳ 烊㚱 旸 ḳ炻ℐ 㕤 旸 䎮ˤ 㬌炻ᶨᶨ ℓˣṌ㴱䃉䣁攨 举 䘮㓅䃉怲䛇䎮炻ᶼᶨᶨ ᶵ 侴念㱽䓴ˤ䓙䎮ḳ 䃉䣁炻侴 栗Ḯ ḅˣ䚠 䃉䣁攨 ᶨᶨḳ㱽ᶵ 冒幓䘮ℐ念㱽䓴ˤ 检ℓ攨 忚侴婒㖶㬌䎮冯ḳ 斄Ὢ炻㗗 ˣ㘖圵䃉䣁攨 䚠ㆸˣ䚠 ˣ䚠 ˣ䚠朆䫱 ṉ微枮 斄Ὢˤ 徘䛇䨢奨晾Ṏ婾 䨢冯刚 侴㬌 攨炻 婒ẍ 㻠忚㕡 Ἦℍ奨炻ẍ栗䣢媠㱽Ḻ念Ḻ㓅慵慵䃉䚉ˤ 斄Ὢ炻栆Ụ㕤䎮ḳ䃉䣁奨炻Ữὅ㼬奨ˣ 䚳㱽炻 㛔ᶲ㗗㚱 䘬炻 椾 炻ẍ ᶱ攨炷䎮 ḳ攨ˣḳ 䎮攨ˣḳ 䎮ḳ攨炸䁢 䢶炻Ἦ婒㖶ḳ 䛇䨢奨 天 㕤䟜 侴栗䎮炻侴䎮ḳ䃉䣁奨 栗䛇 㚱炻 㖶䎮ḳ䃉䣁 䎮 念ᶨ ˣ㓅ᶨ ˤ忚侴ẍ忂 䃉䣁攨ˣ 昄䃉䣁攨炻Ἦ婒㖶ᶨ㱽 ijĵ 暁圵 斄Ὢˤ 念ᶨ ˣ㓅ᶨ 炻侴ᶵ 冒幓ˤ 叿炻ẍ念 䃉䣁攨ˣ㓅ℍ䃉䣁攨炻Ἦ婒 ġġġġġġ㚨 炻㚱斄厗 ᶱ奨 䫔ᶱˬ 念 奨 炻Ṏẍ 攨Ἦ婾徘炻 ᶳ 㖶ᶨ ᶨ ˬ念冯 炻 ᶨ ᶨ ˬ㓅冯ℍ 炻㗗 㗪䘬ˤℵẍṌ ijĵ 徘 烉 㴱䃉䣁攨炻Ἦ栗䣢ᶨ ᶨ ᶨ ᶨ 念 ˣ㓅ℍ䘬 㗪 ˤᶼẍ䚠 ᶨˣ䎮 ḳ攨 䃉䣁攨炻婒㖶ᶨ㱽㓅ᶨ ℍᶨ 斄Ὢˤ㚨 䘬㘖圵䃉䣁攨炻 䳸 Ṍ㴱 Ḵˣḳ 䎮攨 䃉䣁攨ˣ䚠 䃉䣁攨ᶨ崟奨 炻ẍ 栗䣢媠㱽Ḻ念Ḻ㓅慵慵䃉䚉炻 厗 ᶱˣḳ 䎮ḳ攨 䘤厑 䪈 1烉 ijij ġ 厗 䘤厑 䪈 1ġĩ&%(7$ 7 QR S F S D Ī 㼬奨 厗 㱽䓴䌬掉 1烉ˬ㛔 刚䨢奨 炻Ṏ ḳ䎮ˤᶵ 㬌 侭炻㚱 佑㓭烉 ġġġġġᶨˣ晾㚱刚ḳ䁢ㆸ䨢䎮炻刚䨢䃉䣁䁢䛇䨢㓭ˤḵˣ䎮ữ㖶䨢炻㛒栗䛇 㚱㓭ˤ ġġġġᶱˣ㲗䳽䃉 炻ṉḳ䎮㓭ˤ ˣᶵ 栗䃉䣁 䚠炻䃉䁢侴䁢ˣ䃉䚠侴䚠媠ḳ冯䎮䁛 ġġġġ䎦䃉䣁暁圵䚠㓭ˤ䁢ᶲ 佑㓭炻ᶵ 军㬌䌐 ˤ ĩ&%(7$ 7 QR S a12-18īġ ġġġġ 姣厗 㱽䓴奨攨 1烉ˬ䃞 攨ỽẍ䁢ᶱ慵烎䫼㚘烉 倆媠 Ⱉḹ烉↉ ġġġġ 夳刚䁢 刚炻夳䨢䁢㕟䨢ˤℏ䁢䫳橠 㠷炻 䁢Ⱉ㱛 䛑炻㓭 巋㕤徟 炻 Ὣ ġġġġ㕤廭ᶳ炻侴ᶵ傥冒僓ḇˤ㕤㗗厑啑攳䛇䨢攨ẍ䣢 炻ἧ 夳刚朆 刚炻冱橼㗗䛇䨢烊 ġġġġ夳䨢朆㕟䨢炻冱橼㗗 刚ˤ 傥 ね 侴䨢刚䃉䣁炻㲗㘢妋侴 ᾙ 䞋ˤ厑啑㚘烉 ġġġġ㕤䎮 夳䞋炻㕤ḳ䋞㛒ḇ炻㕤ḳ攳䎮ḳ䃉䣁攨ẍ䣢 ˤἧ奨ᶵ 䎮炻䘮 㓅㕤 ġġġġᶨ 烊㛔 旸 ḳ炻ṏ忂念㕤㱽䓴ˤ䃞 䎮ḳ 圵䃉 伋䣁䞋ˤ厑啑㚘烉ẍ䎮㛃ḳ ġġġġ 䞋炻ẍḳ㛃ḳ 㛒ḇˤ㕤㗗攳 念 攨ẍ䣢 炻ἧ奨ℐḳ 䎮炻晐ḳ侴ᶨᶨ ġġġġ 夳烊ℐ䎮 ḳ炻晐䎮侴ᶨᶨ 圵ˤ䃞 ᶨ 䃉䣁炻 䚠 炻 傥㕥䁢晙栗䤆䓐 ġġġġᶵ㷔䞋ˤ (CBETA, T45, no. 1884, p. 684, a4-18ī ijĵ ġġ 厗 䘤厑 䪈 1烉ˬ䫔ᶱ 念 奨侭炻媪ḳ 䎮圵炻念㓅䃉䣁炻Ṍ ġġġġ冒 ˤ䔍彐 攨烉ᶨˣ䎮 ḳ攨炻ƀ ˣ㘖圵䃉䣁攨炻媪ᶨ ᶨ炻㘖䘮 㗪ˤ㚜 ġġġġḻ䚠㛃炻ᶨᶨ ℑ慵 炻㘖圵䃉䣁炻㸾 ˤẌ 㖶栗䎦炻䧙埴 䓴炻䃉晄 ġġġġ䃉䣁ˤ㶙 炻Ẍ䎦 ḇˤ &%(7$ 7 QR S F S D ˢ ΜǵදᑼคᛖߐǴᒏ ϪϷ Ǵද ӕਔǵ ϕ ఈǴ ٿ ڀ ijĵˢ ख़ѤѡǶදᑼคᛖǴ ࡘϐǶз ᡉ ǴᆀՉნ ǴคምคᛖǶ ࡘϐǴз ӧ ΨǶ36 㬌㗗ẍ㘖圵䃉䣁Ἦ婒㖶ᶨ冯ᶨ 攻䘬斄Ὢ炻㗗 㗪枻栗䘬炻ᶼ 㬌 圵 䃉䣁烊ᶨ㱽 㬌炻ᶨ 㱽Ṏ 㬌ˤ 㬌Ḻ念Ḻ㓅炻 ㆸ慵慵䃉䚉 㱽䓴ˤ Ρȃήᢏᇅց 㛔ᶲ炻厗 ᶱ奨冯Ḽ㔁 斄Ὢ炻 婒 ᶵ㖶䡢炻ᶼ厗 媠 ⷓ ijķ 厗 䘤厑 䪈 1ġĩ&%(7$ 7 QR S D Ī